无创微循环监测指标在脓毒性休克患者诊治中的研究进展

脓毒症是由机体对感染反应失调引起的一种威胁生命的器官功能障碍综合征[1]。近年来随着对脓毒症认识的不断深入, 其评分体系也在不断的完善[2,3,4]。Sepsis-3.0将脓毒性休克定义为脓毒症患者尽管进行充分的液体复苏,仍需要用血管升压药维持平均动脉压≥65 mmHg且血乳酸≥2 mmol/L[5]。液体复苏是脓毒性休克最主要的治疗方式之一, 临床上目前常用宏观血流动力学参数(心率、平均动脉压、中心静脉压)去指导液体复苏。然而, 部分脓毒性休克患者的宏观血液动力学参数恢复后, 仍然存在持续的微循环障碍, 最终导致患者多器官功能衰竭。因此如何早期快速地评估脓毒性休克患者的微循环灌注状况是指导脓毒性休克患者复苏的关键。基于此, 本文总结了临床无创微循环监测指标在脓毒性休克患者治疗中的临床应用及研究进展。     

经皮氧分压监测在脓毒性休克患者中的临床应用

脓毒症和脓毒性休克是ICU患者最常见的死亡原因之一。液体治疗是治疗脓毒性休克的重要手段之一，如何进行液体治疗仍然存在很大争议，目前普遍以容量反应性来指导液体治疗。但也有学者发现，即使宏观血流动力学恢复，微循环仍可能存在障碍。休克的本质是微循环障碍，如何监测微循环状况及利用微循环监测对脓毒性休克患者进行早期诊断、病情评估，以及指导液体治疗可能是今后研究的方向。经皮氧分压（TcPO₂）监测技术是通过无创方法将皮肤表面电极加热来估测组织氧分压的技术手段。越来越多的学者研究发现TcPO₂在监测脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者局部组织灌注不足、预测患者预后、指导液体治疗等方面有重要的临床价值。因此本文对TcPO₂在脓毒性休克中的应用进行整理和总结。     

脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤的危险因素研究

目的 探讨脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院就诊的108例脓毒症患者的临床资料,按有无AKI损伤将其均分为两组:AKI组为脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤的患者,非AKI组为脓毒性休克未并发AKI的患者,每组各54例。比较两组患者的临床资料,包括平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血清肌酐(SCR)、乳酸、血尿素氮(BUN)、24 h液体净入量等指标。比较两组患者的白蛋白、血小板、血钾、血钠、C反应蛋白(CRP)等相关实验室指标。采用多因素logistic回归分析确定脓毒性休克并发AKI的危险因素。结果 AKI组氧合指数均显著低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); AKI组乳酸、SCR、血BUN及24 h液体净入量均显著高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); AKI组血小板及血钠水平均低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),其他相关实验室指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。将单因素分析中有统计学意义的6个影响脓毒性患者并发AKI的危险因素,包括MAP、氧合指数、血BUN、动脉血乳酸、SCR、24 h液体净入量作为协变量后进入logistic回归模型,得出SCR、24 h液体净入量、MAP及动脉血乳酸是脓毒性休克患者并发AKI的危险因素。结论 SCR、24 h液体净入量、MAP及动脉血乳酸是脓毒性休克患者并发急性肾损伤的危险因素,有助于临床医生诊断早期脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤。     

羟乙基淀粉注射液在脓毒性休克早期容量复苏中的应用价值研究

目的:评估羟乙基淀粉注射液在脓毒性休克早期容量复苏中的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2010年12月收住院的43例脓毒性休克患者的临床资料;根据确诊脓毒性休克后是否应用羟乙基淀粉注射液(HES)进行液体复苏分为HES组和对照组,记录、检测复苏前后血流动力学指标的变化,比较两组血流动力学指标复苏前后的改善情况.结果:两组间性别、年龄、入组时的APACHEⅡ评分等一般指标均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);对照组与HES组容量复苏后血流动力学指标均有所好转;然而HES组改善幅度明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中平均动脉压升高幅度及6小时乳酸清除率差异尤其显著(P＜0.01).结论:在脓毒性休克早期应用羟乙基淀粉(HES)进行容量复苏在改善血流动力学方面要优于单纯应用晶体液.     

血流动力学监测技术在脓毒性休克患者中的应用及护理

目的:探讨血流动力学监测技术在脓毒性休克患者中的应用及护理。方法:选取我院2012年3月～2013年3月收治的脓毒性休克患者100例,并随机等分为观察组和对照组。对两组患者均给予常规治疗,其中观察组患者在脉搏指示剂连续性心排血量(PiCCO)监测技术指导下进行休克治疗及护理,而对照组患者在中心静脉压(CVP)监测下指导治疗及护理。观察两组各项指标的变化情况。结果:观察组患者的达标时间早于对照组,且MVP,CVP,ScvO2,PaO2/FiO2等血流动力学指标均明显高于对照组;观察组患者每小时尿量多于对照组,6 h及24 h输液量少于对照组,Lac值较对照组低。观察组患者治愈46例,多于对照组。结论:PiCCO血流动力学监测技术在脓毒性休克患者早期液体复苏治疗中具有十分重要的应用价值,PiCCO监测在休克患者中的应用护理效果佳,能很好的纠正血流动力学的紊乱及氧代谢异常,适合在临床上广泛推广。     

持续性高通量血液滤过治疗脓毒性休克疗效分析

目的研究持续性高通量血液滤过（HV-CVVH）治疗脓毒性休克的临床疗效。方法将100例脓毒性休克患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组50例。两组均常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用HV-CVVH治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后呼吸频率（RR）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、APACHEII评分、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、血小板计数、血乳酸水平、血管活性药物使用时间的变化。结果治疗组各观察指标与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在常规治疗的基础上联合HV-CVVH治疗脓毒性休克能有效改善患者的血流动力学、氧合,维持内环境稳定。     

金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染患者的临床特征及发生脓毒性休克的危险因素和预测指标分析

目的 探讨金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染患者的临床特征及发生脓毒性休克的危险因素。方法 将2018年1月至2023年3月于该院诊断为金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染的51例患者纳入研究,根据患者是否发生脓毒性休克,将其分为脓毒性休克组和非脓毒性休克组。收集患者临床资料,于患者血培养标本留取当日进行临床实验室指标的检测。对从患者血培养标本中分离得到的细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。对两组患者的临床资料及临床实验室检测指标进行比较。采用多元Logistic回归分析金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染患者发生脓毒性休克的独立危险因素。使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析临床实验室检测指标对金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染患者发生脓毒性休克的预测价值。结果 51例患者发生脓毒性休克12例,发生率为23.5%。脓毒性休克组合并糖尿病、痛风性关节炎者占比,有长期糖皮质激素使用史者占比、有呼吸道感染者占比、死亡者占比、住院费用均高于非脓毒性休克组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。长期糖皮质激素使用史是金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染发生脓毒性休克的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。C反应蛋白(CRP)、清蛋白(Alb)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(N...     

脓毒症液体过负荷与急性肾损伤

脓毒症在重症监护病房(ICU)较为常见,早期充足的液体复苏是脓毒症和脓毒性休克血流动力学支持的核心,有助于纠正早期低血容量和最大限度地减少组织低灌注,特别是在血流动力学不稳定的患者中.虽然脓毒性休克患者早期静脉补液至少给予30?mL/kg这一观点还缺乏证据支持,但多数观察性研究将此作为早期容量复苏的常规治疗剂量.在容量...     

血管外肺水量能反映脓毒症时肺损伤严重程度

经肺热稀释法可以测定并计算血管外肺水量指数（EVLWI）和肺血管通透性指数。为确定上述指标能否反映脓毒性休克时急性肺损伤的严重程度，国外研究人员进行了一项前瞻性研究，该研究共纳入38例脓毒性休克并发急性肺损伤的重症监护室（ICU）患者，测定其入院72h内血流动力学指标、EVLWI、肺血管通透性指数、肺顺应性、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、肺损伤指数、血小板计数和血浆内皮素-1浓度。     

81例脓毒性休克患者的临床特点及液体复苏策略分析

目的:分析并研究脓毒性休克患者的相关临床特点及液体复苏策略。方法:选取我院急诊科[包含抢救室、重症监护室(EICU)]在2016-01-01—2019-12-31期间收治的符合纳入排除标准的脓毒性休克患者作为研究对象,首先根据临床结局将研究对象分为生存组及死亡组,分析其相关临床特点;然后按液体复苏策略,将研究对象分为白蛋白+晶体液体复苏组和单纯晶体液体复苏组,观察并记录2组患者24 h的输液量、血流动力学恢复指标。结果:①纳入研究的脓毒性休克患者共81例,腹腔感染(37例,45.68%)及肺部感染(21例,25.93%)占绝大多数;死亡16例,病死率为19.75%;其中革兰阴性菌占培养阳性病例数约2/3(67.44%)。②采用白蛋白+晶体复苏组首个24 h输液量明显低于单纯晶体复苏组(P0.05),其中白蛋白+晶体液体复苏组使用白蛋白量为(45.00±8.51) g;2组患者经过24 h的治疗心率、血乳酸均明显下降,MAP、CVP明显升高;但白蛋白+晶体液体复苏组比单纯晶体复苏组心率、血乳酸明显降低(P0.05)。结论:脓毒性休克患者病死率高,感染源主要来源于腹腔及肺部,且大多数感染为革兰阴性菌所致。白蛋白+晶体液体复苏可以维持并改善患者的血流动力学指标,减少对机体内环境的影响,有利于脏器功能的恢复。     

Prognostic value of hemodynamic indices in patients with sepsis after fluid resuscitation

BACKGROUNDSepsis usually causes hemodynamic abnormalities. Hemodynamic index is one of the factors to identify the severity of sepsis and an important parameter to guide the procedure of fluid resuscitation. The present study investigated whether the assessment of hemodynamic indices can predict the outcomes of septic patients undergoing resuscitation therapy.AIMTo evaluate the prognostic value of hemodynamic indices in patients with sepsis after fluid resuscitation.METHODSA retrospective study was conducted in 120 patients with sepsis at Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University between October 2016 and October 2019. All patients were treated with sodium chloride combined with dextran glucose injection for fluid resuscitation. Patients’ hemodynamic parameters were monitored, including heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), and central venous oxygen saturation. The prognostic value of hemodynamic indices was determined based on the prognosis status.RESULTSDuring fluid resuscitation, 86 patients developed septic shock and 34 did not. Ninety-nine patients survived and 21 patients died at 28 d after the treatment. Heart rate, CI, mean arterial pressure, SVRI, and CVP were higher in patients with septic shock and patients who died from septic shock than in non-shock patients and patients who survived, and central venous oxygen saturation was lower in patients with shock and patients who died than in non-shock patients and the survivors (P < 0.05). When prognosis was considered as a dependent variable and hemodynamic parameters was considered as independent variables, the results of a logistic regression analysis showed that CI, SVRI, and CVP were independent risk factors for septic shock, and CI was an independent risk factor for 28-d mortality (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONHemodynamic indices can be used to evaluate the prognosis of septic patients after fluid resuscitation.     

连续血液净化治疗对感染性休克患者生化指标和氧合指数的影响

目的观察连续血液净化(CBP)对感染性休克患者生化指标和氧合指数的影响.方法30例感染性休克患者在抗感染、液体复苏、机械通气、去甲肾上腺素维持平均动脉压(MAP)>65mmHg等治疗基础上予以连续血液净化治疗.观察比较治疗后24h、48h时与治疗前血生化指标的变化,以及各时点血流动力学及氧合指数的变化情况.结果感染性休克患者经CBP治疗24h和48h后血气、生化指标血pH值、乳酸、HCO3-、BE等明显得到改善(P<0.01或P<0.05),而肾功能指标变化差异无统计学意义;感染性休克患者经CBP治疗2h、6h或12h后血流动力学及氧合指数均得到明显改善(P<0.01或P<0.05),而去甲肾上腺素剂量在治疗6h后明显减量(P<0.01或P<0.05).讨论 CBP对感染性休克患者有血流动力学稳定,清除物质多,有效纠正内环境、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱等作用,对危急重症患者抢救和延长生存期起到积极作用.     

容量状态对革兰氏阴性杆菌感染性休克患者血液动力学类型及氧代谢的影响

目的　探讨容量状态对感染性休克患者血液动力学状态及氧化谢的影响。方法　监测10例感染性休克患者不同容量状态下血液动力学及氧化谢的变化。结果　低血容量时,肺动脉嵌压(PAWP)0.8±0.3kPa,心脏指数(CI)2.0±0.4L     

Clinical Application of Transabdominal Ultrasound Combined with PICCO in Septic Shock Fluid Resuscitation and Its Predictive Value for Survival Outcome

To investigate the clinical value of transabdominal ultrasound combined with pulse index continuous cardiac output (PICCO) in fluid resuscitation of septic shock patients, and to analyze the predictive value of survival outcomes, 68 patients with septic shock were randomly divided into the ultrasound + PICCO group and PICCO group. Compared with before treatment, blood lactic acid (BLA) was cleared, and central venous pressure (CVP) and oxygenation index were significantly increased in all patients. The oxygen binding index, central venous oxygen saturation (ScVO₂), and CVP in the ultrasound + PICCO group were increased compared with the PICCO group, while BLA, mechanical ventilation time, total fluid resuscitation input and hospitalization were significantly reduced. The extravascular lung water index and shape change index were positively correlated with sequential organ failure assessment. The combination of extravascular lung water index and shape change index had higher clinical value than each alone in predicting the death of patients with septic shock. The combination of transabdominal ultrasound with PICCO is better at guiding fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock and has a certain predictive value with respect to the survival outcome of septic shock patients.     

Right ventricular function in early septic shock states

Objectives To define a variable which could reliability predict when fluid resuscitation as monotherapy is not expected to improve organ perfusion pressure, owing to limitations in cardiac output responsiveness in patients with severe sepsis.Design Prospective controlled trial.Setting Anesthesiological ICU in a university hospital.Patients Twenty seven patients in early septic shock states (MAP<60 mmHg).Interventions Infusion therapy was titrated until no further increase in cardiac index and mean arterial pressure could be achieved. Fluid resuscitation as monotherapy was deemed unsuccessful at the end of 2 h if inotropic or vasoactive pharmacologic support was required to maintain a mean arterial pressure > 60 mmHg.Measurements and results We investigated the hemodynamic course during fluid resuscitation (2850±210 ml crystalloids) with special emphasis on right heart function using the thermodilution technique. Eleven patients (group A) had a right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction below 45%. In this group positive inotropic and/or vasoactive drugs were obligatory to achieve and maintain a sufficient perfusion pressure (MAP>60 mmHg) after fluid challenge.Conclusions In 27 septic shock patients investigated, we diagnosed right ventricular dysfunction in 41%. In this specific patient population fluid replacement alone did not succeed in stabilizing hemodynamic variables, therefore necessitating catecholamine therapy.     

SEPSISPAM : évaluation de l’effet de deux niveaux de pression artérielle sur la survie des patients en choc septique

The treatment of hemodynamic failure in patients with septic shock is based on fluid resuscitation and vasoconstrictors like norepinephrine. Its objective is to achieve a sufficient mean arterial pressure (MAP) to maintain adequate tissue perfusion pressure and thus ensure tissue oxygenation. Current recommendations suggest maintaining MAP ≥ 65 mmHg, but as available data are sparse, the optimal MAP level to achieve is not defined in these recommendations, particularly in relation to patient characteristics (i.e. age, cardiovascular diseases). Only five prospective studies have compared the effect of increasing MAP using norepinephrine titration. The benefit of this strategy was not demonstrated, probably because these studies have included a small number of patients. However, in retrospective studies, mortality does not seem to be correlated with the level of MAP, except for the lowest values. Moreover, in large clinical trials assessing different vasopressor treatments, MAP levels of 75 to 90 mmHg are often achieved, without significant adverse effects. Finally, the effect of incremental infusion of norepinephrine has never been evaluated during the early phase of septic shock. Altogether, these data suggest that early administration of norepinephrine to achieve a MAP level between 80 and 85 mmHg may reduce mortality. This hypothesis has never been evaluated to date, and this is the objective of the SEPSIS-PAM multicenter and randomized French study. The primary endpoint will be the mortality rate at day 28. Two early resuscitation strategies based on two different MAP levels will be compared: a control group with a MAP level objective of 65 to 70 mmHg, in accordance with current recommendations, and an interventional group with a MAP target of 80 to 85 mmHg achieved with the optimization of vascular challenge and norepinephrine titration before the first six hours following the diagnosis of septic shock. This trial began in March 2010 in 29 French ICU centers and will include 800 patients.     

高容量血液滤过治疗重症感染伴多器官功能障碍综合征的研究进展

多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)是危重患者主要的死亡原因之一。1992年首次提出了高容量血液滤过(HVHF)的概念,大量研究表明,HVHF可以显著改善感染性休克动物的生存率,并能够提高患者的血流动力学指标。HVHF也被报道能有效地改善MODS患者肺氧合功能,可有效地维持液体平衡,也有文献报道HVHF能减少感染性休克合并肾功能不全患者的血管活性药物使用量,并增加其尿量。然而HVHF治疗MODS仍然存在大量矛盾和困惑的地方,需要大量的多中心、大样本临床研究来证实。     

Hemodynamic monitoring in sepsis

Arterial waveform analysis that does not require continuous calibration, impedance cardiography, electrical cardiometry, velocity-encoded phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pulsed dye densitometry, noninvasive pulse pressure analysis using tonometry, suprasternal Doppler, partial CO2 rebreathing techniques, and transcutaneous Doppler are just some of the other emerging technologies not described in this review that may be used routinely in the management of sepsis and septic shock in the very near future. These innovative approaches may further increase our ability to optimize patients' fluid status and hemodynamics. We also have ability to monitor the microcirculation. This increasingly sophisticated approach to the management of sepsis and septic shock will hopefully translate into better patient outcomes. However, optimal use of any hemodynamic monitoring requires an understanding of its physiologic underpinnings. Accurate interpretation of the hemodynamic information coupled with a protocolized management algorithm is the cornerstone of an effective resuscitation effort. Many forms of hemodynamic monitoring have emerged over the past 20 to 30 years with no convincing evidence for the superiority of any single techniques (Table 2). The goal of hemodynamic monitoring and optimization is to combat the systemic imbalance between tissue oxygen supply and demand ranging from global tissue hypoxia to overt shock and multiorgan failure. It remains unproven that hemodynamic monitoring of disease progression can effectively change patient outcome. However, despite our increased understanding of sepsis pathophysiology, mortality and morbidity from the disease remains high. Therefore, the search for the optimal parameters in resuscitation and the best way they can be monitored will continue.     

The relationship between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption during fluid resuscitation of burn-related shock

Although burn-related shock resuscitation based on invasive hemodynamic monitoring has been reported at an increased rate, little is known about appropriate hemodynamic end points. Shock resuscitation based on oxygen transport criteria has been widely used for patients with trauma and patients who undergo surgery, and supranormal values of oxygen delivery (DO2) have been reported in association with an improved survival rate. This improved survival rate has been attributed to a shifting of the critical threshold of DO2 to higher values in these patients. In patients with thermal injuries, the effects of the manipulation of hemodynamics to optimize oxygen transport have not been proven. It is still unclear whether these patients exhibit delivery-dependent oxygen consumption (VO2) during the shock phase. The goal of this study was to evaluate the existence of oxygen supply dependency and to determine critical levels of DO2 in patients with burns. In a prospective study that included 16 patients with serious thermal injuries, we studied the effects of volume loading on DO2 and VO2. A transpulmonary double dilution technique was used for hemodynamic monitoring, and resuscitation end points included a normalization of preload and cardiac output parameters within 24 hours of the thermal injury. Fluid loading with crystalloids and colloids, according to our resuscitation protocol, was used to augment cardiac output and DO2. Of the 16 patients with a mean of 46% total body surface area burned (range, 22%-80%), 8 patients survived and 8 patients died. With the use of progressive fluid loading, cardiac index was restored within 24 hours of admission in all of the patients. Successful resuscitation was associated with increased levels of DO2 and VO2 and with declining serum lactate levels. VO2 appeared to be dependent on DO2 during the resuscitation period (r = 0.596), and the correlation was significantly stronger in the patients who survived (r = 0.744) than in the patients who died (r = 0.368; P < .05). A critical threshold of oxygen supply could not be identified. We concluded that increasing DO2 by fluid resuscitation increases VO2 during hypovolemic shock after a severe burn injury.