儿童青少年体像不满与身体形态发育指标的关联分析

目的 分析儿童青少年体像不满与身体形态发育指标的相关性,为引导儿童青少年形成正确体像认知提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取中、小学生,测量学生身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度身体形态发育指标,采用Ma体形图测量儿童青少年体像认知,分单水平和两水平分析体像不满与身体形态发育指标的相关性。结果 儿童青少年体像不满率为77.1%(期望变胖率为23.1%,期望变瘦率为54.0%),体像曲解率为44.9%;期望变胖率男生高于女生(χ²=4.989,P=0.026),期望变瘦率女生高于男生(χ²=5.970,P=0.015)。男生和女生身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、体质指数、腰围身高比、臀围身高比指标,“期望变瘦”学生均高于“体像满意”学生(P值均＜0.05);男生 “体像满意”学生高于“期望变胖”学生(P值均＜0.05);女生除身高、WHR 外,其余指标均“体像满意”学生高于“期望变胖”学生(P值均＞0.05)。以上组间差异均表现为男生高于女生,中学高于小学。结论 身高、体重、胸围、臀围、皮褶厚度、体质指数、腰围身高比、臀围身高比身体形态发育指标均与体像不满相关,且在性别和学校类型上存在差异。     

上海市7~18岁儿童青少年身体形态长期变化趋势

了解上海市7~18岁儿童青少年2000--2014年身体形态指标的变化趋势,为儿童青少年生长发育监测提供理论依据.方法 从200-2014年上海市学生体质与健康调研数据中,抽取7~18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,运用LMS法拟合儿童青少年身高、体重主要百分位数值及曲线,并观察其变化趋势.结果 14年间,男生P5,P15,P5o,P85,P95身高平均增幅分别为3.5,3.4,3.2,3.1,3.1 cm,女生分别为2.6,2.5,2.3,2.3,2.4 cm;男生P5,P15,P50,P85,P95体重平均增幅分别为3.3,3.9,5.3,7.4,9.2 kg,女生分别为2.2,2.5,3.3,4.6,5.8 kg.男女生体重平均增长幅度均为高百分位数大于低百分位数,身高则是低百分位数大于高百分位数(P值均<0.01);不同群体的身高最大增幅的出现年龄均提前,城市男生、城市女生、郊区男生生长最大发育年龄提前,提前幅度表现为郊区男生(0.45)>城市女生(0.35》城市男生(0.26).结论 上海市儿童青少年身体形态正经历生长发育的长期变化趋势,需注意身高、体重不同百分位数人群增长特点.     

青少年身高体重最大发育年龄的民族差异

分析内蒙古自治区城乡7~18岁汉族、蒙古族和日本学生身高、体重发育现状与差异,为民族体质人类学研究提供基础资料.方法 内蒙古自治区汉族和蒙古族学生身高、体重数据来自《2014年内蒙古自治区学生体质与健康调查研究》,日本学生数据来源于日本文部科学省“平成26年度体育与运动调查统计情报”,计算身高和体重总增长量、平均增长量及最大发育年龄,检验各项指标的民族差异.结果 身高方面,汉族城市男生身高平均高出蒙古族和日本3.02和4.09 cm,汉族城市女生分别高出2.34和3.99 cm;汉族乡村男女生身高平均高出日本1.26和1.69 cm,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).体重方面,城市汉族男生体重平均高出蒙古族和日本2.36和5.92 kg,蒙古族比日本高出3.55 kg,汉族和蒙古族城市女生平均高出日本4.12和3.99 kg;汉族和蒙古族乡村男生平均高出日本2.48和1.55 kg,汉族和蒙古族乡村女生分别比日本高出1.53和2.24 kg,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).身高最大发育年龄为汉族城市男生10.52岁、日本城市女生9.69岁、日本乡村男生11.51岁和日本乡村女生9.71岁;体重最大发育年龄为汉族城市男生10.33岁、日本城市女生9.62岁、日本乡村男生11.44岁,3个民族乡村女生体重最大发育年龄(10.31~10.80岁)基本一致.结论 内蒙古自治区7~18岁城乡汉族和蒙古族学生身高和体重生长发育水平明显高于日本学生.城市汉族男生身高和体重最大发育年龄分别比日本提前1.07和1.16年,乡村汉族男生则晚0.90和0.96年;城乡汉族女生身高和体重最大发育年龄比日本晚0.49~0.80年.     

晋宁县770名超重及肥胖中小学生生长发育现状分析

目的分析晋宁县超重及肥胖中小学生的生长发育状况，为学生的肥胖干预提供依据。方法抽取晋宁县7～18岁中小学生17653人，参照全国中小学生体质健康调查标准，对形态、生理功能指标进行测量；统一使用中国肥胖问题工作组推出的“中国学龄儿童、青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准”，筛查超重、肥胖学生，并对其生长发育状况进行分析。结果共筛查出超重和肥胖学生770名，男、女生分别为455和315名，男生检出率（5．25％）高于女生（3．50％），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。超重及肥胖儿童的身高男生在7～15岁年龄段比2000年全国学生体质调研云南省中小学生高出4～9．5cm（P〈0．01）；女生15～16岁比正常学生矮2．3～4．1cm（P〈0．01）。肺活量女生13—15岁低于正常学生244～564mL（P〈0．01）。超重及肥胖学生的血压偏高检出率为23，4％和27．0％，正常体重儿童的血压偏高检出率为2．1％（P〈0．01）。结论超重及肥胖对学生的形态、生理功能发育有明显的负面影响。     

山东省儿童青少年血压偏高的流行分布

目的分析山东省儿童青少年血压偏高的流行分布,为成年期高血压相关疾病的早期预防提供依据。方法依据2010年山东省学生体质健康调研资料,分析7～17岁儿童青少年血压水平和血压偏高的检出情况。结果山东省7～17岁儿童青少年血压偏高的检出率分别为28.58%(城男)、23.85%(乡男)、20.99%(城女)和19.68(乡女),城市高于乡村,男生高于女生,城乡及性别差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。儿童青少年血压水平与体重状况关系密切,收缩压和舒张压均表现为肥胖组>超重组>体重正常组。血压偏高的总检出率表现为肥胖组(男48.97%,女40.91%)>超重组(男36.96%,女31.22%)>体重正常组(男24.29%,女21.05%),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。结论儿童青少年血压偏高已成为严重的健康问题,控制青少年超重肥胖是预防血压偏高的关键。     

苏州儿童青少年血压偏高检出状况

描述苏州地区儿童和青少年血压偏高和血压偏高前期患病情况,为学校开展高血压有关健康教育提供参考.方法 根据苏州市2017年学生体质健康状况调查,将年龄在6~17岁的儿童和青少年共714 977名纳入研究.结果 儿童青少年收缩压和舒张压均值分别为108.25和69.57 mmHg.血压偏高检出率为23.45%,且男生(26.30%)高于女生(20.11%),城市儿童青少年(25.31%)高于乡村群体(21.53%),超重和肥胖群体(33.10%)的检出率高于正常体重群体(19.90%),青少年(24.30%)的检出率高于儿童(23.24%).血压偏高前期的检出率为19.12%,且男生(18.93%)的检出率低于女生(19.34%),超重和肥胖群体的检出率(22.37%)高于正常体重群体(17.92%),青少年的检出率(21.05%)高于儿童(18.63%),但城市和乡村群体的检出率差异无统计学意义.结论 苏州市有很高比例的儿童青少年血压偏高,并且存在性别、年龄和城乡差异;超重和肥胖群体的检出率明显高于正常体重群体.     

腰围与腰围身高比预测儿童青少年血压偏高效果比较

探讨腰围(WC)与腰围身高比(WHtR)预测儿童青少年血压偏高的效果,为选择儿童青少年血压偏高的早期预警指标提供科学依据.方法 纳入1993-2011年中国健康和营养调查(GHNS)数据库中10 163名年龄在7~17岁儿童青少年为研究对象,利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)比较腰围与腰围身高比预测血压偏高的曲线下面积(AUC),采用Logistic回归模型分析腰围与腰围身高比诊断腹型肥胖预测血压偏高的风险.结果 腰围预测7~11岁男生、12~ 17岁男生、7~11岁女生和12~17岁女生血压偏高的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.64(95%CI=0.62~0.66),0.63 (95%CI=0.61 ~0.65),0.57(95%CI=0.55~0.59)和0.58 (95% CI=0.56~0.60),腰围身高比对应值分别为0.60(95% CI=0.58~ 0.62),0.59(95%CI=0.57~ 0.61),0.51(95%CI=0.49~0.53)和0.56(95%CI=0.54~0.58).两指标的ROC曲线下面积差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).腰围与腰围身高比诊断的腹型肥胖均是儿童青少年血压偏高的危险因素,腰围诊断的腹型肥胖预测7~11岁男生、12~17岁男生、7~11岁女生和12~17岁女生血压偏高的OR(95%CI)值分别为4.12(2.76~6.16),2.65(2.01~3.50),2.21(1.40~3.49)和2.50(1.88~3.31),腰围身高比对应的OR(95% CI)值分别为2.74(1.98~3.80),2.27(1.75~2.94),1.63 (1.14~2.32)和1.75(1.37~2.24),腰围略优于腰围身高比.结论 腰围与腰围身高比均可作为儿童青少年血压偏高的重要预测因子,腰围的预测效果略优于腰围身高比.但考虑到腰围身高比界值的简单易记性,仍可推荐为儿童血压偏高的早期筛查指标.     

天津市东丽区中小学生形态发育与营养状况调查分析

目的了解天津市东丽区中小学学生的形态发育及营养状况,为制定健康教育政策和制度提供依据。方法根据我国学生体质健康调研细则,于2013年对东丽区7~18岁中小学学生进行体质监测,共调查了37 615人。结果东丽区中小学学生各年龄段的身高、体重均高于2010年我国体质调研结果,差异有统计学意义(P值均0.01)。男生营养不良率为4.2%,女生为2.6%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=74.80,P0.01);中学生高于小学生。男生肥胖率为28.5%,女生为21.8%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=222.24,P0.01)。结论东丽区中小学学生的形态发育良好,肥胖是影响健康的主要问题,应加强对学生及家长的健康教育宣传。     

嵊州市中小学生高血压患病率调查

目的调查嵊州市中小学生高血压患病情况,为高血压的早期预防提供依据。方法选择嵊州市某3所学校(小学、中学和高中各1所)的1 720名学生(男生851名,女生869名)为调查对象,对学生开展体检,进行身高、体重和血压的测量。结果 8~19岁学生超重率为8.8%,肥胖率为4.1%。男生超重率为10.0%,肥胖率为5.3%,女生超重率为8.6%,肥胖率为3.4%,男女生之间超重率和肥胖率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。8~19岁儿童的高血压患病率为3.8%,男生为4.7%,女生为3.2%,男女生高血压患病率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。8~19岁学生的血压随着年龄的增长呈递增趋势,以舒张压增长明显。而且男生增长幅度高于女生。体重对男女生的收缩压均有明显影响(P0.01),身高和体质指数对收缩压无明显影响,体重和体质指数对舒张压有明显影响(P0.01),但身高对舒张压无明显影响。结论 8~19岁学生血压随年龄的增加而上升,应定期开展学生体检,了解学生健康状况,做好高血压预防工作。     

新疆维吾尔族和柯尔克孜族儿童青少年身体形态比较研究

目的掌握新疆维吾尔族和柯尔克孜族儿童青少年形态发育指标的变化特征,为学校体育卫生工作提供科学依据。方法对1985年和2010年新疆维吾尔族和柯尔克孜族7~18岁儿童青少年身高、体重、胸围调查资料进行分析比较。结果 25年间新疆维吾尔族和柯尔克孜族学生的身高、体重、胸围基本保持增长,其中,维吾尔族男生平均增长值分别为:3.3cm、3.3kg、-0.6cm,女生分别为:0.8cm、1.6kg、2.7cm;柯尔克孜族男生平均增长值分别为:4.9cm、3.2kg、0.1cm,女生分别为:4.2cm、3kg、1cm。柯尔克孜族男、女生的身体形态发育水平优于维吾尔族男、女生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。结论近25年间,新疆维吾尔族和柯尔克孜族学生的身体形态发育各有差异,其原因是多方面的,除了遗传因素外主要为生态环境、生活习惯、学校体育、经济社会发展水平等方面存在差异。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.