西洛他唑的高效液相色谱法测定及药动学研究

目的 :建立测定人血浆中西洛他唑含量的高效液相色谱 (HPLC)法 ,并研究西洛他唑片在健康人体内的药动学。方法 :色谱柱为HypersilC18柱(4 .6mm× 2 0 0mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为乙腈 水 (4 5∶5 5 ) ,流速 1.0ml·min-1,柱温 30℃ ,检测波长2 5 4nm ,西洛他唑血浆样品以 2mol·L-1NaOH 无水乙醚 (1∶4 )提取 ,以地西泮为内标。结果 :标准曲线线性范围 2 0～ 2 0 0 0 μg·L-1(r =0 .9999)。血浆中西洛他唑最低检测限为 10 μg·L-1。平均提取回收率为 80 .2 %± 3.6 % ,平均方法回收率为 97.0 %±3.8% ,日内RSD≤ 5 .8% ,日间RSD≤ 10 .1%。应用该法研究了 10例健康志愿者口服 10 0mg西洛他唑后的药动学 ;其体内过程符合二室模型 ,tmax为 3.5 8± 1.0 8h ,Cmax为 92 0± 2 30 μg·L-1,AUC0 -48为 11.0± 3.3mg·h-1·L-1。结论 :此法简便、快速 ,适用于药物分析 ,其药动学数据可为临床合理用药、新药研制及剂型改进提供理论依据     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中阿立哌唑的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中阿立哌唑浓度的HPLC法。方法:以D iamonsilTMC18反相柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.03mol.L-1醋酸铵(90∶10),流速为0.8mL.m in-1,检测波长257nm,以乙醚为提取剂。结果:阿立哌唑的高(500μg.L-1)、中(100μg.L-1)、低(20μg.L-1)3个浓度的提取回收率分别为93.51%,93.23%,96.51%,日内、日间RSD均小于6%;分析方法的最低定量限为5μg.L-1。线性范围为5~500μg.L-1,回归方程为C=376.24F-5.48,r=0.999 7(n=9)。结论:该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中西洛他唑的浓度

目的 :建立以高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中西洛他唑浓度的定量分析方法。方法 :色谱柱为迪马公司C18(150mm×4 6mm ,5μm ) ,流动相为乙腈 -水 (40∶60 ,V/V ) ,流速为1 4ml/min ,检测波长为254nm。结果 :西洛他唑检测浓度在25～2000ng/ml范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 9999),最低检测浓度为12 5ng/ml ,回收率为99 .99 %～101 .44 % ,日内、日间相对标准差分别为0 .20 %～2 90 %、0. 19 %～2. 13 % (n=5)。结论 :本方法简便、快捷、灵敏、准确 ,可用于西洛他唑人体药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中西洛他唑浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中西洛他唑浓度的高效液相色谱法.方法:西洛他唑血浆样品以2 mol·L -1 氢氧化钠-无水乙醚(1∶4)提取,以地西泮为内标.Hypersil C 18 柱( 4.6 mm×200 mm, 5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水 (45∶55),流速: 1.0 mL·min -1 ,检测波长:285 nm.结果:标准曲线线性范围 20.0 ～ 1 200.0 μg·L -1 (r= 0.999 9 ).血浆中西洛他唑最低检测限为10 μg·L -1 .平均提取回收率为( 81.52 ± 3.81 )%,平均方法回收率( 97.4 ± 4.5 )%, 日内及日间RSD均<11%.结论:所建立的HPLC方法灵敏、专一、准确、精密,简便,适用于西洛他唑的药动学研究及治疗药物浓度监测.     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中西洛他唑浓度

目的建立灵敏快速检测人血浆中西洛他唑浓度的HPLC-MS/MS方法。方法采用色谱柱为Thermo Hy-purity C18（150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm,USA）,流动相为乙腈（含0.1%甲酸）-甲醇=25∶75（v/v）;流速为0.2mL.min-1;ESI＋离子源,MRM进行离子方式监测。质谱参数：源电压3 500V,源温度100℃,去溶剂化温度350℃,锥孔气流速50 L.h^-1,去溶剂化气流速350 L.h^-1;血浆处理采用乙腈直接沉淀萃取方法。结果血浆中西洛他唑检测方法的线性范围为4.90-2 510 ng.mL-1,最低检出浓度为4.90 ng.mL-1,血浆中西洛他唑的方法回收率在80%-120%,日内RSD〈10%,日间RSD〈15%。结论本方法用于测定人血浆中西洛他唑的浓度,简单、快速、灵敏。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中西洛他唑药物浓度及药动学研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中西洛他唑的浓度,并研究其在健康人体内的药动学。方法采用C18反相色谱柱,以乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)(65∶35)为流动相等度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为257 nm;进样量为20μL。结果西洛他唑在0.05～10 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),各样品的提取回收率均大于80%,日内、日间精密度RSD均小于10%。西洛他唑的血药经时过程符合一级吸收的二室模型,其主要药动学参数:tmax:2.94±1.21 h;Cmax:(0.99±0.12)mg·L-1;AUC(0-t):(9.57±1.31)mg·h-1.L-1。结论该方法方便快捷,专属性强,准确可靠,适用于西洛他唑的临床药动学研究。     

西洛他唑片在人体的药动学研究

目的研究西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100 mg西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,数据用3P97软件统计处理。结果西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax为(769.5±228.2)μg.L-1,Tm ax为(3.004±1.204)h,T1/2α为(4.72±3.38)h,T1/2β为(25.95±12.22)h,AUC0-72为(12525±3077)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-为(13003±3206)μg.h.L-1。结论西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本研究可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度及药动学

目的:建立测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度的高效液相色谱法,考察西洛他唑在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学行为.方法:血浆样品经液-液提取后,进行色谱分离测定.结果:西洛他唑的最低定量浓度为25.0μg·L-1,线性范围为25.0～2000.0μg·L-1,精密度与准确度符合生物样品分析要求.结论:该法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高.可检测出健康志愿者口服100 mg西洛他唑72 h后的血浆浓度,适于临床药动学研究.     

2005高效液相色谱法测定肾组织中的西洛他唑

建立测定肾组织中西洛他唑含量的高效液相色谱法.色谱柱Shim-pack VP-ODS,Shim-pack C18预柱;流动相乙腈-水(4555);流速1.0ml·min-1;柱温25℃;检测波长254nm.线性范围50μg·L-1～1600μg·L-1,r=0.9996;回收率均在98%以上(n=5),RSD＜4%;最低检测限10μg·L-1.本法简便,快速,重现性好,适于西洛他唑的药动学研究.     

西洛他唑片的健康人体药动学研究

目的研究国产西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100 m g西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,并用3P 97软件统计处理。结果西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax,Tm ax,T1/2,AUC0-72,AUC0-∞分别为(937.10±238.10)μg.L-1,(3.4±0.8)h,(20.4±10.5)h,(12194±4024)μg.h.L-1,(12689±4325)μg.h.L-1。结论西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本研究可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.