Methods: Two hundred and nine patients who were treated for DR at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital retina clinic between 1 July 2015 and 30 January 2016 were enrolled in the study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of demographic and medical information was used to determine independent risk factors for non-compliance to DR follow-up appointments.
Results: The mean patient age was 58 years. Sixty-three percent (132/209) of patients were male; the mean haemoglobin A1c level was 8.5 (SD 0.14). Forty-six percent (97/209) of patients attended <80% of their DR follow-up appoinments. Independent risk factors for non-compliance after multivariate logistic regression analysis were diabetic foot involvement [OR: 2.40, 95% CI: (1.04–5.55)] and foot/kidney involvement [OR: 3.79 (1.35–10.5)], history of major depressive disorder (MDD) [OR: 2.11 (1.05–4.26), and having Medi-Cal [OR: 5.01 (2.00–12.5)] or SF Health insurance [OR: 6.79 (2.14–21.5)].
Conclusions and Relevance: In conclusion, this is the first study to identify diabetic end organ damage and MDD as independent risk factors for non-compliance in DR follow-up appointments. It is important that health care providers identify these patient subsets and increase efforts to more deliberately encourage follow-up in these high-risk patient groups for DR. 相似文献
Methods: The population-based study was conducted in seven wards of Mumbai urban slums, where we screened 6569 subjects of ≥ 40 years age, with a response rate of 98.4%, for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on American Diabetes Association criteria. All subjects with T2DM underwent dilated 30° seven-field stereo-fundus-photography for DR severity grading based on modified Airlie House classification. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the correlation of DR with the history-based risk factors.
Results: The prevalence of DR in the general population of Mumbai urban slums was 1.41% (95% CI 0.59–2.23) and in the T2DM population it was 15.37% (95% CI 8.87–21.87). The positive associations with DR were the longer duration of DM (≥ 11 years: OR, 12.77; 95% CI 2.93–55.61) and male gender (OR, 2.05; 95% CI 1.08–3.89); increasing severity of retinopathy was also significantly associated with longer duration of DM (p < 0.001). However, history of hypertension, family history of DM, consanguineous marriage and migration status were not associated with DR in the study population.
Conclusions: The prevalence of DR in the general population and T2DM subjects were 1.41% and 15.37% respectively in Mumbai urban slums. Duration of DM and male gender were significantly associated with DR. The slums in Western India show the trends of urban lifestyle influences similar to the rest of urban India. 相似文献
Methods: From a cross-sectional study of 1425 subjects with diabetes, 911 (63.9%) returned for 4-year follow-up. After excluding 21 with ungradable retinal images, data from 890 subjects were analyzed. Participants underwent examinations based on a standard protocol, which included grading of retinal photographs.
Results: The incidences of DR, diabetic macular edema (DME), and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) were 9.2%, 2.6%, and 5.0%, respectively. In subjects with DR at baseline, the incidence of DME and STDR had increased (11.5% and 22.7%, respectively). 1-step and 2-step progressions of DR were seen in 30.2% and 12.6% of participants, respectively, and 1-step and 2-step regressions were seen in 12.0% and 1.8%, respectively. Incident DR, DME, and STDR were associated with higher systolic blood pressure (odds ratio, OR, 1.21, 2.11 and 1.72, respectively, for every 10 mmHg increase). Incident DR and DME were associated with increasing duration of diabetes (OR 2.29 and 4.77, respectively, for every 10-year increase) and presence of anemia (OR 1.96 and 10.14, respectively). Incident DR was also associated with higher hemoglobin A1c (OR 1.16 for every 1% increase). Variables associated with 1-step progression were every 10 mg/dL increase in serum total cholesterol (OR 15.65) as a risk factor, and 10 mg/dL increase in serum triglyceride (OR 0.52) as a protective factor.
Conclusions: The incidences of STDR and DME were higher in people with pre-existing DR than in those without DR at baseline. 相似文献
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study of adults with type 2 diabetes. DR was assessed from disc- and macula-centred fundus photograph, and categorised into mild, moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and Vision-Threatening DR (VTDR). Worse eye was used to determine the person’s DR severity. PA was assessed using WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). All of the PA components, including daily sitting time, walking distance, sleeping duration, and exercise were converted based on the physical activity ratio and then calculated to obtain the mean physical activity level (PAL). The mean PAL was then classified into sedentary, moderate, and vigorous lifestyle.
Results: There were 1116 participants, 43.1% with any DR and 26.3% VTDR. The prevalence of DR/VTDR in sedentary, moderate, and vigorous physical activity group was 41.9%/22.7%, 39.2%/23.9%, and 32.7%/20.4% respectively. A longer duration of daily sedentary lifestyle (>3 hours) was significantly associated with presence of DR (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.17–2.35; p < 0.01) and VTDR (OR 1.74; 1.16–2.62; p < 0.01). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure and physical activity. There was no significant association between sleeping duration, walking distance, and vigorous activity and DR.
Conclusions: In this study, prolonged daily sedentary activity was strongly associated with VTDR. This finding suggests that public health campaign for reducing daily sedentary activities in individuals with type 2 diabetes may offer benefit to reduce the burden of DR and VTDR. 相似文献
Methods: Xanthophyll intake was assessed at visit 1 (1987–1989) using food frequency questionnaires. Prevalent early AMD was assessed at visit 3 (1993–1995) via retinal photographs. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for AMD by quintiles of xanthophyll intake, adjusted for age, sex, race, field center, and pack-years of smoking. To evaluate effect modification, the association between tertiles (T) of xanthophyll intake and AMD was stratified by complement factor H (CFH) rs1061170 and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) rs10490924 genotypes, as well as by median cutpoints of HDL biomarkers.
Results: Xanthophyll intake was not associated with AMD in the overall sample, Caucasians (n = 8257), or African-Americans (n = 2038). Exploratory analyses observed that the association between xanthophyll intake and AMD varied statistically significantly by CFH rs1061170 genotype among Caucasians (p for interaction = 0.045) but not African Americans. No interactions were observed between xanthophyll intake and ARMS2 rs10490924. Moreover, higher xanthophyll intake was associated with decreased odds of AMD among participants with lower HDL (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.09) but not higher HDL (p for interaction = 0.048).
Conclusion: Xanthophyll intake was not associated with early AMD. Further studies to investigate this association by genetic susceptibility or variations in HDL metabolism are needed. 相似文献
Methods: A community-based survey including 913 patients with known T2DM was conducted in Suzhou, China. Diabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1c (hbA1c) ≥6.5%, use of diabetic medication or a physician diagnosis of diabetes. Retinal photographs were graded for the presence of DR using the Airlie House classification system. Binary logistic regression models were established to examine the associations of risk factors with DR and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR).
Results: The overall prevalence of any DR was 18.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.5–20.6%) in this population. VTDR affected 4.4% (95% CI: 3.1–5.8%) of the study participants. In multivariate analysis, the presence of DR among T2DM patients was associated with decreased age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97; p = 0.01; per year increase), longer durations of diabetes (OR = 1.02; per year increase; p = 0.03), higher blood levels of hbA1c (OR = 1.15; per unit increase; p = 0.03). Of the 158 participants with DR, only 12 (8%) had been aware of their condition or had been diagnosed previously as having DR.
Conclusions: The prevalence of DR among diabetes patients in eastern China was lower than those in northern China. The awareness of DR was poor, which emphasizes the pressing need for increasing the public awareness of this vision-threatening eye disorder and routine eye screening should be performed among T2DM patients in the communities. 相似文献
Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 9 cities located in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2006 and 2007, including 4690 individuals aged ≥30 years. Diabetes was self-reported and DR was assessed by indirect ophthalmoscopy.
Results: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 8.68% (95% confidence interval, CI, 7.87–9.48%), and DR was present in 7.62% (95% CI 5.02–10.20%) of participants with self-reported type 2 diabetes. Approximately 35.4% of individuals diagnosed with DR did not know they had diabetes prior to DR diagnosis. Prevalences of low vision and blindness were higher among those with diabetes and DR. Cataract was still a major cause of blindness in this population.
Conclusion: This is the first large population-based study on DR in Brazil. High rates of visual impairment were found in persons with type 2 diabetes, but cataract is still one of the main causes of blindness. Large surveys are necessary for public health policy advocacy in developing countries. 相似文献
Design: Population-based, cross-sectional study of subjects over age of 60 living in Thessaloniki, Greece
Methods: Subjects without any AMD features and subjects with early and late AMD (neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy) were identified in the TES cohort using standardized procedures and masked grading of stereo color fundus photos. Demographic, lifestyle, systemic and other ophthalmic covariates were also collected during a detailed examination process. Their association with AMD was investigated using univariate and multivariate adjusted logistic regression models.
Results: Among the 2108 participants with gradable photos, the grading process identified 1204 subjects with no AMD, 848 subjects with early AMD, and 56 subjects with late AMD (24 with geographic atrophy and 32 with neovascular AMD). In multivariate analysis, compared to no AMD, late AMD was positively associated with older age (OR:1.16; 95%CI:1.10–1.22 per year of age), current smoking (smoking vs. never smoking, OR:2.34; 95%CI:1.12–4.90), prior cataract surgery (cataract surgery vs. no cataract surgery OR:2.06; 95%CI:0.96–4.40), marital status (divorced/separated vs. married, OR:3.10; 95%CI:1.08–8.93) and with 60% lower odds when sleeping in the afternoon (yes vs. no, OR:0.40; 95%CI:0.22–0.72). Early AMD was positively associated with older age (OR: 1.03; 95%CI:1.01–1.05 per year of age) and negatively with higher pulse pressure (OR:0.99; 95%CI:0.98–0.99 per mmHg).
Conclusions: In TES, apart for well-known risk factors for AMD like age, smoking, and cataract surgery, two novel behavioral risk factors for prevalent late AMD were suggested. Sleeping in the afternoon was associated with 60% decreased odds for late AMD and 67% decreased odds for neovascular AMD. Being divorced/separated compared to married was associated with 3-fold higher odds for late AMD. Large longitudinal population-based studies will be necessary to further establish the potential late AMD risk effects of these two novel factors, to demonstrate potential implications of underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and to explore preventive measures and therapeutic targets. 相似文献
Methods: A cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey together with eye screenings was conducted among schoolchildren in the capital Yerevan and in Gegharkunik Province. The study used multi-stage random sampling to obtain the sample of 1260 schoolchildren. Study questionnaires were developed based on the Sydney Myopia Study questionnaire. Continuous reading was defined as the average number of hours spent reading or on near work without a break. Children underwent measurements of visual acuity using a Golovin-Sivtsev eye chart, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and dilated fundus examination.
Results: The mean age of the children was 13 years, and myopia was present in 18.1%. The prevalence of myopia was higher among Yerevan children (23.3%) than those living in Gegharkunik Province (12.5%). In the adjusted model, myopia was significantly associated with age (odds ratio, OR, 1.11, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.04–1.18), region (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.62–3.57), school achievement (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.05–2.51), parental myopia (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.79–4.69), and continuous reading (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.31–3.02), but not near work (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.89–1.05).
Conclusion: The study found that a positive family history of myopia and environmental factors had independent associations with myopia. The number of near work hours did not play a major role in the development of myopia, but length of time of focused continuous reading did. 相似文献
Methods: Using purposive sampling, 121 eye and health care workers in five selected hospitals in two provinces in Pakistan were recruited. A cross-sectional survey explored the possibility for involvement of optometrists and mid-level eye care workers to share tasks with ophthalmologists for DR management and the potential outcomes of task sharing, through multiple choice and open-ended questions.
Results: Ninety-six (79%) participants–doctors (n = 56), optometrists (n = 29) and mid-level eye care workers (n = 11) responded to the survey. All participants supported task sharing in screening and detection for management of DR. There was no significant difference among the groups with respect to their positive attitude towards task sharing (p = 0.22). The majority in each group believed that the task sharing would not degrade the quality of care (p = 0.48). Two potential major outcomes of task sharing in the eye care system included the benefits for people with diabetes and potential DR and the strengthening of the health care system.
Conclusion: Task sharing among various cadres of eye care workers has the potential to improve screening coverage of people with diabetes to prevent visual loss from DR. 相似文献
Methods: We reviewed previous and recent literature to provide an overview of emerging trends on the burden, epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of DR.
Results: First, there is clear evidence of a global increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Second, there is a decline in the incidence of blindness due to DR, particularly in developed countries. Third, diabetic macular edema (DME) rather than proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the increasingly common cause of visual impairment. Fourth, DR awareness remains patchy and low in most populations. Fifth, hyperglycemia remains the most consistent risk factor for DR in type 1 diabetes across different studies and populations. Sixth, in contrast, blood pressure is an important risk factor for DR in type 2 diabetes. Seventh, the relationship between dyslipidemia and DR remains unclear, with inconsistent results from different studies and trials. Eighth, the utility of predictive models incorporating multiple risk factors for assessing DR risk requires evaluation. Ninth, photographic screening of DR using tele-ophthalmology platforms is increasingly recognized as being feasible and cost-effective. Finally, DR prevention in low-resource settings cannot follow models developed in high-resource countries and requires different strategies.
Conclusions: The ten trends we observed in the current review may guide planning of public healthcare strategies for the management of DR and prevention of blindness. 相似文献
Methods: During a mean follow-up of 11.2 years, we identified 146 incident cases of visually significant AMD (responsible for a reduction of visual acuity to 20/30 or worse), and 146 controls matched for age, smoking status, and time of blood draw. We measured concentration of homocysteine in blood samples collected at baseline using an enzymatic assay. and we assessed dietary intake of B vitamins and related compounds betaine and choline with a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline.
Results: AMD was not associated with plasma level of homocysteine; the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of AMD comparing the highest and lowest quartile of homocysteine was 1.09 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.52–2.31; p for trend = 0.99). However, AMD was inversely associated with quartile of intake of total folate (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.24–1.23; p for trend = 0.08), vitamin B6 from food (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17–0.88; p for trend = 0.01), and betaine (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.22–1.27; p for trend = 0.048).
Conclusions: These prospective data from a cohort of apparently healthy men do not support a major role for homocysteine in AMD occurrence, but do suggest a possible beneficial role for higher intake of several nutrients involved in homocysteine metabolism. 相似文献
Methods: A cross-sectional population-based survey was performed on a representative sample of urban and rural individuals aged ≥50 years of the province. Blindness was defined as presenting visual acuity (PVA) <3/60 in the better eye. Moderate visual impairment (MVI) and severe visual impairment (SVI) were defined as 6/60 ≤ PVA <6/18 and 3/60 ≤ PVA <6/60 in the better eye, respectively. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was determined based on random blood sugar (RBS) levels ≥200 mg/dL or a previous diagnosis. We used the Scottish grading system to grade DR.
Results: We invited 2975 individuals from 85 clusters. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of blindness, SVI, MVI, and DM in 2587 participants (response rate: 86.9%) were 1.5% (95% CI: 1.1–2.0), 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9–2.0), 11.3% (95% CI: 9.9–12.7) and 21.4% (95% CI: 19.2–23.7), respectively. The leading causes of blindness were cataract (47.1%), age-related macular degeneration (14.7%) and DR (8.8%). Cataract surgery (CS) coverage was 69.3%. The main challenges for CS were cost and unawareness. The outcome of CS was good in 66.9% of operated eyes. Any DR and/or maculopathy were observed in 25.3% (95% CI: 21.0–29.5) of subjects including 12.6% (95% CI: 9.7–15.6) sight-threatening DR. In previously known DM cases, 215 (41.7%) had never undergone an eye examination for DR.
Conclusion: The proportion of avoidable blindness and DR is considerable in Gilan Province. 相似文献
Methods: This case-control study comprised 165 subjects (57 patients with nAMD and 108 controls). Controls were matched to cases by age and sex. Participants completed a questionnaire that included questions about sleep duration and quality. Four categories of sleep duration were established; <6 hours, 6–7 hours, 7–8 hours and >8 hours. Association of sleep duration and nAMD was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to control for possible confounders.
Results: We found a significant association between short sleep duration and nAMD (for <6 hours, odds ratio, OR, 3.29, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.32–8.27; for 6–7 hours, OR 2.25, 95% CI 0.80–6.32; and for >8 hours, OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.53–3.73) compared with the reference category of 7–8 hours. This association remained significant after adjustment for confounders (<6 hours, OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.20–7.97). In addition, a borderline significant association was observed between self-reported very bad sleep quality and nAMD (OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.02–7.88). The highest rate of sleep medication use was found in the nAMD group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence to support an association between short sleep duration and nAMD. Considering strategies to improve sleep in these patients may prevent the negative effects of sleep deficiency. 相似文献
Methods: This study was conducted at a health-screening center and followed a prospective cohort study design. Of 10,890 participants older than 50 years, 318 (2.92%) presented with early AMD. Among these 318 participants, we re-examined 172 participants after a mean duration of 4.4 years. Progression was defined by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) simplified AMD severity scale. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between AMD progression and baseline physical, demographic, behavioral, and ocular characteristics.
Results: Of the 172 participants with early AMD who were re-examined, 34 (19.8%) had progression. Multivariable analyses revealed that current smoking (odds ratio, OR, 7.0, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.4–34.4, adjusted for age, alcohol consumption, body mass index, BMI, blood pressure, BP, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein, HDL, cholesterol) and hypertension (OR 10.3, 95% CI 1.9–55.7, adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol) were independently associated with progression of early AMD. Additionally, the presence of a central drusen lesion within one-third disc diameter of the macula (age-adjusted OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.3–17.6) and 20 or more drusen (age adjusted OR 7.8, 95% CI 2.5–24.0) were independently associated with progression of early AMD.
Conclusion: Current smoking, hypertension, central drusen location, and increasing number of drusen were associated with an increased risk of early AMD progression in Koreans. 相似文献
Design: Prospective study.
Methods: Eighty eight eyelids in 55 patients with mild and moderate ectropion were included in the study. An excision of a diamond of tarso-conjunctiva with retractor reattachment and concomitant correction of horizontal lid laxity, if present, was performed.
Results: Resolution of tearing was obtained in 77 eyes. In 11 eyes, persistent tearing was reported.
Conclusion: Conclusion:Conclusion: Repair of early to intermediate ectropion of the lacrimal punctum using the Raus–Garito clamp is associated with a good functional and cosmetic outcome. 相似文献
Methods: Our cross-sectional study included 1,347 adult Americans aged 50 years and older, all recently hospitalized, participating in the 2001–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Self-reported difficulty with reading and going down steps/stairs/curbs data were collected for all participants, while data on self-reported falling difficulty were only available for the 2001–2004 NHANES (n=631). Presenting near and distance visual acuity (VA) were measured, with poor vision defined as VA worse than 20/40.
Results: Poor near and distance vision were present in 17.4% and 9.8% of individuals, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that the odds of reading difficulty were greater with worse VA (odds ratio, OR, 1.9 per 0.3 logMAR increment in near VA, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.6–2.4, P<0.01), as were the odds of difficulty going down steps/stairs/curbs (OR 2.4 per 0.3 logMAR increment in distance VA, 95% CI 1.9–3.1, P<0.01) and odds of falling difficulty (OR 1.6 per 0.3 logMAR increment in distance VA, 95% CI 1.1–2.4, P=0.04).
Conclusion: About 1 in 10 and 1 in 6 recently hospitalized older Americans had poor distance and near vision, respectively. Many of these individuals may experience trouble reading hospital documents and ambulating, and may be at increased risk of falls. 相似文献
Design: Cross-sectional study of 699 adults, participating in the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys.
Methods: Diagnosis of DR was based on fundus photographs and categorized as: (1) no DR; (2) mild/moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR); and (3) severe NPDR/proliferative DR (PDR). Healthcare utilization patterns were assessed during a household questionnaire where survey participants self-reported: (1) awareness that diabetes had affected their eyes; (2) pupil-dilation during the past year; and (3) visits to a diabetes education/nutrition specialist during the past year.
Results: Among adults with self-reported diabetes, the proportion of those that were aware that diabetes had affected their eye was 15.3% [95% confidence interval (C.I.)] 10.9–19.6%), 21.7% (95% C.I. 14.6–28.7%), and 81.5% (95% C.I. 66.5–96.5%) across those with no retinopathy, mild/moderate NPDR, and severe NPDR/PDR, respectively (p < 0.01). The utilization of a diabetic education/nutrition specialist during the past year was 30.4% (95% C.I. 24.8–36.0%), 31.8% (95% C.I 23.4–40.2%), and 55.9% (95% C.I. 32.3–79.6%) across those with no retinopathy, mild/moderate NPDR, and severe NPDR/PDR, respectively (p = 0.13). Pupil dilation within the past year was 62.2% (95% C.I. 56.3–68.1%), 62.1% (95% C.I. 53.4–70.8%), and 93.8% (95% C.I. 87.3–100.0%) across those with no DR, mild/moderate NPDR, and severe NPDR/PDR, respectively (p = 0.01).
Conclusions: Adults with diabetes in the United States, even those with the most severe forms of DR, do not fully utilize healthcare services for diabetic eye disease. Future studies should aim to address barriers to appropriate diabetes care. 相似文献
Methods: Study enrollment began in December 2011 at four sites: an internal medicine clinic at a county hospital in Birmingham, Alabama; a Federally-qualified community healthcare center in Miami-Dade County, Florida; a university-affiliated outpatient pharmacy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and a medical home in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. People 18 years or older with previously diagnosed diabetes were offered free DR screening using non-mydriatic retinal photography that was preceded by a brief questionnaire addressing demographic information and previous eye care use. Visual acuity was also measured for each eye. Images were evaluated at a telemedicine reading center by trained evaluators using the National Health System DR grading classification. Participants and their physicians were sent screening report results and telephoned for a follow-up survey 3 months post-screening to determine whether participants had sought follow-up comprehensive eye care and their experiences with the screening process.
Results: Target enrollment at each site was a minimum of 500 persons. Three of the four sites met this enrollment goal.
Conclusion: The INSIGHT/DESS is intended to establish the feasibility and short-term effectiveness of DR screening using non-mydriatic retinal photography in persons with diabetes who seek services in community-based clinic and pharmacy settings. 相似文献
Methods: A prospective population-based survey was conducted between November 2008 and July 2009. A stratified, clustered, randomized sampling procedure was used to select 8445 subjects, aged ≥18 years, all with diagnosed, graded pterygia. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of pterygia were evaluated according to logistic regression models.
Results: A total of 8445 residents (aged 18–94 years) from the Heilongjiang Province, China, participated in the study. Of these, 208 (2.5%) had at least one diagnosed pterygium. The prevalence of bilateral pterygia was 1.2% (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.0–1.4%). According to multivariable analysis, pterygia were significantly more likely to occur in persons aged 70–94 years than in those aged 18–39 years (odds ratio, OR, 29.0, 95% CI 13.6–61.6, p?<?0.01). Pterygia were significantly associated with male sex (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4–2.6, p?<?0.01) and outdoor work (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6, p?<?0.01). Multivariable analysis indicated that pterygia were not associated with smoking status (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.8–1.4) or alcohol intake (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7–1.4, p?>?0.05).
Conclusions: This study details the occurrence of and risk factors for pterygia in a Chinese population residing in a rural, high-latitude, cold-climate area of Northern China. The primary risk factors for pterygia were age, male sex, and outdoor work. 相似文献