The use of myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of surgical defects in the oropharyngeal area

Oncological Dispensary of Leningrad Region, St.Petersburg Our paper deals with evaluation of the results of using distal pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (38) in 37 patients; bilateral dissection of tissue--1. Plastic reconstruction of surgical effects of the oral cavity and pharynx was performed in 27 (skin cancer--8, parotid salivary gland tumor--1). Flap was used to both shield the parotid artery and prevent erosive bleeding following radical cervical dissection, urgent plastic surgery--30, postponed--8. Complication, chiefly slight was reported in 60.5% and treated conservatively. Total necrosis was identified in 2 (5.3%), partial--4 (10.8%), salivary fistula--10 out of 27 reconstructions of the upper intestinal tract (18.4%), cervical suture failure--7 (18.4%), flap avulsion from wound edges--6 (15.8%), wound edge avulsion--2 (5.3%). Nasogastric probe for feeding was used for approx. 23.7 days. Feeding per os after the first operation was restored in 23 (85.2%). Repeat reconstruction using pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has proved effective in patients with surgical effects of head and neck.     

多种组织瓣在口颊缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的：合理采用组织瓣进行口颊缺损重建,可以扩大口颊癌手术指征,改善患者的生存质量,延长患者生命。本研究目的是探讨组织瓣重建口颊缺损的指征,不同组织瓣的选择以及重建的手术技巧。方法：2005年9月至2007年8月间共行26例组织瓣重建口颊缺损手术,其中单纯口颊粘膜切除8例;口颊大型缺损18例,其中包括口颊面部皮肤洞穿切除11例,口颊、皮肤以及口角全缺损切除7例。26例患者中有7例行腮腺导管切除。胸大肌肌皮瓣转移重建5例,游离前臂桡侧皮瓣重建11例,游离股前外侧皮瓣6例,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣4例。8例患者行术后放疗,剂量为66～70Gy。结果：围术期无死亡病例,1例皮瓣坏死,为游离前臂皮瓣重建病例;1例皮瓣部分坏死,为胸大肌肌皮瓣重建病例。皮瓣成功率为96．2％（25／26）。1例伤口积液,为涎腺瘘。所有患者均随访1-3年,7例复发患者中4例为原发灶复发,3例为颈部淋巴结复发。随访期间2例患者死亡,均为原发灶局部复发者。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣和游离前臂皮瓣是重建口颊大型缺损的良好皮瓣,是大于4cm的口颊缺损的首选：胸大肌肌皮瓣可作为口颊大型缺损重建的备用皮瓣;小于4cm的口颊缺损可选用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣。     

Microvascular reconstruction of the breast

The growth of microsurgical procedures has led to significant technological, scientific, and clinical advances that have made these procedures safe, reliable, reproducible, and routine in most major medical centers. In many instances, free flap reconstruction has become the primary reconstructive method for many major defects, including breast reconstruction. The advantages of free flap breast reconstruction include better flap vascularity, broader patient selection, easier insetting of the flap, and decreased donor site morbidity. Free flap breast reconstruction can occur either at the time that the mastectomy is performed or as a delayed reconstruction following a previous mastectomy. Immediate reconstructions have the advantage of avoiding scar contracture and fibrosis within the mastectomy flaps and at the recipient vessel site. The most common recipient vessel sites are the thoracodorsal vessels and the internal mammary vessels. The thoracodorsal vessels are most frequently used in immediate reconstruction because they are partially exposed during the mastectomy procedure. The internal mammary vessels are used more frequently in delayed reconstructions, to avoid repeat surgery in the axilla. This recipient site also allows more medial placement of the reconstruction. Flap selections for free autogenous breast reconstruction include the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, the superior gluteal myocutaneous flap, the inferior gluteal myocutaneous flap, the lateral thigh flap, and the deep circumflex iliac soft tissue flap (Rubens). The TRAM flap is most commonly used in free flap breast reconstruction. For patients with inadequate abdominal tissue or prior abdominal surgery, the superior gluteal flap is typically used. Both the TRAM flap and the superior gluteal flap can be designed as perforator flaps, preserving all of the involved muscle and, in the TRAM perforator, all the rectus fascia. These flaps are more technically demanding, with minimal impact on donor site function. The other flaps are less frequently used and limited to special patient circumstances. Free flap autogenous breast reconstruction provides a natural, long-lasting result with a high degree of patient satisfaction. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:264-271, 2000.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤术后组织缺损修复中的应用

目的 总结胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤术后组织缺损修复中的应用。方法 1992年10月至2001年12月，对80例头颈肿瘤患者应用81块胸大肌肌皮瓣进行一期组织修复。结果 全组肌皮瓣完全存活71块。2块肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死。8块肌皮瓣皮肤远端轻度坏死。结论 胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠，修复操作简单，用途广泛，能满足头颈部肿瘤术后缺损的修复。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣用于咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复

[目的]探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复中的应用价值.[方法]对1996年6月到2004年6月55例咽喉晚期肿瘤根治术后一期应用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的资料进行分析总结.其中舌根癌19例、扁桃体癌10例、喉咽癌9例、喉癌9例、鼻咽癌8例.术前放疗21例,术后放疗25例.胸大肌肌皮瓣修复咽喉部黏膜及黏膜下软组织缺损40例,修复颈部皮肤缺损15例.[结果]55例胸大肌肌皮瓣均一期修复完成.1例肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死失败,3例肌皮瓣远端皮肤少许坏死重新清创缝合,修复成功率为98.2%(54/55).40例修复咽喉部黏膜缺损病人有3例进食轻度呛咳,1例进食吞咽不畅外均恢复吞咽功能,除全喉切除病人外均基本恢复语言功能.15例修复颈部皮肤缺损病人切口均愈合.3、5年存活率舌根癌为4/8,2/5;扁桃体癌为3/6,2/4;喉咽癌为2/4,1/3;喉癌为2/3,1/2;鼻咽癌为2/4,1/3.[结论]胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织容量大,在咽喉部晚期肿瘤手术中应用可以提高存活率及病人术后生存质量,成功率高,是一期修复的理想材料.     

Large, deep high-grade extremity sarcomas: when is a myocutaneous flap reconstruction necessary?

The surgical treatment of large, deep high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas frequently produces a significant tissue defect. In addition, the management of the surgical wound is often further complicated by preoperative radiation or adjuvant therapies. The use of either pedicled or free myocutaneous flaps allows for more rapid and predictable wound healing in this situation. Myocutaneous flaps provide well-vascularized coverage of lost tissue volume, exposed vital structures, and prosthetic reconstruction materials. When harvested from unirradiated sites, flap coverage can overcome the detrimental effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy on postoperative wound healing. Reconstruction of the soft tissue defect may also improve patient satisfaction with aesthetic issues. The use of innervated myocutaneous flaps can even address the functionality of the extremity following resection of major muscle groups. Myocutaneous flaps are an extremely versatile option for reconstruction in the treatment of large, deep high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas.     

134例头颈部肿瘤手术后缺损修复

目的：分析4种皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的效果、功能、并发症和供区创伤的大小，以为不同的缺损选择不同的皮瓣。方法：134例头颈部肿瘤患者，均行联合根治术加胸大肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、额瓣、前臂皮瓣修复。结果：胸大肌皮瓣全部存活96例，部分坏死21例，坏死≥1／25例，全部坏死2例，颈阔肌皮瓣全部存活2例，部分坏死1例，全部坏死1例，4例额瓣和2例前臂皮瓣全部存活。结论：口腔及颈部大面积缺损需要胸大肌肌皮瓣修复，对需要洞穿修复的，尤其是女性，应尽量避免用胸大肌折叠瓣，可用复合瓣。对一般的口腔缺损用前臂皮瓣修复最为合适。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期口腔颌面肿瘤术后修复中的应用

目的　探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期口腔颌面肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用。方法　对 6 6例口腔颌面部肿瘤术后应用胸大肌肌皮瓣进行一期修复病例进行总结分析。结果　胸大肌肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死 1例 ,皮肤远端部分坏死 5例 ,完全成活率为 90 9%。结论　胸大肌肌皮瓣血供丰富 ,成活率高 ,操作简单 ,是口腔颌面肿瘤术后缺损修复的理想材料     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用。方法应用胸大肌肌皮瓣一期修复晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损262例（其中折叠瓣17例修复口内外穿通性缺损,20例胸大肌肌膜瓣修复口内缺损,5例胸大肌皮瓣联合游离植皮修复咽瘘,5例胸大肌肌皮瓣联合游离皮瓣双瓣修复颌面部洞穿性缺损）。舌再造62例,修复口咽53例,修复口底41例,修复口颊24例,修复颈部31例,修复下咽缺损22例,修复腮腺区缺损29例。结果262例肌皮瓣252例全部成活,8例皮瓣部分坏死肌瓣成活,2例肌皮瓣完全坏死,总的成活率为99.2%（260/262）。术后随访1～10年,所有患者术后进食、吞咽功能恢复良好,语言功能大多恢复良好。结论胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织量丰富,且应用较灵活,可制作成肌皮瓣或肌瓣,对于晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损是最优选择。     

External carotid artery stenosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma--a prospective study

Vascular disease, which can be asymptomatic until arterial stenosis is severe, is common in head and neck cancer patients as the risk factors for both cancer and atherosclerosis are similar. Although studies of common and internal carotid artery stenosis in head and neck patients have been reported, none have specifically assessed the external carotid system, especially in asymptomatic patients undergoing major microvascular free flap reconstructive surgery. A prospective study of 44 patients using pre-operative duplex scanning to assess the common, external and internal carotid arteries bilaterally. Eighteen patients (41%) had no obvious carotid disease in any vessel. Although the remaining 26 patients (59%) had some carotid tree stenosis, only nine patients (20% of study group) had disease affecting the external carotid artery, with significant stenosis (greater than 50%) of this vessel being found in only three patients (7%). A correlation was found between the degree of carotid stenosis and hypertension (P<0.05). No correlation was found between carotid artery stenosis and flap failure (t=5.4; P=1). Significant stenosis of the external carotid artery, even in the presence of atherosclerosis elsewhere in the carotid tree, is uncommon. The screening of the external carotid artery in head and neck patients requiring microvascular reconstruction should be considered when there are significant risk factors for carotid stenosis, including hypertension.     

A myocutaneous flap for closure of upper arm amputations for uncontrolled axillary tumors

Tumor spread or recurrence in the axilla is usually treated with nodal dissections. At times disease recurrence is uncontrolled, causing significant morbidity including pain, bleeding, lymphedema, and neurologic symptoms. Previously, forequarter amputation has been the treatment for this problem, resulting in a significant cosmetic and functional deficit. This report describes a novel myocutaneous flap that can be used to cover soft tissue defects after major disarticulations of the upper extremity. The deltoid myocutaneous flap has been used to successfully treat three patients with uncontrolled tumors in the axilla and preserve the shoulder structures to lessen the functional deficit.     

颌面部恶性肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复

目的为解决颌面部恶性肿瘤根治性切除术后所致的颌面洞穿性缺损的修复问题,以提高病人的生存质量.方法1990～1998年用瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣带蒂移转修复颌面部洞穿性缺损14例.分别为口颊癌12例、牙龈癌2例,肿瘤根治术后形成洞穿性缺损.将胸大肌肌皮瓣折叠形成瓦合瓣,一部分肌皮瓣做口腔衬里,一部分肌皮瓣修复面部缺损,手术一次性完成.结果14例瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,成功率为100%,术后随访1～3年,颌面部外形及功能改善良好,被修复区不显臃肿.结论颌面洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的,瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣是较好的修复材料,成功率高,临床上应用可取得功能和外形同时修复的效果.     

Radiation-induced vesico-vaginal fistula successfully repaired using a gracilis myocutaneous flap

Surgical repair of a radiation-induced vesico-vaginal fistula by a simple closure technique is extremely difficult. Here, we report a patient with a radiation-induced vesico-vaginal fistula that was successfully reconstructed using a gracilis myocutaneous flap. The vesico-vaginal fistula developed in an 83-year-old Japanese woman who had undergone a radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer of the uterus at age 63, and had pelvic radiation therapy for recurrent disease 17 years after the surgery. The fistula was repaired by a reconstruction technique that employed a gracilis myocutaneous flap. Two-thirds of the vaginal mucosa on the side where the fistula was present was completely removed to obtain a wide mucosal defect. Irradiated fibrous tissue around the fistula was removed, and the bladder mucosa was mobilized, and then closed with absorbable sutures. An island gracilis myocutaneous flap was designed on the medial aspect of the patient's left thigh. The first incision was made through the proximal outline of the flap, and its vascular pedicle, the medial circumflex femoral vessels, was dissected. After a complete incision through the flap, the skin flap, including the entire gracilis muscle, was elevated with the pedicle vessel. The distal portion of the myocutaneous flap was then turned to overlay the mucosal defects on the vagina. Postoperatively, there was no flap necrosis and no infection in the vaginal cavity. Indwelling catheterization was required for 8 weeks. Retrograde cystography confirmed complete closure of the fistula. Received: March 13, 2000 / Accepted: July 25, 2000     

The indications and complications of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction in head and neck surgery-our experience

Most of the head and neck cancer patients in India present to the Otolaryngologist, Head and Neck surgeon in the advanced stages of their disease. Extensive resection followed by acceptable morphological & functional reconstruction is the goal for the surgeon. Use of the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap enables extensive ablative procedures to be carried out followed by immediate and reliable reconstruction. Thirty consecutive cases of biopsy proven squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region were studied. All underwent extensive resection of the tumour with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction, with preor post-operative external irradiation. This study concentrates on the indications for and complications encountered with the use of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Also included is an extensive review of the literature relating to the complications encountered with the use of this method of reconstruction.     

Use of omentum pedicled graft to protect great vessels in gastric transposition for pharyngoesophageal cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transmediastinal gastric transposition and pharyngogastric anastomosis is perhaps one of the most widely accepted methods for restoration of the alimentary continuity after pharyngoesophageal resection. The need of neck dissection, mediastinal tracheostomy, and previous radiotherapy may favor exposure and rupture of major vessels. Protection with omentum may prevent this complication. A comprehensive review of omentum flap use in surgery was undertaken. METHODS: A modified omentum pedicled flap was used in 6 out of 36 patients submitted to total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and gastric transposition (PLE>). RESULTS: None of the patients had major vessel rupture as compared with a 13% carotid and innominate artery rupture of a series of 30 patients previously operated on without omentum pedicled flap protection. CONCLUSIONS: The omental pedicled flap, performed as described, may provide reliable protection for carotid and innominate artery exposure, adding little time to the procedure.     

Metastatic spread of floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma via pectoralis major myocutaneous flap

In a patient with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, reconstruction of the floor of the mouth was carried out by transposition of a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap after composite resection. Twelve months after surgery, a chest wall metastasis corresponding to the site of the vascular pedicle was observed. It appears that the lymphatic and hematogenous tumor spread can occur along the vascular pathways of a transposed myocutaneous flap.     

A combination therapy for hypopharyngeal cancer

A combination of induction chemotherapy, radical surgery with primary reconstruction of the cervical esophagus and postoperative chemo-radiotherapy has been utilized in our department for the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer since January, 1983. Until then, preoperative chemoradiotherapy up to 4600 rads had been the policy of choice and satisfactory effect was not always obtained patho-histologically , though remarkable reduction of tumor was observed in many cases macroscopically. Radical surgery such as total laryngopharyngectomy with bilateral neck dissection followed by primary reconstruction using the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is the procedure of choice. The myocutaneous flap is the procedure of choice. The myocutaneous flap technique is advisable in most cases, facilitating earlier use of post-operative chemoradiotherapy. Induction chemotherapy currently used in our department consists of sequential use of FT-207, ADR, MMC, Pepleomycin and then MMC again (FAM-PM).     

5th Rib Osteo-pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap—Still a Viable Option for Mandibular Defect Reconstruction

Reconstruction of mandible is of paramount importance following ablative surgery for oral cancer. Though osteocutaneous micro-vascular free flap is generally accepted to be the mainstay of mandibular reconstruction, other reconstructive options are also done for mandibular reconstruction with good results. Seventeen patients of oral cavity cancer involving the alveolus who had underwent hemi-mandibulectomy were reconstructed using 5th rib osteo-pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Procedure related pleural tear occurred in 3 patients during harvesting of the rib which were repaired intra-operatively with no post-operative complications. There were 2 failures in our series, in the rest 15 patients the flap had taken up; have good oral continence taking semi-solid diet and have satisfactory cosmetic appearance. This study shows that 5th rib osteo-pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is a quick, easy to learn, one stage reconstructive procedure with a good predictable cosmetic and functional outcomes.     

Malignant fibrous Histiocytoma of Temporal Bone

Here we present a case of malignant fibrous Histiocytoma of Temporal Bone, which is a rare tumour in this region. We emphasize that a very wide excision of this tumour should be done to prevent its recurrence. The resulting defect can be very well reconstituted with myocutaneous flap for rapid healing of wound and for minimising the cosmatic deformity.     

男性外生殖器恶性肿瘤大块切除后缺损区的修复

目的 对局部晚期的男性外生殖器恶性肿瘤大块切除后缺损区的修复.方法 对本组11例患者行病灶广泛切除及淋巴结清扫后,运用筋膜皮瓣、腹直肌岛状肌皮瓣、臀大肌及阔筋膜张肌复合肌皮瓣进行缺损区修复,重点介绍了腹直肌岛状肌皮瓣的切除方法.结果 11例患者中10例患者修复区Ⅰ期愈合,1例延期愈合.结论 根据缺损程度选择合适的皮瓣是手术成功的关键.