Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibition reduces secondary damage in experimental spinal cord trauma

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has recently been identified as an ubiquitous serine-threonine protein kinase that participates in a multitude of cellular processes and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition on the degree of experimental spinal cord trauma induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. Spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, production of a range of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis. Treatment of the mice with 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8), a potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitor, significantly reduced the degree of 1) spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score); 2) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity); 3) inducible nitric-oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression; and 4) and apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining and Bax and Bcl-2 expression). In a separate set of experiments, TDZD-8 significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score). Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that treatment with TDZD-8 reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.     

Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitors protect against the organ injury and dysfunction caused by hemorrhage and resuscitation

Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has recently emerged as a key regulatory switch in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Dysregulation of GSK-3beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including sepsis. Here we investigate the effects of 2 chemically distinct inhibitors of GSK-3beta, TDZD-8 and SB216763, on the circulatory failure and the organ injury and dysfunction associated with hemorrhagic shock. Male Wistar rats were subjected to hemorrhage (sufficient to lower mean arterial blood pressure to 35 mmHg for 90 min) and subsequently resuscitated with shed blood for 4 h. Hemorrhage and resuscitation resulted in an increase in serum levels of (a) creatinine and, hence, renal dysfunction, and (b) alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and, hence, hepatic injury. Treatment of rats with either TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg, i.v.) or SB216763 (0.6 mg/kg, i.v.) 5 min before resuscitation abolished the renal dysfunction and liver injury caused by hemorrhagic shock. In addition, TDZD-8, but not SB216763, attenuated the increase caused by hemorrhage and resuscitation in plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 and also of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10. Neither of the GSK-3beta inhibitors however affected the delayed fall in blood pressure caused by hemorrhagic shock. Thus, we propose that inhibition of GSK-3beta may represent a novel therapeutic approach in the therapy of hemorrhagic shock.     

Eupatilin inhibits the apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes via the Akt/GSK-3β pathway following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury

Eupatilin, a pharmacologically active flavone derived from the Artemisia plant species, has been reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and neuroprotective activities against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the role of eupatilin in myocardial I/R injury remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis in vitro. Our results showed that eupatilin markedly improved the cell viability and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Eupatilin also suppressed oxidative stress and apoptosis in H9c2 cells after myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, eupatilin obviously increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β in H9c2 cells. Our results suggested that eupatilin could provide significant cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury, and the potential mechanisms might involve inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis through activating the Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.     

神经生长因子预处理对沙土鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤脑神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨神经生长因子(NGF)预处理对沙土鼠全脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的脑保护作用的可能机制及最佳给药时间窗。方法采用夹闭沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉造成全脑I/R损伤模型。采用NGF侧脑室注射法进行预处理。沙土鼠30只随机分为5组,每组6只:假手术组(A组)、I/R损伤组(B组)、NGF预处理12、24和48h组(C、D、E组),除A组外各组分别于脑缺血20min、再灌注72h后处死取标本。用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测沙土鼠全脑I/R损伤后脑皮质及海马CA1区凋亡神经细胞,用免疫组化法检测凋亡相关调控基因Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果与B组比较,NGF预处理各组可显著减少沙土鼠全脑I/R损伤后脑皮质及海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡数目(P均<0.05),诱导Bcl-2蛋白及抑制Bax蛋白的表达(P均<0.05),其中以NGF预处理48h时脑皮质及海马CA1区细胞凋亡指数和Bax蛋白表达的阳性细胞指数最低,Bcl-2蛋白表达的阳性细胞指数最高。结论NGF预处理能明显减轻沙土鼠全脑I/R损伤引起的神经细胞凋亡,而以NGF预处理48h对脑保护效果最好;其抑制神经细胞凋亡的机制可能是通过调节凋亡相关调控基因Bcl-2及Bax的不同表达来发挥作用。     

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition attenuates the development of ischaemia/reperfusion injury of the gut

Objective This study investigated the effects of TDZD-8, a potent and selective GSK-3β inhibitor, on tissue injury caused by ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the gut. Design and setting Animal study in the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy. Subjects Splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shocked rats. Interventions I/R injury of the intestine was caused by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the coeliac trunk for 45 min followed by release of the clamp allowing reperfusion for 1 or 6 h. This procedure results in SAO shock. Measurements and results Only 10% of the SAO animals survived the entire 6 h reperfusion period. In a separate set of experiments after 60 min of reperfusion animals were killed for histological examination and biochemical studies. Administration of TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg i.v.) 5 min prior to the reperfusion significantly reduced the (a) fall in mean arterial blood pressure, (b) mortality rate, (c) infiltration of the reperfused intestine with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (MPO activity), (d) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β and (e) histological evidence of gut injury. Administration of TDZD-8 also markedly reduced the immunoreactivity of nitrotyrosine formation and the expression of ICAM-1 and P-selectin during reperfusion. Conclusions Based on these findings we propose that TDZD-8 would be useful in the treatment of various ischaemia and reperfusion diseases.     

GSK-3beta inhibitors attenuate the organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in the rat

OBJECTIVE: Serine-threonine protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 is involved in regulation of many cell functions, but its role in regulation of inflammatory response is unknown. Here we investigate the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition on organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide or coadministration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan in the rat. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Ninety-nine anesthetized male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Study 1: Rats received either intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (6 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 mL/kg; saline). Study 2: Rats received either intravenous E. coli lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle. The potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitors TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg intravenously), SB216763 (0.6 mg/kg intravenously), and SB415286 (1 mg/kg intravenously) or vehicle (10% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered 30 mins before lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Endotoxemia resulted in increases in the serum levels of creatinine (indicator of renal dysfunction), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (markers for hepatocellular injury), lipase (indicator of pancreatic injury), and creatine kinase (indicator of neuromuscular injury). Coadministration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan resulted in hepatocellular injury and renal dysfunction. All GSK-3beta inhibitors attenuated the organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. GSK-3beta inhibition reduced the Ser536 phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB subunit p65 and the messenger RNA expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory mediators but had no effect on the nuclear factor-kappaB/DNA binding activity in the lung. GSK-3beta inhibition reduced the increase in nuclear factor-kappaB p65 activity caused by interleukin-1 in human embryonic kidney cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitors TDZD-8, SB216763, and SB415286 reduced the organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan in the rat. We propose that GSK-3beta inhibition may be useful in the therapy of the organ injury/dysfunction associated with sepsis, shock, and other diseases associated with local or systemic inflammation.     

川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡及 caspase 12 表达的影响简

目的 研究川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡及天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶12（caspase 12）表达的影响.方法 将48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（S）、脑缺血再灌注组（I/R）、川芎嗪低剂量组[10 mg/（mg/kg·d）,I/R ＋TMP组]、川芎嗪高剂量组[30 mg/（mg/kg·d）,I/R ＋TMP组],各组治疗7 d,1次/d,腹腔注射,S组和I/R组给予同剂量生理盐水,7 d后线栓法制备脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血2 h再灌注22 h.检测各组大鼠神经行为学评分、TTC法测定脑梗死体积、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡、western blot印迹检测GRP78及caspase 12蛋白表达含量.结果与S组相比,I/R组神经行为学评分较高,神经细胞凋亡及脑梗死体积增高,GRP78及caspase 12的蛋白表达含量上升（P＜0.05）;与I/R组相比,川芎嗪组可改善大鼠脑神经行为学评分,降低脑梗死体积及细胞凋亡百分率、抑制GRP78及caspase 12的蛋白表达（P＜0.05）.结论 川芎嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制与其抑制细胞凋亡及caspase 12 的表达有关.     

老龄大鼠脑缺血-再灌注神经细胞凋亡变化规律研究

目的　比较研究青年与老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注 (I/R)后超微结构与神经细胞凋亡特征。方法　采用线栓法建立急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,观察缺血 3h及再灌注 3、6、12、2 4和 72 h脑组织超微结构变化及细胞凋亡。结果　老龄大鼠脑缺血 3h和 I/R12 h脑梗死面积较青年大鼠增大。随着 I/R时间延长 ,脑组织细胞损伤逐步加重 ,老龄大鼠较青年大鼠严重。细胞凋亡随着 I/R时间延长而明显增加 ,老龄大鼠出现的早、持续时间长。结论　老年脑缺血再灌注脑梗死面积增大、超微结构损伤和细胞凋亡出现得早且严重。     

缺血后处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后ERK1/2和Akt磷酸化及神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后ERK1/2和Akt及神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法:成年健康SD大鼠72只,随机分为假手术(sham)组、缺血再灌注(I/R)组、缺血后处理(Postcond)组各24只,应用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)再灌注模型。分别于再灌注10min、30min、6h、24h后留取大脑皮质。Western blot检测再灌注10min、30min、6h后ERK1/2和Akt活性变化;原位末端标记(TUNEL)检测再灌注后24h神经细胞凋亡。结果:Postcond组再灌注10min、30min、6h后ERK1/2和Akt活性高于I/R组(P<0.05);脑缺血再灌注24h后,Postcond组与I/R组比较,TUNEL阳性细胞减少(P<0.05)。结论:缺血后处理可提高大鼠脑缺血再灌注后皮质内ERK1/2和Akt活性,减少神经细胞凋亡。     

Adrenomedullin gene delivery protects against cerebral ischemic injury by promoting astrocyte migration and survival

Adrenomedullin (AM) has been shown to protect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction and apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the potential neuroprotective action of delayed AM gene transfer in cerebral ischemia. Three days after a 1-hr occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO), rats were injected intravenously with adenovirus harboring human AM cDNA. The experiment was terminated 7 days after MCAO. AM gene transfer significantly reduced cerebral infarct size compared with that of rats before virus injection and compared with that of rats injected with control virus. The expression of recombinant human AM was identified in ischemic brain by immunostaining. Morphological analyses showed that AM gene transfer enhanced the survival and migration of astrocytes into the ischemic core. Cerebral ischemia markedly increased astrocyte apoptosis, and AM gene delivery significantly reduced apoptosis to near normal levels as seen in sham control rats. Similarly, in primary cultured astrocytes, AM stimulated cell migration and inhibited hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. The effects of AM on both migration and apoptosis were abolished by calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP(8-37)], an AM receptor antagonist. Enhanced cell survival after AM gene transfer was accompanied by markedly increased cerebral nitric oxide and Bcl-2 levels, as well as Akt and GSK-3beta phosphorylation, but reduced NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide production. Inactivation of GSK-3beta by phosphorylation led to reduced GSK-3beta activity and caspase- 3 activation. These results indicate that exogenous AM provides neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia injury by enhancing astrocyte survival and migration and inhibiting apoptosis through suppression of oxidative stress-mediated signaling events.     

大鼠肝缺血-再灌流损伤脑组织p38MAPK与脑细胞凋亡的关系

目的观察肝缺血-再灌流损伤过程中大脑皮质层p38有丝分裂素激活蛋白激酶(p38MAPK) 的变化和神经元凋亡,以探讨p38 MAPK与脑组织神经元凋亡的关系。方法建立肝缺血-再灌流损伤动物模型,分为对照组、缺血30 min组(I组)、缺血30 min再灌流组(I／R组)、缺血30 min再灌流后1 h组(I/ R 1h)、缺血30 min再灌流后2 h组(I／R 2h)、缺血30 min再灌流后4 h组(I/R 4h)。应用免疫组化法测定各组肝组织中iNOS的变化和脑皮质层p38MAPK的改变,应用原位细胞凋亡法测定神经元凋亡,同时观察肝和脑组织病理学改变。结果肝缺血-再灌流损伤形成过程中,随着再灌流时间延长肝组织出现iNOS的高表达,同时大脑皮层出现p38MAPK改变和神经元凋亡。肝组织iNOS与p38MAKP呈正相关(r=0．91,P <0．05)。p38MAPK的表达与phospho-p38MAPK的表达呈正相关(r=0．89,P<0．05),phospho-p38MAPK的表达与凋亡指数呈正相关(r=0．95,P<0．05)。HE染色见肝细胞水肿,炎性细胞浸润,甚至细胞坏死。脑皮质层见神经元水肿、坏死。结论肝缺血-再灌流损伤可导致大脑结构和功能的改变。损伤过程中产生 iNOS作为炎性细胞因子导致大脑皮层p38MAKP的改变,从而引起神经元凋亡。     

Insulin reduces the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by coadministration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan independently of blood glucose: role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibition

OBJECTIVE: Insulin reduces morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients, but the molecular mechanisms of its effect remain unknown. Insulin is a well-known inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3, which may play an important role in systemic inflammation and shock. Here we investigate the role of blood glucose and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibition in the protective effect of insulin on the organ injury/dysfunction associated with excessive systemic inflammation. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Eighty-five anesthetized Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Rats received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle intravenously. Insulin (1.4 units/kg intravenously) was administered in the absence or presence of continuous glucose administration (4.5 mg/kg/hr intravenously) either prophylactically or therapeutically. The potent and selective glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitor TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg intravenously) or vehicle (10% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Coadministration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan resulted in increases in the serum levels of creatinine (indicator of renal dysfunction), alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase (indicators of liver injury) at 6 hrs. Insulin or TDZD-8 similarly attenuated the organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan when given either prophylactically or therapeutically. Continuous glucose administration had no effect on blood glucose levels or organ injury/dysfunction at 6 hrs. Treatment with insulin or TDZD-8 reduced the plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta. In vitro, insulin or TDZD-8 caused similar reductions in the nuclear factor-kappaB p65 activity and similar increases in the phosphorylation of Ser9 of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with insulin or the potent and selective glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitor TDZD-8 reduced the organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan in the rat. We propose that the inhibitory effect of insulin on the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta contributes to the protective effect of insulin against the organ injury/dysfunction caused by excessive systemic inflammation independently of any effects on blood glucose.     

Effects of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibition on the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice

OBJECTIVE: Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 is a ubiquitous serine-threonine protein kinase that participates in a multitude of cellular processes and signal transduction pathways. It also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases characterized by an enhanced or unregulated inflammatory response. Here we investigate the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition on the development of experimental acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein in mice. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and sixty anesthetized male CD mice. INTERVENTIONS: Pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (hourly x5, 50 microg/kg). In the treatment group, the potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitor 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8) was administered 1 hr and 6 hrs after the first injection of cerulein (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Sham groups were treated with vehicle (0.1 mL of 0.9% NaCl, intraperitoneally) and TDZD-8. In another set of experiments, mice were monitored for 24 days to determine their mortality rate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The injection of cerulein resulted in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. TDZD-8 significantly reduced the degree of pancreas injury, amylase, and lipase serum levels (p < .01); nuclear factor-kappaB activation (p < .01); the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta (p < .01); the expression of adhesion molecules and neutrophil accumulation (p < .01); the formation of oxygen and nitrogen-derived radicals (p < .01); the degree of lipid peroxidation (p < .01); the expression of transforming growth factor-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor (p < .01); and-ultimately-the mortality rate (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of GSK-3beta reduces the degree of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and the associated mortality rate in mice. Blocking protein kinase activity may be a novel approach to treatment of this inflammatory condition.     

降钙素基因相关肽神经保护作用的机制研究

目的观察全脑缺血再灌注时脑组织抗凋亡基因bcl－2蛋白表达及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对bcl－2蛋白表达的影响。方法应用颈动脉负压分流法制备大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学法检测全脑缺血30min再灌注3h、6h以及经颈动脉注射(CGRP)后再灌注3h、6h大脑皮层和海马区bcl－2蛋白的表达。结果大鼠全脑缺血30min再灌注3h、6h大脑皮质及海马bcl－2蛋白表达明显增加,应用CGRP再灌注3h、6h大脑皮质及海马区bcl－2蛋白表达进一步增加。结论bcl－2基因在缺血性脑损伤中起保护作用,CGRP的神经保护作用可能与其上调bcl－2蛋白表达有关。     

Transforming growth-beta 1 contributes to isoflurane postconditioning against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury by regulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway

AimCerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a devastating complication in the perioperative period. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a key protein that can participate in the repair and control process responses after I/R injury. Isoflurane is widely used in neurosurgery. Previous studies have shown that isoflurane preconditioning plays an important role in neuroprotection. However, the effects of isoflurane postconditioning on cerebral I/R injury have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of isoflurane postconditioning against cerebral I/R injury and investigated the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway and the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in neuroprotective mechanism. In particular, the JNK signaling pathway emerges as a possible target for brain repair after stroke.MethodsCerebral I/R injury was produced in SD rat by using the middle cerebral artery occlusion model for 90 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. Postconditioning by inhalation of isoflurane was performed at different concentrations (1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5%) for 1 h after ischemia at the starting time point of reperfusion. The protective effect was tested by neurological deficit scoring with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Apoptosis of CA1 cells in the hippocampus was detected by TUNEL method. Expression levels of TGF-β1, Smad 2/3, p-Smad2/3, JNK, and p-JNK were determined by immunostaining and Western blot.ResultsPostconditioning by isoflurane at 1.5% and 3.0% concentrations significantly decreased the neurobehavioral deficit scores and infarct volume compared with the I/R group, but no significant difference in neurobehavioral deficit score was detected between the I/R and 4.5% isoflurane postconditioning groups. Additionally, 1.5% isoflurane postconditioning decreased the numbers of PI-positive cells at 24 h after reperfusion compared with the I/R group. TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 protein gradually increased after I/R injury, with the highest values observed in the 1.5% and 3% isoflurane postconditioning groups. For Smad2/3 protein expression, no differences existed among all groups. After inducing the TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway specific blocker (LY2157299), the neurological deficit scores increased, infarct volumes enlarged, apoptosis increased, and PI-positive CA1 cells in the hippocampus also increased. The expression levels of TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 proteins were downregulated. During the pre-injection of LY2157299, the expression levels of TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 decreased significantly, but compared with the sham group, the expression level of p-JNK significantly increased. When the injection of LY2157299 was abolished, the expression of p-JNK significantly decreased. The expression levels of p-JNK and TGF-β1 significantly decreased when LY2157299 and SP600125 were injected simultaneously. However, the protective effect mediated by SP600125 completely disappeared, and the role of LY2157299 became dominant. Compared with the sham group, the expression of TGF-β1 was almost unchanged by the injection of SP600125 alone, but the expression of p-JNK significantly decreased.ConclusionsUp to 1.5% isoflurane can upregulate the expression of TGF-β1 and downregulate that of p-JNK, which significantly mitigated I/R injury, leading to cerebral injury. However, this protective effect was abrogated when the TGF-β1 signaling pathway was blocked by LY2157299. Overall, the present results provided valid evidence to demonstrate that TGF-β1 contributes to isoflurane postconditioning against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway.     

肾上腺髓质素对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠神经元凋亡及早期生长反应基因-1的影响

目的探讨肾上腺髓质素（ADM）对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤大鼠神经元凋亡、梗死体积及早期生长反应基因-1（Egr-1） mRNA表达的影响,进一步研究ADM在局灶性脑I/R损伤中的作用。方法将54只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、I/R损伤组以及ADM股静脉组、颈内动脉组和侧脑室组。采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉（MCA）I/R损伤模型,于阻断血流2h后分别经股静脉、颈内动脉和侧脑室3条途径注射ADM进行干预后再灌注22h。应用氯化三苯四唑（TTC）染色法测定梗死体积,用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测神经元凋亡,用原位杂交法检测Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞表达。结果大鼠局灶性脑I/R损伤并经股静脉、颈内动脉、侧脑室注射ADM后,脑梗死体积显著小于I/R损伤组;且颈内动脉和侧脑室注射ADM在减少脑梗死体积方面明显优于股静脉注射ADM（P均〈0.05）。I/R损伤组大鼠缺血侧大脑皮质、海马CA1区凋亡阳性细胞数明显多于假手术组（P均〈0.01）,给予ADM后阳性细胞数显著少于I/R损伤组,以ADM颈内动脉组和侧脑室组更为明显（P均〈0.01）。假手术组大鼠大脑皮质有少量Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞表达,I/R损伤后缺血侧大脑皮质、海马CA1区Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞表达多于假手术组（P均〈0.01）,应用ADM的3组大鼠大脑皮质、海马CA1区Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞的表达明显多于I/R损伤组（P均〈0.01）,但颈内动脉和侧脑室给予ADM组的Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞表达增高最为明显（P均〈0.01）。结论股静脉、侧脑室和颈内动脉给予外源性ADM能减少神经元凋亡和梗死体积,激活Egr-1 mRNA,对局灶性脑I/R损伤可能有治疗作用。     

电针对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠学习记忆功能的影响

目的探讨电针神庭、百会对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠学习记忆功能的影响及其机制。方法雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠45 只,随机分为假手术组(n=15)、模型组(n=15)和电针组(n=15)。模型组、电针组用线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血2 h 再灌注损伤模型。电针组行电针干预7 d。各组在造模后3 d 开始行Morris 水迷宫测试。7 d 后尼氏染色观察海马神经细胞变化,逆转录PCR检测Bcl-2、Bax mRNA表达。结果电针组逃避潜伏期显著低于模型组(P<0.001),穿过平台次数显著低于模型组(P=0.001)。电针组海马区细胞损伤及Bax mRNA水平降低、Bcl-2 mRNA水平提高(P<0.05)。结论电针能改善局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠学习记忆能力,保护神经细胞,其机制可能与调节凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2 的表达有关。     

小鼠短暂前脑缺血海马区半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原表达形式的变化

背景脑缺血再灌注损伤后,细胞凋亡执行因子半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原表达量及蛋白酶活性明显增加,针对其磷酸化与去磷酸化两种形式进行观察,了解其在脑缺血再灌注损伤时的变化情况.目的观察脑缺血再灌注时小鼠脑海马区中半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原表达形式的变化.设计随机对照实验.单位首都医科大学生物化学与分子生物学系.地点和材料实验于2003-06在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院高压氧科实验室进行.按随机数字将30只雌性SPF级C57BL/6N小鼠分为假手术组、缺血再灌注6,12,24和48 h 5组,每组6只小鼠.方法缺血再灌注的4组小鼠夹闭双侧颈总动脉20 min后再通血流,建立前脑缺血再灌注动物模型,分别于再灌注6,12,24及48 h取脑海马;假手术组不夹闭颈总动脉,24 h后取脑海马.用蛋白免疫印迹法测定脑海马中半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3酶原表达的变化.主要观察指标各组小鼠脑海马半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原总量,及其磷酸化和去磷酸化水平比较.结果经补充后30只小鼠进入结果分析.①脑海马区总半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原水平缺血再灌注12,24 h组显著高于假手术组(9 133.1±2 216.3,9 355.9±1 901.6,P＜0.05).②去磷酸化半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原水平缺血再灌注24 h组显著高于假手术组(7 812.0±1 625.1,3 825.8±155.6,P＜0.05).③磷酸化半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原水平各组与假手术组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论结果提示脑缺血再灌注损伤诱发半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原表达增加;其中半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原去磷酸化水平升高明显,说明脑缺血再灌注损伤可能诱发半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3酶原去磷酸化,继而促进其转化为活性形式.     

阿托伐他汀钙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后NF-κB、表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨阿托伐他汀钙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织中NF-κBp65表达水平及神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法：Wistar大鼠105只,分为假手术组、再灌注组及干预组各35只。干预组阿托伐他汀灌胃20d后,与再灌注组采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,参考Longa的5分制法在大鼠麻醉清醒后进行评分,应用免疫组化、TUNEL法检测阿托伐他汀钙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后NF-κBp65表达及对神经细胞凋亡的影响。结果：与假手术组比较,再灌注组及干预组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后缺血脑组织中NF-κBp65表达明显增加（P〈0．01）,缺血再灌注24h达高峰;干预组给予阿托伐他汀钙干预后与再灌注组比较能减少缺血脑组织中NF-κBp65表达（P〈0．01）,减少神经元凋亡（P〈0．01）,降低神经功能缺损评分（P〈0．01）。结论：阿托伐他汀钙能抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织中NF-κBp65表达,并能减少神经元凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注损伤。     

低氧预适应对脑缺血-再灌注大鼠神经元凋亡及P53蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨低氧预适应对局部缺血-再灌注大鼠脑的保护作用及其分子机制。方法：24只大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注（I/R）组、低氧预适应（HP＋I／R）组。用线穿法建立大鼠局灶脑缺血-再灌注模型。脑缺血前12h将HP＋I／R组大鼠放在8％低氧舱中完成低氧预适应。分别用免疫组化、原位末端标记法检测P53的表达和神经元凋亡，并进行神经体征观察。结果：缺血3h再灌注24h后HP＋I／R组神经行为缺陷计分明显低于I／R组（P〈0．05）；HP＋I／R组凋亡细胞数明显少于I／R组（P〈0．05）；HP＋I/R组P53蛋白阳性细胞数明显低于I／R组（P〈0．05）。结论：低氧预适应可降低大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的神经功能缺陷和神经元凋亡。下调神经元中P53蛋白表达可能是低氧预适应脑保护作用的分子机制之一。