精索静脉曲张合并不育症手术治疗的应用解剖学研究

<正> 精索静脉曲张是常见病之一,严重者可影响工作和正常生活。而精索静脉曲张症患者中有21—42％併发男性不育症。因此常以男性不育症来就诊。根据精索静脉曲张引起不育的发病机制,精索静脉曲张确是男性不育症重要的原因。在精索静脉曲张的治疗方法上,迄今以手术治疗为最有效的方法。昔时采用精索静脉高位结扎切断方法,但疗效欠佳,仍不能有效地治疗不育     

精索静脉曲张手术教学分析（附130例）

目的 探讨精索内静脉结所不同术式的教学要点。方法 回顾分析１３０例精索静脉曲张不同术式的操作要点和带教经验。结果 １２９例治愈,１例复发,取得了满意的治疗和教学效果,结论 精索静脉曲张手术教学应先了精索及切口局部解剖结构,再分析指导两种不同术式手术步骤及技巧,以达到巩固解剖知识,学习临床手术,提高教学效果。     

两种不同精索静脉结扎术疗效比较（附62例报告）

精索静脉曲张是男性不育症的原因之一，治疗的方法有：开放手术高位结扎精索静脉、逆行或顺行硬化治疗、小切口手术及腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术。各种技术各有其优缺点，不同的方法得出的结果可能不同。2006年1月至2007年12月，我院分别采用腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术、微创外科手术治疗精索静脉曲张22例和40例，对两组的治疗结果进行比较，现报道如下。     

仙方活命饮治疗精索静脉曲张的临床疗效研究

目的 探讨仙方活命饮对精索静脉曲张（Ⅰ~Ⅱ度）患者精液质量、精索静脉内径及临床症状的影响。方法 将精索静脉曲张（Ⅰ~Ⅱ度）患者80例,按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例。治疗组给予仙方活命饮治疗,对照组给与迈之灵片治疗。对比两组患者治疗前后精液质量,精索静脉管径以及临床疗效。结果 两组患者治疗后精液质量和精索静脉管径均明显改善,且治疗组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗组临床总有效率（85.00%）明显高于对照组（52.50%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 仙方活命饮对精索静脉曲张（Ⅰ~Ⅱ度）患者精液质量、精索静脉内径及临床症状改善明显,临床疗效显著。     

护理干预在精索静脉曲张患者中的实施

精索静脉曲张是由于精索静脉血流滞留，使精索蔓状静脉丛扩张、迂曲和变长引起的一系列临床症状的疾病，发病率占男性人群10％～15％，精索静脉曲张影响精子的发生和精液质量，男性不育症中有39％患者精索静脉曲张，因此，近来年格外受到重视，目前均主张早期手术治疗，我院自1997年3月～2007年10月采用小切口腹膜后精索静脉高位结扎手术，治疗精索静脉曲张304例效果满意，现报道如下。     

腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗亚临床型精索静脉曲张45例报告

目的探讨经腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗亚临床型精索静脉曲张的疗效及安全性。方法回顾分析我院45例行腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术患者的临床资料。结果45例手术均获成功,平均手术时间35min,基本无出血,平均住院5d。随访3～6个月,无复发。结论腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术具有视野清楚、创伤小、并发症少等优点,对治疗亚临床型精索静脉曲张具有显著临床价值。     

精索静脉曲张术式的选择

本院自1987年6月至1997年6月采用经腹股沟管内环处结扎精索内静脉治疗静索静脉曲张65例,现对手术方法的选择加以讨论。 一、临床资料 左侧精索静脉曲张64例,两侧精索静脉曲张1例。年龄15～25岁51例,26～60岁14例。病程在1年以内19例,1～3     

改良Palomo手术治疗精索静脉曲张36例

原发性精索静脉曲张是泌尿科常见病,手术为有效治疗方式,但术后复发和术后睾丸坏死或萎缩等并发症时有发生,改进手术方法是避免上述并发症的可行方案.我院自1998年8月至2003年2月采用改良的Palomo手术治疗精索静脉曲张36例,近期效果满意.现报告如下.     

腹腔镜下精索集束结扎对精索静脉曲张治疗的疗效与观察

目的：探析临床对精索静脉曲张患者实施腹腔镜下精索集束结扎治疗后的临床疗效。方法择取我院近期接诊的99例精索静脉曲张患者,分为A、B两组,其中A组47例患者实施改良Palomo术治疗、B组52例患者实施腹腔镜下精索集束结扎治疗,并就两组患者疗效进行比对。结果治疗后两组患者的精子质量较治疗前均有明显改善(<0.05),但组间比对,无明显差异(>0.05)；各临床资料及并发症比对,B组患者具有明显优势(<0.05)。结论相比改良Palomo术,腹腔镜手术耗时短、出血少,安全性更高,应作为精索静脉曲张的首选治疗措施推广应用。     

开放和经腹腔镜Palomo术式治疗未成年人精索静脉曲张疗效的Meta分析

背景:近年来对临床上应用不同手术方式治疗精索静脉曲张的研究很多,开放、腔镜及显微外科等术式各有利弊,尤其是对未成年人精索静脉曲张治疗方式的选择尚存较大争议。目的:系统评价开放和经腹腔镜途径Palomo术式治疗未成年人精索静脉曲张相关文献的治疗效果。方法:检索Medline数据库、Cochrane图书馆和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)2000-01/2010-01发表的有关未成年精索静脉曲张患者接受各种Palomo术式治疗效果的临床随机对照研究文献。英文检索词为"Varicocele;Palomo",中文检索词为"精索静脉曲张;Palomo术"。对资料进行初筛,选取针对性强的文章,排除重复研究,同一领域的文献则选择近期发表或权威杂志的文章。对筛选出的文献查找全文。由两名评价者独立提取资料、选择实验,并评估相关方法学质量,对检索得到的文献数据用RevMan4.2软件进行Meta分析。结果与结论:共纳入7篇符合标准的文献,其中中文1篇,英文6篇,共计1206例患者。Meta分析结果显示:接受各种不同方式的开放手术组和经腹腔镜手术组在复发率[OR=1.22,95%CI(0.48,3.12),P=0.67]和鞘膜积液发生率[OR=0.76,95%CI(0.28,2.02),P=0.58]的比较均无显著性差异。改良Palomo手术组术后精索静脉曲张的复发率要高于传统Palomo手术组[OR=0.19,95%CI(0.05,0.65),P=0.008],而术后鞘膜积液的发生率要低于传统Palomo手术组[OR=8.36,95%CI(1.88,37.12),P=0.005]。结果表明,开放和经腹腔镜手术两种术式在主要指标差异的比较未见明显差异,传统和改良Palomo术式则各有优缺点。     

Varicocele as a progressive lesion: positive effect of varicocele repair

Varicoceles are the leading correctable cause of infertility in men who present to an infertility clinic for evaluation. Consequently, the surgical correction of a varicocele, known as a varicocelectomy, is the most commonly performed operation for the treatment of male infertility. The current data suggest that an individual with a varicocele, even with a previously normal semen analysis or documentation of previous fertility, is at risk for subsequent loss of testicular function and infertility. Many of these patients will need to be treated because there is convincing evidence that a varicocele may have a progressive toxic effect on the testes that may ultimately result in irreversible infertility if left untreated. Identifying those individuals with varicoceles that will ultimately cause fertility impairment is still beyond our current clinical capabilities. Current investigative modalities, e.g. semen analysis, testicular measurement, serum gonadotrophin determination, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test, and testis biopsy analysis, may be employed to detect early changes in testicular physiology produced by a varicocele.     

Varicocele--the most common cause of male factor infertility?

Varicocele is often cited as the most common cause of male factor infertility. Arguments in support of this statement include reports of increased prevalence of varicocele in populations of infertile men compared with fertile or otherwise unselected men, association of varicocele with abnormal semen parameters, and improvements in semen parameters and/or pregnancy rates after varicocele repair. Logically, there would appear to be three possibilities regarding the relationship between varicocele and fertility: (i) varicocele has no association with or effect on male fertility; (ii) varicocele may be associated with, but is not the cause of, male subfertility; and (iii) varicocele is a direct cause of male subfertility. In the following, we review evidence from the literature for and against these three possibilities: at the current time, available evidence appears inadequate to confirm or deny any of these three possibilities. Since the ultimate goal of infertile couples is to conceive, it seem logical that future varicocele research should focus primarily on adequately powered, controlled clinical trials in well-characterized infertile couples, randomized to intervention or appropriate controlled observation, with pregnancy as the primary outcome.     

Preliminary study of virtual touch tissue imaging quantification in diffuse testicular diseases of male infertility

Objective To explore the preliminary application method and diagnostic value of virtual touch tissue imaging quantification (VTIQ) in diffuse testicular diseases of male infertility. A total of 70 male examiners in our hospital from June 2019 to March 2020 were selected as the research objects. According to whether the subjects are sick (testicular microlithiasis, varicocele), all subjects are divided into three groups: normal group, testicular microlithiasis group, and varicocele group. Whether there is a difference between the groups, and analyze whether there is a correlation between the index reflecting the quality of the semen and the testicular shear wave velocity. The measurement of different positions in the testis will affect the magnitude of the shear wave velocity (P < 0.05). The shear wave velocities of the testes of different diseases are obviously different from the normal side. At the same time, postural changes will have a certain impact on the shear wave velocities of both testes (all P < 0.05). There is a certain correlation between the testicular shear wave velocity and the conventional semen quality index (total sperm motility (P < 0.05)) of the subjects. Acoustic palpation tissue imaging quantitative technology can be applied to the diagnosis of male testes and testicular-related diseases (especially diffuse testicular diseases), and is more suitable for male infertility, which can provide clinical diagnosis and treatment options certain imaging basis.     

左甲状腺素钠片治疗妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症的临床疗效观察

目的 研究左甲状腺素钠片治疗妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症的临床效果。方法 选取2014年1月~2017年12月在我院就诊的妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。对照组常规使用甲状腺素片治疗,观察组采用左甲状腺素钠片治疗,对比两组患者治疗前后TSH、FT3、FT4的变化,治疗后妊娠并发症（妊高症、产后出血、贫血、流产、早产）情况,以及围产儿不良结局（胎儿宫内窘迫、胎儿畸形、死胎、低体质量）发生率情况。结果 观察组治疗后TSH、FT3、FT4的改善均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组妊高症、产后出血、贫血、早产发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后妊娠并发症总发生率为15.00%,低于对照组的55.00%,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组胎儿宫内窘迫、低体质量发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组围产儿不良结局总发生率为5.00%,低于对照组的27.50%,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 采用左甲状腺素钠片治疗妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症,可改善血清TSH、FT3、FT4指标,降低妊娠并发症和围产儿不良结局发生率,有利于改善妊娠结局。     

不同性别OSAHS患者的睡眠质量对血压的影响

目的 探讨不同性别的OSAHS患者的睡眠质量对血压的影响。方法 选择2014年5月~2017年12月我院通过整夜多导睡眠图监测确诊为OSAHS的患者158例,将以上患者依据分为高血压组53例和正常血压组105例,高血压组进一步分为高收缩压组33例,高舒张压组43例。比较各组男性患者与女性患者的AHI指数,睡眠质量参数与血压的关系。结果 相较于女性,男性患者的AHI指数能预测高血压组和高舒张压组（P＜0.05）;睡眠质量和高AHI之间的相关性,男性远高于女性（P＜0.05）,而没有AHI的影响,睡眠质量与男女的血压之间无显著关联（P＞0.05）。结论 男性患者比女性患者的舒张压更高,睡眠质量更差,这可能是引起男性OSAHS患者的舒张压升高的原因。     

右美托咪定预充对体外循环下心脏手术患者肾功能的影响

目的 探讨体外循环过程中,预充右美托咪定对心脏手术患者肾功能的影响。方法 2014年1月~2017年1月于天津市第一中心医院择期行CPB心脏直视手术患者86例,随机分为对照组（C组）与观察组（D组）,各43例。D组预充液加右美托咪定注射液1 μg/kg,C组预充液加等量生理盐水。在转机前（T0）,转机后10 min（T1）,升主动脉阻断后10 min（T2）,升主动脉开放后10 min（T3）,CPB结束后（T4）抽取血样检测NGAL、Cys-C和β2-MG;在各时间点经食道超声监测两组患者肾动脉内径、肾动脉平均血流速度和肾血流量。结果 ①与T0比较,T3、T4时两组患者NGAL均升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;T4时C组NGAL水平高于D组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;②与T0比较,T3、T4时两组患者Cys-C均升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;但两组间Cys-C水平各时间点比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;③与T0比较,T2、T3和T4两组β2-MG均升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;且T2、T3和T4时,D组患者β2-MG水平均低于C组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;④D组患者动脉平均血流速度在T3、T4时均高于T0时,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,肾血流量在T2、T3和T4时均高于T0时,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;T3、T4时刻,D组患者肾动脉平均血流速度均高于C组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）; T2、T3和T4时刻,D组患者肾血流量均高于C组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 右美托咪定对CPB下心脏手术围术期肾功能具有保护作用,可有效抑制肾脏损伤,维持肾血流动力学稳定,提高围术期安全性。     

Varicocele, hypoxia and male infertility. Fluid Mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular venous drainage system

BACKGROUND: Varicocele is a bilateral vascular disease, involving a network of collaterals and small, retroperitoneal bypasses. The right and the left testicular venous drainage systems are complex and not identical to each other. It was considered a predominantly unilateral (left-sided) disease. Its pathophysiology has not been clearly delineated and the treatments offered do not seem to be effective. The medical literature is replete with articles demonstrating inconsistent and even contradictory results which have led clinicians to dissociate varicocele from male infertility. Since male fertility is preserved with only one healthy testis, male infertility perforce represents bilateral testicular dysfunction. This poses an enigma to clinicians: How can left-sided varicocele causes bilateral testicular dysfunction? METHODS: We investigated the internal spermatic veins by venography to understand testicular damage due to varicocele. A total of 740 venographies of the internal spermatic veins (ISVs) were performed, with sclerotherapy of the ISV as treatment for varicocele. Epon-embedded testicular tissue sections were used to identify blood stagnation in the testis. RESULTS: Varicocele is predominantly a bilateral disease in 84% of cases, associated with collaterals and retroperitoneal venous bypasses in 70% in the left side and 75% in the right side. Histopathology demonstrate stagnation in the testicular microcirculation and hypoxic-ischaemic degenerative changes in all cells' types in the sperms' production site. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings (i) varicocele is a bilateral disease; (ii) the disease is expressed earlier in the left side and is more intense because the blood column is longer in the left side than the right; (iii) partial treatment to the left side only and ignoring bypasses is not adequate to correct the problem; (iv) hypoxia leading to ischaemic damage to both testes is the effect of varicocele due to hydrostatic pressures in the impaired venous drainage system, which exceeds the pressures in the testicular arterial microcirculation due to blood columns produced in the disease; (v) hydrostatic pressure does not depend on vein diameter but on blood column height, only; and (vi) thermography alone or combined with ultrasonography with special attention to the bilaterality of the disease are the best non-invasive tools for its detection.     

Chromatin status in human ejaculated spermatozoa from infertile patients and relationship to seminal parameters

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chromatin status in different groups of patients. Five groups of men were selected: pre-vasectomy; male factor infertility; varicocele; immunological male infertility; and idiopathic infertility. Chromatin status was evaluated using flow cytometry after staining the DNA with the fluorochrome propidium iodide. Differences were observed in the state of sperm chromatin between the male factor and varicocele groups with respect to the others. These two groups presented poorer quality chromatin, as evidenced fundamentally by a lower degree of condensation. These deficiencies in chromatin status were usually accompanied by alterations in the other standard parameters of semen analysis. Individuals who are infertile due to male factor and those presenting varicocele have spermatozoa with less condensed chromatin which might, in part, explain their sterility.     

Physical activity as a possible aggravating factor for athletes with varicocele: impact on the semen profile

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of physical exercise on seminal parameters of male athletes with varicocele. Sixty healthy male volunteers (athletes and non-athletes, n = 30 + 30) and 60 volunteers affected by varicocele (athletes and non-athletes, n = 30 + 30) were randomly selected for a clinical study. All subjects provided at least two semen samples for routine microscopic analysis. Determinations for basal luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, oestradiol, total and free testosterone under resting conditions were also performed. In both groups with varicocele the percentage of total and progressive forward sperm motility and the percentage of normal spermatozoa were significantly reduced. The percentage of both progressive forward motility and normal spermatozoa were significantly lower in athletes with varicocele compared with non-athletes with varicocele (P < 0.05). Only athletes with varicocele had mean left testis volume significantly lower than the contralateral testis (P < 0.05). No modifications of hormonal parameters at rest were observed in any groups. Physical activity might represent an aggravating factor for spermatogenesis in athletes with varicocele. In countries where sport eligibility is granted by an authoritative body, these results suggest the need to establish general medical criteria to guarantee the continuation of an athlete's training whilst at the same time taking care of his reproductive health.     

Infrared digital thermography of scrotum in early selection of progressive varicocele

Varicocele is frequent but correctable cause of male infertility. Varicocelectomy is the most commonly performed operative procedure for varicocele. Majority of varicocele patients do not have fertility problem, therefore surgical correction is not recommended in all prevalent cases. On the other hand, varicocele is a progressive condition in some cases and individual with varicocele is at risk for developing impairment which can ultimately lead to semen deterioration and consequent infertility.