Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates liver fibrosis induced by CCl in rats.

AIMS: To investigate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats and expressions of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and collagen I during this period. METHODS: The effect of GbE on liver fibrogenesis was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E staining), Masson's trichrome staining, and electron microscope study. Blood samples were collected for measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissue was detected by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Immunohistochemistry assay and RT-PCR were used to examine the protein expressions and mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 and collagen I, respectively. RESULTS: H&E, Masson's trichrome stainings and electron microscope study showed liver fibrosis in rats was greatly alleviated when treated with GbE. Additionally, there was a remarkable improvement of serum ALT, AST, albumin and MDA in the GbE-treated group. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR results showed GbE intervention significantly inhibited TGF-beta1 and collagen I expressions in rat liver. No side effects of GbE were found during these experiments. But GbE could not reverse the pathological changes of liver fibrosis completely when compared with normal control. CONCLUSION: GbE can partially protect rat liver from the fibrogenesis induced by CCl4. The mechanism may lie in its effect of inhibiting oxidative stress caused by liver injury and expressions of signal molecules such as TGF-beta1. GbE may thus be of potential help as a medicament or food additive for alleviation of liver fibrogenesis.     

Black bean extract ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats with CCl4-induced injury

We assessed the anti-fibrotic effects of methanolic black bean extract antioxidants in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver injury model in rats. Experimentally intoxicated animals received CCl4 for eight weeks, the reference and test groups received daily intragastric quercetin or daily intragastric black bean extract. Liver fibrosis was assessed and quantified using morphometric analysis. Expression of fibrosis related genes was measured by real time RT-PCR. Qualitative and quantitative histological analysis showed that administration of 70 mg/kg b.w. of black bean extract reduced hepatic fibrosis index by 18% compared to positive controls (P 0.006), as a result of a decrease in type I (44.3% less, P 0.03) and type IV (68.9% less, P 0.049) collagen gene expression compared to CCl4-injured and Quercetin treated rats. In conclusion, we provide evidence that this methanol black bean extract ameliorates liver fibrosis and types I and IV collagen gene expression, in the animal model used. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The compounds contained in this black bean extract exhibited strong antifibrotic effects in the CCl4 chronic liver injury model used; considering that this compounds are contained in a leguminous that has been used in human diet for a long time, their toxic potential should be very low, and this characteristic should favor their potential use in some other chronic or degenerative states that include an increase in inflammation and oxidative burst in their pathogenesis. Another possible application of this kind of extract could be its use as an antimicrobial or even antiparasitic therapeutic agent, although it is purely speculative.     

银杏叶提取物与秋水仙碱对大鼠肝纤维化预防作用的比较

目的比较银杏叶提取物(GBE)和秋水仙碱对实验性大鼠肝纤维化的预防作用。方法SD雄性大鼠40只随机分为4组:正常组(n=10)、模型组(n=10)、秋水仙碱预防组(n=10)及GBE预防组(n=10)。模型组、秋水仙碱预防组及GBE预防组给予500 mL/L CCl4腹腔注射,1 mL/kg,每周2次,共8周,秋水仙碱预防组每天同时给予秋水仙碱灌胃,0.2 mg/kg,GBE预防组每天同时给予GBE灌胃,0.3 g/kg。实验结束后,心脏取血分离血清行肝功能生化指标检测,处死动物取肝脏甲醛固定,常规行HE染色,免疫组化检测α-SMA和TGF-β1。结果光镜下组织学检查纤维化分级GBE预防组低于秋水仙碱预防组(P0.05),肝功能生化指标检测GBE预防组优于秋水仙碱预防组[ALT:(168.4±34.6)U/Lvs(210.6±40.8)U/L;AST:(318.8±62.5)U/Lvs(511.2±53.2)U/L;ALB:(31.0±2.1)g/Lvs(28.1±2.0)g/L;P均0.05],免疫组化检测α-SMA及TGF-β1蛋白表达GBE预防组低于秋水仙碱预防组(α-SMA:29.3±1.5vs5.1±2.2;TGF-β1:14.5±0.9vs28.6±0.9)。结论GBE预防大鼠肝纤维化的作用优于秋水仙碱,GBE作为一种新的抗肝纤维化药物有很好的研究和应用前景。     

银杏叶提取物对2型糖尿病大鼠肝纤维化的影响

2型糖尿病患者肝脏病变的标准化死亡率比远高于其心血管病变[1].但是,目前有关糖尿病性肝纤维化及药物干预的研究报道甚少.银杏叶提取物(EGB)是由银杏黄酮和银杏内酯组成的制剂,其药理作用主要为清除氧自由基、抑制破脂质过氧化,改善微循环等[2].本研究旨在观察银杏叶提取物对糖尿病大鼠肝纤维化病变的影响,并初步探讨其机制.     

依达拉奉对实验性肝纤维化大鼠脂质过氧化的影响

目的探讨依达拉奉（EDA）对实验性肝纤维化大鼠脂质过氧化的影响。方法以四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型。30只Sprague—Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组（10只）、肝纤维化模型组（10只）和EDA防治组（10只）。检测各组大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶水平及肝组织羟脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性。结果EDA防治大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶水平分别为714．2±28．2U／L和766．0±11．0U／L,较模型组（1110．3±45．9U／L和1640．3±26．7U／L,P〈0．05和P〈0．01）明显降低;EDA组大鼠肝组织羟脯氨酸和丙二醛含量分别为0．4±0．1μg／mg和5．5±2．3nmol／gl,较模型组（0．8±0．1μg／mg和7．5±2．1nmol／gl,P均〈0．01）显著下降;EDA组大鼠超氧化物歧化酶活性为129．7±2．3u／g,较模型组（933±3．9u／g,P〈0．01）明显升高;EDA组和模型组大鼠肝组织纤维化评分分别为2．7±1．0和3．5±0．7,差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论EDA对大鼠肝纤维化有一定的防治作用,其机制很可能与抗脂质过氧化损伤有关。     

不同浓度CCl4注射联合饮用乙醇诱导大鼠肝硬化模型研究

目的 探索不同浓度CCl4联合饮用乙醇制备大鼠肝硬化模型,寻求最佳的药物和乙醇浓度。方法 取90只SD大鼠, 分为对照组10只和实验组A组、B组、C组和D组,每组20只,给予不同浓度的CCl4油溶液腹腔注射,同时以不同浓度的乙醇溶液为饮用水,制备肝硬化模型。结果 在实验12 w末,A组大鼠死亡10只, B组死亡8只,C组死亡4只,D组死亡5只;实验A组肝细胞走向紊乱,纤维组织增生,纤维间隔形成。有假小叶形成,肝细胞大小不一,呈点灶状坏死,肝细胞凋亡、再生,汇管区内炎细胞浸润;B组与A组变化相似;C组肝细胞走向紊乱,纤维间隔形成,但无假小叶形成,肝细胞脂肪变性,纤维组织增生,肝细胞凋亡,汇管区内炎细胞浸润;D组与C组表现类似。结论 适当浓度的CCl4油溶液结合乙醇溶液为饮用水诱导大鼠肝硬化模型可显著提高造模成功率。     

肝纤维化大鼠肝组织Smads基因表达状况及意义

目的:研究CCl4诱导的肝纤维化大鼠肝组织Smad基因表达的变化及其意义.方法:80只健康雄性SD大鼠分为2组:正常组(C组,n=40)和模型组(M组,n=40).以CCl4 sc 法诱导肝纤维化,HE和VG胶原染色观察肝脏胶原沉积情况,原位杂交法及免疫组化法检测肝组织Smads分子表达水平变化.结果:与C组比较,M组大鼠肝脏组织学积分显著增加(3.29±0.68 vs0,P<0.05),平均胶原面积显著增加(290.86±89.37 μm2 vs 56.12±21.45 μm2,P<0.01),肝组织Smad4蛋白表达率较C组明显增加(4.27%±0.43% vs 2.86%±0.86%,P<0.05),而Smad7蛋白表达虽然增加,但水平低下;Smad 3 mRNA表达A值明显增加(0.167±0.092 vs 0.010±0.002,P<0.05),Smad4 mRNA表达A值也明显增加(0.24 1±0.098 vs 0.021±0.004,P<0.05),Smad6、Smad7 mRNA虽然增加,但表达水平仍然低下.结论:实验性大鼠肝纤维化存在肝脏Smads分子表达水平的比例失调,TGF-Smad信号通路可能参与了肝纤维化的形成与发展.     

Effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats

AIM: To study the effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba (EGb) containing 22% flavonoid and 5% terpenoid on chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis of rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). METHODS: All rats were randomly divided into control group, CCl4-treated group, colchicine-treated group and EGb-protected group. Chronic liver injury was induced in experimental groups by subcutaneous injection of CCl4 and fed with chows premixed with 79.5% corn powder, 20% lard and 0.5% cholesterol (v/v). EGb-protected group was treated with EGb (0.5 g/kg body weight per day) for 7 wk. At the end of wk 8, all the rats were killed. Liver function, liver fibrosis, oxidative stress and expression of transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1), a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and typeⅠcollagens in liver were determined. In addition, pathology changes of liver tissue were observed under light microscope. RESULTS: The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin (Alb) in EGb-protected group were notably improved as compared with the CCL4-treated group (P < 0.01). The contents of serum hyaluronic acid (HA), typeⅢprocollagen (PCⅢ), typeⅣcollagen (CIV) and the expression of hepatic tissue TGF-β1,α-SMA and typeⅠcollagen in EGb-protected group were significantly lower than those in CCL4-treated groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The degrees of liver fibrosis in EGb-protected groups were lower than those in CCL4-treated groups (6.58±1.25 vs 9.52±2.06, P < 0.05). Compared to the CCL4-treated group, the levels of plasma glutathoine peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were strikingly improved also in EGb-protected group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: EGb resists oxidative stress and thereby reduces chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in rats with liver injury induced by CCl4     

银杏叶萃取物对大鼠纤维化肝脏NF-KB的影响

目的:研究Egb对大鼠纤维化肝脏NF-κB的影响,探讨Egb抗肝纤维化作用的主要机制. 方法:以CCl4诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型.70只大鼠随机分成5组,正常组10只;模型组15只;Egb组分成三小组,每组15只,CCl4处理同模型组,另分别给予Egb溶液0.5g/kg,lg/kg,2g/kg灌胃,每天1次.8wk末处死大鼠,检测NF-KBP65.α-SMA,SOD,MDA,GSH-Px,HA,Hyp并作病理组织学检测. 结果:Egb组肝组织SOD,GSH-Px活性明显高于模型组(SOD:18.5±4.8,20.9±3.7,25.3±4.7vs14.3±3.2;GSH-Px:48.2±8.1,50.1±6.8,51.3±5.4 vs42.1±3.9;P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而MDA,Hyp含量显著低于模型组(MDA:2.34±0.29,2.19±0.45,2.01±0.17vs2.96±0.21;Hyp:397.2±28.6,370.2±25.6,358.4±17.4vs499.8±23.5;P＜0.05或P＜0.01),血清ALT,AST,HA显著低于模型组(ALT:2877.2±408.4,1391.9±655.1,1527.0±263.4vs4419.2±720.1;AST:3257.3±260.1,2358.8±643.5,2065.4±595.1vs3847.4±691.8;HA:130.9±17.0,78.2±11.3,80.3±10.2vs160.2±38.7;P＜0.05或P＜0.01),NF-KBP65和α-SMA的表达显著弱于模型组(NF-KBP65:0.173±0.045,0.139±0.034,0.126±0.028vs0.212±0.037;α-SMA:0.183±0.040,0.174±0.036,0.141±0.031vs0.227±0.045;P＜0.05或P＜0.01).HE染色显示Egb组肝纤维化程度较模型组明显减轻. 结论:Egb通过抑制氧化应激而减弱对NF-κB的诱导从而阻止HSC的活化.这可能是Egb抗肝纤维化的重要机制之一.     

四氯化碳诱导大鼠慢性肝损伤模型方法的探讨

目的研究大鼠慢性肝损伤模型的建立方法。方法以20％和50％四氯化碳植物油溶液给SD大鼠腹腔注射8周,制备大鼠慢性肝损伤模型,观察大鼠饮食、体重和血清ALT、AST水平的变化,采用TUNEL法观察肝细胞凋亡情况,以评价成模效果。结果实验组大鼠饮食量降低,体重增加缓慢。实验组ALT和AST分别为204．1±35．7U／L和307．5±54．1U／L,而对照组分别27．6±3．1U／L和50．5±9．0U／L。实验组动物出现肝细胞变性、凋亡、坏死及再生等病变。大剂量四氯化碳容易弓l起肝纤维化。结论应用20％～50％四氯化碳溶液在1．5ml·kg^-1 bw剂量下腹腔注射可诱导大鼠典型的肝损伤模型,病变稳定,操作简便,可供实验研究应用。     

Transplantation of bone marrow cells reduces CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice

We investigated the effect of bone marrow cell (BMC) transplantation on established liver fibrosis. BMCs of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice were transplanted into 4-week carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated C57BL6 mice through the tail vein, and the mice were treated for 4 more weeks with CCl4 (total, 8 weeks). Sirius red and GFP staining clearly indicated migrated BMCs existing along with fibers, with strong expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 shown by anti-MMP-9 antibodies and in situ hybridization. Double fluorescent immunohistochemistry showed the expression of MMP-9 on the GFP-positive cell surface. Film in situ zymographic analysis revealed strong gelatinolytic activity in the periportal area coinciding with the location of MMP-9-positive BMCs. Four weeks after BMC transplantation, mice had significantly reduced liver fibrosis, as assessed by hydroxyproline content of the livers, compared to that of mice treated with CCl4 alone. Subpopulation of Liv8-negative BMCs was responsible for this fibrolytic effect. In conclusion, mice with BMC transplants with continuous CCl4 injection had reduced liver fibrosis and a significantly improved survival rate after BMC transplantation compared with mice treated with CCl4 alone. This finding introduces a new concept for the therapy of liver fibrosis.     

β受体阻断剂卡维地洛抗肝纤维化的作用

目的 研究非选择性β受体阻断荆和α-1受体阻滞剂卡维地洛对抗大鼠肝纤维化的作用及机理.方法 40只sD大鼠分为4组.分别为正常对照组、肝纤维化组、单用卡维地洛组、卡维地洛治疗组,分别测定各组的肝功能[丙氨酸氮基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)],肝纤维化血清指标(PC4、HA、CN),肝纤维化组织学指标(HE染色,Masson染色).SP免疫组织化学法测定肝组织α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和RT-PCR法测定肝组织转化生长因子β1 mRNA(TGF-β1 mRNA).结果 与造模组相比,卡维地洛改善了肝功能,血清肝纤维化指标和病理学检查指标都有所下降.结论 卡维地洛能够减轻CCl4致大鼠的肝纤维化.     

Therapeutic effect of interleukin-10 on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: To study the therapeutic effect of exogenous interleukin-10 on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats and its possible mechanisms. METHODS: Fourty-seven SD rats were randomly divided into control group (group N) and CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis model group (group C). After CCl4 was given for 9 wk, the model group was divided into three groups. Rats in group M were put to death immediately,rats in group T were treated with IL-10 for another three wk and then put to death, rats in group R recovered after three weeks and were then killed. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was measured by HE staining and histological activity index (HAI). Histological activity index (HAI), change of collagen types I and III were measured by Picrosirius staining. The expression of TNF-alpha, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in liver tissue was measured by S-P immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: CCl4- induced experimental rat hepatic fibrosis model was established successfully. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was markedly lower in group T than in groups M and R, and there was no difference between the two groups.The expression of collagen types I and III was significantly suppressed in group T and was slightly suppressed in groups M and R. The positive levels of TNF-alpha, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in group M increased significantly compared to those in group N (P<0.01). The positive signals decreased significantly in groups T and R (P<0.01),but positive score was significantly lower in group T than in group R (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Exogenous IL-10 can reverse CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. IL-10 may exert its reversible effects on hepatic fibrosis by blocking CCl4-induced inflammation,inhibiting expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 and promoting resolution of collagen types I and III.     

N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporine attenuates CCl -induced liver fibrosis in rats by interacting with cyclophilin B and D

Background and Aim: N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporine (NIM811), a new analogue of cyclosporine A, can inhibit collagen deposition in vitro and reduce liver necrosis in a bile‐duct‐ligation animal model. However, whether NIM811 effects on CCl₄‐induced rat liver fibrosis, and the related mechanism has not been determined. Methods: A liver fibrosis model was induced in Wistar rats using CCl₄ for 6 weeks. Meanwhile, two different doses of NIM811 (low‐dose 10 mg/kg and high‐dose 20 mg/kg) were given to the CCl₄‐treated rats. Liver fibrosis was then evaluated according to histopathological scoring and liver hydroxyproline content. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and albumin levels, expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐13, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1, α‐smooth muscle actin and cyclophilin B and D in liver tissue were determined. Cyclophilin B and D were also studied in an hepatic stellate cell line. Results: Hydroxyproline content was decreased in both NIM811 groups compared with the model (P < 0.05). Liver necrosis and fibrosis were also attenuated in the NIM811 groups. NIM811 suppressed the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1, transforming growth factor beta mRNA and α‐smooth muscle actin protein in liver tissue. Expression of cyclophilin B in the fibrosis model was increased compared with the normal group (P < 0.05), and was decreased significantly in the low‐dose NIM811 treatment group (P < 0.05), which indicated that cyclophilin B might have a profibrotic effect. In vitro studies revealed that cyclophilin B and/or D knockout were associated with collagen inhibition. Conclusions: NIM811 attenuates liver fibrosis in a CCl₄‐induced rat liver fibrosis model, which may be related to binding with cyclophilin B and D.     

姜黄素对CCl4所致急性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用及其机制研究*

目的 观察姜黄素对四氯化碳（CCl₄）所致急性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用,并研究其作用机制。方法 将60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、水飞蓟素组（100 mg.kg^-1）和大、中、小剂量姜黄素组（100、50和25 mg.kg^-1）,每组10只。建模成功后隔日给药灌胃,共30 d。取下腔静脉血和肝组织,分别检测血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和前列腺素E2（PGE2）水平,采用Bio-Rad公司试剂盒检测肝组织匀浆白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和环氧合酶-2（COX-2）水平。结果 对照组大鼠肝小叶结构完整清晰,肝细胞无坏死及脂肪变性,模型组肝组织损伤明显,经姜黄素处理肝组织炎性细胞浸润减少,肝组织损伤有不同程度的减轻;模型组大鼠血清LDH水平为（6458.00±423.72）IU/L,PEG2水平为（130.02±4.30）pg/ml,显著高于对照组[（1375.00±67.45） IU/L和（51.27±0.86）pg/ml,P<0.001],而各剂量姜黄素处理组和水飞蓟素组均可显著降低大鼠血清LDH和PGE2 水平（P<0.05）; 模型组大鼠肝组织匀浆IL-6、TNF-α和COX-2水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,而大中小剂量姜黄素处理组和水飞蓟素处理组肝组织IL-6、TNF-α和COX-2水平显著低于模型组（P<0.05）。结论 姜黄素对CCl4所致大鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能是抑制了IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2和PGE2等炎性细胞因子的释放。