电子线阵式超声内镜在上消化道黏膜下病变诊断中的作用

目的评估电子线阵式超声内镜（EUS）对上消化道黏膜下病变诊断价值。方法用电子线阵式超声内镜对138例上消化道黏膜下病变进行检查,并对其中17例行细针穿刺抽吸细胞学检查（EUS—FNA）。结果其中食管癌2例,胃淋巴瘤1例,黏膜下肿瘤113例,消化道壁外压迫22例。17例行细针穿刺抽吸细胞学检查（EUS—FNA）,其中14例取材成功可以进行病理诊断（82．5％）。结论电子线阵式超声内镜能满意的对上消化道黏膜下病变进行起源和初步定性诊断．结合细针穿刺抽吸细胞学检查能有效提高诊断的准确性。     

口服胃肠超声造影评价尿毒症患者胃肠动力及胃壁形态改变

目的 应用口服胃肠超声造影结合灰阶超声及彩色多普勒超声评估尿毒症患者胃十二指肠动力及胃壁形态的改变.资料与方法 35例经临床诊断为尿毒症但未接受透析治疗的患者作为尿毒症组,同时选取31名健康志愿者作为对照组,通过口服胃肠超声造影结合灰阶超声及彩色多普勒超声检测各项胃肠动力学的超声评估参数及胃壁形态.结果 尿毒症组胃窦收缩频率、胃窦动力指数(MI)及胃排空率(GER)低于对照组(P＜0.05),胃排空时间(ET)较对照组长(P＜0.05),十二指肠胃窦反流(DGR)率高于对照组(P＜0 05);尿毒症组胃窦胃壁厚度大于对照组(P＜0.05),其中19例胃壁层次模糊,其胃壁层次清晰性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);餐后20min MI与ET呈负相关(r=-0.061,P＜0.05),GER与年龄、ET均无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 口服造影超声检查是一项简便、非侵入性、可重复进行的实时评估尿毒症患者胃动力改变及胃壁形态改变的方法,并可同时检测十二指肠胃窦反流的发生.     

Clinical application of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for gastrointestinal diseases

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has been widely employed as a minimally invasive surgical procedure for early digestive cancers. Moreover, many recent reports emphasize the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosis of early gastrointestinal cancers. Generally, the normal gastrointestinal wall is visualized as having five layers by endosonographic probes of 7.5, 12, or 20 MHz. Delineation of these layers is the most important point for feature of EUS. Only mucosal cancers that are disclosed as hypoechoic masses within the first to second layer are indicated for EMR. The development of further extracorporeal applications such as color Doppler, 3-D, and aspiration biopsy EUS will contribute to the increased use of EUS in the near future.     

胃肠道肿瘤的超声内镜诊治价值

超声内镜（EUS）凭借其独特的优势,通过对胃肠道脏壁层次以及邻近脏器,结构的准确辨认,已成为消化内镜领域中极具临床价值的的检查诊断和引导治疗手段。本文就EUS在消化道恶性肿瘤包括食管癌,胃癌,结直肠癌的术前TN分期,胃肠道黏膜下良性肿瘤的性质判别以及EUS引导下介入性治疗中的应用作一概略评价。     

胆囊十二指肠瘘的超声诊断

目的评价超声对胆囊十二指肠瘘的诊断价值。方法5例经手术证实为胆囊十二指肠瘘患者均经腹部超声检查。回顾性分析了全部病例的超声表现。结果超声显示5例的胆囊壁结构模糊,体积缩小,胆总管与肝内胆管内有不稳定闪烁状强回声反射。超声显示胆囊结石大小为1.0～7.0cm,其中,3例胆囊区见弧形强回声反射后伴声影,另2例胆囊内小结石声像图不典型。上消化道梗阻及胃潴留见于4例。结论超声诊断胆囊十二指肠瘘安全,无创,且有高的敏感性,可用于术前评价。     

胃平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤的CT诊断

目的：提高胃平滑肌类肿瘤的ＣＴ诊断水平。材料和方法：对经胃肠造影、超声、内窥镜和ＣＴ检查，并经手术证实的２５例胃平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤进行回顾性对比分析。结果：胃肠造影、胃镜能多体位动态观察胃腔内肿瘤的形态、表面情况。ＣＴ图像可显示完整的胃壁外和胃腔内肿瘤的状态、大小，与邻近脏器有无压迫、浸及，有无胃周围及腹膜后淋巴结和肝脏转移等。结论：以下情况应进行ＣＴ检查：对于胃壁外生长型肿瘤；超声对于５ｃｍ以上肿瘤，容易误诊为肝或脾脏肿瘤者；胃镜显示胃壁受压，提示胃壁外肿瘤者     

Epididymoorchitis mimicking testicular torsion in Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura, although being a systemic vasculitis, mostly involves skin, gastrointestinal system, joints, and kidneys. Testicular involvement is a rare occurrence. A 7-year-old boy with Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura developed acute scrotum and was referred to rule out testicular torsion. On gray-scale ultrasonography, the testes and epididymis were slightly enlarged, and had heterogeneous and hypoechoic echotexture. The scrotal wall was thickened as well. Color and power Doppler ultrasonography revealed increased vascularity in scrotal contents. Testicular torsion was excluded and the diagnosis of testicular involvement of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura was established. Color Doppler US, together with gray-scale findings, can be useful in the evaluation of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura with acute scrotum, excluding testicular torsion and preventing unnecessary surgery.     

The vomiting infant: recent advances and unsettled issues in imaging

The evaluation of infantile vomiting is bound up with many unresolved questions and continually evolving imaging technologies. This article addresses three specific areas of interest: the use of newer low-osmolality, water-soluble contrast media in the infant's gastrointestinal tract; the ever-controversial subject of gastroesophageal reflux; and the burgeoning role of gastrointestinal ultrasonography.     

Ultrasonic diagnosis of gastrointestinal perforation

Three cases of gastrointestinal perforation diagnosed by ultrasonography (US) are described. In these patients US showed the presence of gas in peritoneum, anteriorly to the liver. Gas is easily identified by US for its unique aspects. More difficult may be the diagnosis of its site, external to the gastrointestinal tract. Differential diagnosis, limits and possible pitfalls are briefly discussed.     

Exophytic adenocarcinoma of the stomach: computed tomography and ultrasonography features with emphasis on differentiation from a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor

The purpose of this study was to assess the computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) findings from cases of exophytic adenocarcinoma of the stomach (EAS) and to determine their value in distinguishing between an EAS and a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (MST). US and CT findings of EAS and MST were assessed retrospectively. Antral location, thickening of the gastric wall adjacent to an exogastric mass, lymph node enlargement, and discordant images between US and CT are typical of EAS cases and allow distinction between cases of EAS and MST.     

A fetal autopsy case of body stalk anomaly

Body stalk anomaly (BSA) is a sporadic polymalformative syndrome incompatible with extrauterine life. In utero detection of BSA by two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging has been well documented. We herein describe a case of body stalk anomaly diagnosed at autopsy. The fetus had a large anterior midline abdominal wall defect with eventration of the visceral organs into the amnio-peritoneal sac and a completely absent umbilical cord. The associated anomalies included club foot, absent diaphragm, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal defects. The observed congenital anomalies supported the theory of embryonic dysgenesis as the etiologic factor. One of the major objectives in the performance of fetal autopsy is to be able to detect abnormalities that can have implications in future pregnancies. Despite the negligible familial recurrence rate of the broad spectrum of anomalies associated with this abdominal wall defect, the present case of fetal autopsy indeed delights to serve the living.     

彩色多普勒超声联合胃肠造影剂在胃肠道间质瘤中诊断价值

目的观察彩色多普勒超声联合胃肠超声造影剂检查胃肠间质瘤(GISTs)的超声表现,探讨其对GISTs的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2011年11月至2016年12月超声检查并经手术及病理证实的53例GISTs患者的临床资料。所有患者先行常规彩色多普勒超声检查,后联合应用胃肠超声造影剂检查,分别记录检出情况,比较两者总检出率、超声表现及图像特征。结果 53例GISTs患者经常规彩色多普勒超声检出27例,应用胃肠超声造影剂后检出46例,总检出率分别为50.9%、86.8%,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。应用彩色多普勒联合胃肠造影剂检查显示,黏膜下或固有肌层起源的形态各异的均质或非均质低回声,部分可出现囊变或坏死;肿物的生长方式呈内生性、外生性及混合性,部分外生性GISTs可见有短蒂与胃肠道的固有肌层相连。结论应用彩色多普勒超声联合胃肠造影剂总检出率明显提高,超声图像有特征性表现,有较高的临床实用价值。     

体表超声对进展期贲门癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨经体表超声判断贲门癌沿食管向上侵犯的长度及浸润深度的准确性,及其在外科治疗方案选择中的价值.方法:经体表超声对40例贲门癌患者探查,重点观察肿瘤侵犯食管长度及是否侵犯浆膜,并与术后病理结果对照.结果:超声诊断肿瘤侵犯外膜的灵敏性为71.0%,特异性为77.8%,总的符合率为72.5%.4例食管没有受到侵犯的患者诊断符合率为100%,36例食管侵犯的患者超声诊断的符合率为78%(28/36).贲门癌沿食管向上侵犯长度超声测量误差为(0.77±0.46) cm.结论:体表超声在贲门癌诊断中发挥重要作用,尤其是能够对受侵犯食管的长度及浸润深度作出判断,对外科治疗方案的选择有着很高的参考价值.     

B超用于判定胃癌病人临床分期的探讨

目的:确定B超检查对判定进展性胃癌患者临床分期的可行性与敏感性。材料与方法:124例进展性胃癌患者术前均经B超检查。回顾性地分析了胃癌的存在部位,胃壁的浸润深度,伴或不伴有淋巴结转移及远位脏器转移,并与术后的病理诊断进行了比较。结果:与术后的病理诊断相对照,术前B超检查对癌灶定位的符合率为83.9％(104/124例),对胃壁浸润深度的符合率为85.5％(106/124例),对淋巴结转移的符合率为70.6％(77/106例),对远位脏器(肝)转移的符合率为85.7％(18/21例)。结论:B超检查对判定进展性胃癌的临床分期及预后是一种可行而敏感的方法,而且能为术者事先制定完善的手术方案提供直接的依据。     

急性胃肠道穿孔的CT诊断

目的分析急性胃肠道穿孔的CT表现及其诊断价值。方法收集17例急性胃肠道穿孔患者术前腹部CT检查资料,与手术结果对照。结果胃窦前壁穿孔4例,幽门前壁穿孔1例,胃小弯前壁穿孔5例,十二指肠球部穿孔4例,肠穿孔3例。胃肠道穿孔的CT表现:直接征象有管壁不规则,周围脂肪层模糊;间接征象为腹腔内散在游离气体,以及穿孔引起的一系列并发症。结论CT对临床症状较轻,X线透视膈下无游离气体的胃肠道穿孔患者有较高的诊断价值。     

Color-coded duplex sonography of liver tumors. Does the blood supply permit a conclusion on staging?]

Real-time ultrasonography is a sensitive screening method in patients with suspected liver tumors. However, sonomorphology does not differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. In a prospective study we examined patients with liver tumors with color-coded duplex ultrasonography to find out whether the perfusion status of the liver tumor permits a differential diagnosis. A total of 108 patients with liver tumors were included, and the results of color-coded duplex sonography were compared with histology, MRI and CT. No correlation was seen between the final diagnosis and the perfusion pattern. The vascular status visualized by color-coded duplex ultrasonography does not permit differentiation between benign and malignant liver tumors.     

Alternate approaches to pelvic abscess drainage after cystectomy

Pelvic abscesses and fluid collections are relatively common complications of major pelvic surgery. When a radical cystectomy has been performed, the ultrasonic acoustic window to normal anatomic landmarks is lost and bowel loops prolapse into the anatomic pelvis. This makes standard suprapubic ultrasonography (US) either difficult or nondiagnostic and often obscures significant pathology. The current use of high-frequency endocavitary US transducers permits an alternate view of the remaining pelvic structures. Coronal transgluteal scans also permit a limited view of the presacral area.     

Heart wall motion: improved method of spatial modulation of magnetization for MR imaging

A previously reported method of using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to study heart wall motion involves a pair of nonselective radio-frequency (RF) pulses, separated by a magnetic field gradient pulse, prior to imaging; this produces images with a regular pattern of stripes that move with the heart wall and that have a sinusoidal intensity profile. It is demonstrated in this study that the substitution of more RF pulses, with their relative amplitudes distributed according to the binomial sequence, results in sharper stripes. This permits the use of a two-dimensional grid of stripes for more detailed studies of heart wall motion and provides a unique method of analyzing regional ventricular myocardial strain.     

Incidental findings of gastrointestinal tumours at abdominal ultrasound examinations

A retrospective review was performed of 11 patients referred to ultrasound examination because of abdominal pain and/or a palpable abdominal tumour, which eventually was proven to be gastrointestinal malignancy. Primary gastric carcinoma was present in 4 cases, carcinoma of the small bowel in one case, and of the large bowel in 6 cases. All the patients were examined with conventional ultrasound technique using a 3.5 MHz and a 5.0 MHz transducer. In all the cases bowel wall thickness exceeded 10 mm. A correct organ localization and primary diagnosis of tumour was made in 6 cases, of which only 2 had a palpable abdominal mass. In the remaining cases a bowel tumour was revealed in 3 but the site was incorrectly defined. Reviewing the documentations made at ultrasonography in these cases the tumour origin corresponded well with radiologic and surgical findings. In 2 patients an abscess was diagnosed which later proved to be due to a large bowel carcinoma. Ultrasound examination of patients with uncharacteristic abdominal complaints can spare the patient unnecessary examinations when the findings are pointing at a tumour in the gastrointestinal tract, save time and therefore is of economical importance.     

Angiectatic pseudocyst of the pancreatic head

BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous malformations of the pancreas are very rare, most frequently congenital ones, but tending to increase frequency, predominantly due to the introduction and use of new diagnostic modalities. They usually present with gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain. CASE REPORT: The autors presented a 52-year-old woman in whom, during the investigation for the abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding, an ultrasonography showed a hypoechogenic lesion within the head of the pancreas 3 cm in diameter. Endoscopic ultrasound showed an irregular hypoechogenic lesion. Computed tomography showed a low density area within the lesion (< 10HU). At endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, a cystic lesion within the head of the pancreas was filled with contrast from the normal pancreatic duct. Angiography showed an arteriovenous malformation within the head of the pancreas. The patient underwent pylorus preserving cephalic duodenopancreatectomy. The diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation, probably of congenital origin, was confirmed on histology. CONCLUSION: Arteriovenous malformations should be considered in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown etiology. In this case, the lesion was taken into account preoperatively, based on color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography. The best results of treatment can be achieved with resection, but it has to be performed before an eventual portal hypertension takes place.