家兔作为胎龄期骨髓间充质干细胞动物模型的实验研究

目的建立以家兔为对象的胎龄期BMSC研究动物模型。方法通过人工授精方法,获得孕期3周的孕兔4只,行剖腹产术取出胎兔20只,冲取胎兔骨髓,以贴壁培养法进行体外扩增培养。测量第3代胎兔BMSC的生长曲线,克隆形成率,并进行成骨、成脂及成软骨诱导分化。另外,将原代细胞冻存30 d后复苏,测量其第3代生长曲线,对冻存前后增殖能力的变化进行观察。扫描电镜观察胎兔BMSC与β-TCP形成细胞材料复合物的体外形态。将BMSCs-β-TCP复合物植入裸鼠皮下,于术后1、3、6个月分别取材,行HE、VG、Masson染色观察。结果胎兔来源的BMSC于倒置相差显微镜下观察,细胞饱满均匀,呈梭形或倒三角形状;传代后各代细胞形态未发生明显变化,生长曲线相差不大;成骨、成脂以及成软骨诱导观察到钙结节、脂肪空泡、黏多糖。冻存30 d后复苏,其第3代生长曲线与冻存前相比未见明显变化。电镜下观察,与β-TCP复合7 d后,细胞能均匀紧密贴合于材料上,伸展良好分布均匀。植入裸鼠皮不同时间点取材行HE、VG、Masson染色,均显示有新生骨组织生成。结论以家兔为研究动物模型,可以在胎龄期获取并分离得到BMSC,并可在异位构建组织工程骨,是间充质干细胞动物研究的新选择。     

Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Liver Regeneration

Background and Aims: Liver regeneration (LR) is of crucial importance to patients with acute liver failure, those undergoing live donor liver transplantations or extended liver resections. Effective treatment strategies aimed at accelerating liver regeneration could offer major benefits in these patients. Due to easy accessibility, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSC) are an attractive source for regenerative medicine. Herein, we investigated the effect of HADMSC on LR in a murine model. We hypothesized that HADMSC will promote LR. Methods: Mice were subjected to CCl₄-induced acute liver failure (ALF). Animals in the experimental arm were treated with HADMSC prior to CCl₄-induced ALF. Liver injury was evaluated using serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and histopathology. Liver samples were stained for a specific marker of regeneration, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results: Histology, serum IL-6, and ALT release revealed that HADMSC treatment attenuated liver injury compared with control animals. In addition, animals treated with HADMSC were observed to have improved survival and increased number of PCNA positive cells on histology when compared with controls. Conclusion: HADMSCs represent a potential therapeutic strategy to promote liver regeneration.     

Multipotent Cells of Monocytic Origin Improve Damaged Heart Function

Recently, we generated cells with multipotent properties from blood monocytes that in vitro differentiate into various somatic cell types. This experimental study investigated whether these programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO) succeed to restore left ventricular function after myocardial infarction (MI).
PCMO were generated from monocytes by exposition to RPMI medium containing M-CSF and IL-3 for 6 days. MI was induced in female Lewis rats ligating the left coronary artery. PCMO of male Lewis donors were injected either intramyocardially (i.my.) or intravenously (i.v.) 24 h or 6 days post-infarction.
Hemodynamic assessment after 60 days demonstrated significant improvement of left ventricular function following i.my. transplantation of PCMO as well as early (24 h post-infarction) i.v. application while nonmodulated monocytes failed to restore heart function. The Y-chromosome-specific SRY gene of male donor PCMO was detected exclusively in infarcted hearts of animals, which demonstrated improved cardiac function. Subdivision of infarcted hearts by microdissection localized the SRY gene-containing department to the left ventricle adjacent to the infarcted area whereas the right ventricle remained negative. Successful generation of PCMO in access numbers allows their autologous use as a new additive treatment for early restoration of cardiac function after MI.     

诱导人孤雌胚胎干细胞向类间充质干细胞分化的实验研究

目的探索人孤雌胚胎干细胞在体外向类间充质干细胞诱导分化的方法 ,并鉴定所得细胞的生物学特性。方法人孤雌胚胎干细胞在无血清条件下悬浮培养,形成拟胚体,10d后在含血清条件下使拟胚体贴壁生长,7d后胰酶消化,所得细胞在含血清的培养液中传代、扩增。观察传代、扩增后细胞的形态学变化;用免疫荧光染色和流式细胞技术进行细胞表型分析;取第9代细胞进行成脂、成骨和成软骨诱导,9～28d后行特殊染色及RT-PCR分析。结果人孤雌胚胎干细胞在诱导分化后,形态与骨髓间充质干细胞相似,多次扩增传代后仍保持细胞形态和扩增能力。免疫荧光染色发现,细胞表达中胚层标志波形蛋白(Vimentin)。流式细胞分析显示,细胞表达CD29、CD105、CD166、CD44等间充质干细胞表面标志。特殊染色及RT-PCR分析显示:成骨诱导后,细胞碱性磷酸酶和茜素红染色阳性,碱性磷酸酶和Cbfa-1表达增加;成软骨诱导后,细胞Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性,Ⅱ型胶原和软骨寡聚基质蛋白(COMP)表达增强;成脂诱导后,细胞油红染色阴性,脂蛋白酶和Leptin无表达。结论人孤雌胚胎干细胞可以诱导、分化为间充质干细胞,并具有成骨、成软骨分化潜能。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞与脐静脉内皮细胞体外共培养的研究

目的观察人骨髓间充质干细胞（Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells,hBMSCs）与脐静脉内皮细胞（Human umbilical vein endothelial cells,hUVECs）体外共培养对hBMSCs成骨作用及hUVECs成血管功能的影响。方法分离鉴定hBMSCs和hUVECs,将hBMSCs及hUVECs按1∶1比例直接共培养,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞的生长特性和细胞相容性,Matrigel实验观察共培养对hUVECs体外血管形成能力的影响。将hBMSCs成骨诱导7 d后,茜素红染色观察共培养对其成骨分化能力的影响。结果 hBMSCs与hUVECs体外共培养细胞相容性良好,Matrigel实验显示共培养组形成的毛细血管状结构较单一细胞组多。成骨诱导的hBMSCs中,共培养组茜素红染色阳性,单一细胞组茜素红染色阴性。结论 hBMSCs与hUVECs具有良好的细胞相容性,在共培养体系中,未诱导的hBMSCs能促进形成毛细血管状结构,已成骨诱导的hBMSCs成骨矿化能力增强。     

Donor-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Remain Present and Functional in the Transplanted Human Heart

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are characterized by their multilineage differentiation capacity and immunosuppressive properties. They are resident in virtually all tissues and we have recently characterized MSC from the human heart. Clinical heart transplantation offers a model to study the fate of transplanted human MSC. In this study, we isolated and expanded MSC from heart tissue taken before, and 1 week up to 6 years after heart transplantation. MSC from posttransplantation tissue were all of donor origin, demonstrating the longevity of endogenous MSC and suggesting an absence of immigration of recipient MSC into the heart. MSC isolated from transplanted tissue showed an immunophenotype that was characteristic for MSC and maintained cardiomyogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity. They furthermore preserved their ability to inhibit the proliferative response of donor-stimulated recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, functional MSC of donor origin remain present in the heart for several years after transplantation.     

人腹膜中间充质干细胞生物学特性的初步研究

目的探讨人腹膜中是否含有间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSC),并研究其生物学特性。方法腹膜取自接受胃大部切除及腹腔淋巴结清扫术的胃癌患者。将腹膜剪碎,Ⅰ型胶原酶消化后以低密度接种,2周后计算细胞群中成纤维细胞集落形成单位(Colony-forming unit-fibroblast,CUF-F)数量;流式细胞分析贴壁细胞表型;定向诱导2周后,碱性磷酸酶和油红O染色,观察细胞体外成骨和成脂肪能力。结果贴壁的细胞呈成纤维细胞样,消化的腹膜细胞群中,CFU-F比例平均为0.574‰(0.26‰～0.84‰)。流式分析显示,细胞均一表达CD29、CD44和CD73,不表达CD31、CD34和CD45。成骨细胞定向诱导后,细胞呈现碱性磷酸酶活性;成脂诱导后细胞内出现脂肪滴,油红O染色阳性。结论人腹膜中富含MSC,可作为一个含有生物支架的干细胞来源。     

凝血酶活化的富血小板血浆促进人骨髓间充质干细胞增殖

目的探索凝血酶活化的富血小板血浆(Thrombin-activated platelet-rich plasma,tPRP)替代牛血清,进行人骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stme cells,MSC)分离及培养扩增的可行性。方法分别用MTT法和羧基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯标记细胞技术,观察人骨髓MSC在含有tPRP和胎牛血清培养体系中的增殖状态:利用流式细胞学技术检测细胞表面表型;细胞化学染色法分析不同培养体系所获细胞的成骨及成脂细胞分化能力。结果tPRP培养的人骨髓MSC呈典型的成纤维细胞样形态,且tPRP促MSC增殖能力优于筛选后的胎牛血清。tPRP培养的MSC均表达CD29、CD73、CD166和HLA-ABC,而不表达CD31、CD34、CD45和HLA-DR。体外分化实验显示,利用tPRP培养的MSC具有体外成骨和成脂能力。结论tPRP可以替代胎牛血清,用于人骨髓MSC的培养。     

骨髓间充质干细胞治疗慢性后肢缺血机理的初步研究

目的利用细胞示踪技术探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）治疗慢性后肢缺血的相关机理。方法采用密度梯度离心法结合直接贴壁法分离和培养大鼠MSCs,并以5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）标记。采用线栓法制备8只Lewis大鼠慢性后肢缺血模型,将其随机均分为MSCs移植组和对照组,分别于患侧后肢肌肉注射MSCs和生理盐水。分别于移植术后第7天和第14天,对其进行临床观察、后肢血流量测定及后肢血管造影,再于相应时间点处死大鼠,取患侧后肢股四头肌和腓肠肌,行HE染色及BrdU免疫组化染色。结果移植术后14 d,8只大鼠全部成活,移植部位均无坏死和肿瘤形成;MSCs移植组大鼠患侧/健侧后肢的血流灌注比值明显增高（1.773比1.279）,而血管造影结果提示2组大鼠的侧支血管数量比值未见显著增加（0.908比0.835）。HE染色结果示2组大鼠的股四头肌及腓肠肌并未发生特殊的病理学变化。BrdU免疫组化结果显示,阳性颗粒定位为股四头肌及腓肠肌的间质细胞和血管内皮细胞;且MSCs的分布存在差异,移植术后7 d腓肠肌内阳性细胞所占比例明显高于股四头肌,而14 d时则相反。结论 MSCs移植在术后早期可以提高血流灌注量,但这并非为增加了侧支血管数量使然,MSCs移植后所引起的旁分泌效应可能在术后早期起着重要的作用。     

人脐带间充质干细胞向血管内皮祖细胞诱导分化的实验研究

目的探讨人脐带间充质干细胞定向诱导分化为血管内皮祖细胞的可行性,为构建组织工程血管瓣膜内皮化提供新的细胞来源。方法无菌条件下取剖宫产新生儿脐带,复合胶原酶消化法获取脐带间充质干细胞进行培养,以流式细胞仪检测脐带间充质细胞的表面标志。取扩增3～6代的脐带间充质干细胞用VEGF和b-FGF诱导分化。用免疫荧光法鉴定内皮祖细胞的标志。结果脐带间充质干细胞可以诱导分化为血管内皮样细胞,表达CD34、CD133和vWF,且Dil-acLDL实验阳性。结论脐带间充质干细胞可以诱导分化为血管内皮祖细胞,可为构建组织工程血管瓣膜提供新的种子细胞来源。     

一种从骨髓血凝块中分离间充质干细胞的方法

目的 探讨一种从骨髓血凝块中分离培养间充质干细胞的简易方法.方法 采集肝素化骨髓标本7份,部分加入凝血酶以模拟血液凝固过程,并于0、8和16 h分别使用尿激酶或机械处理,分为尿激酶处理组、机械处理组、凝固未处理组及未凝固对照组.各组标本经氯化铵溶解红细胞后,分别进行成纤维细胞集落形成单位(CFU-F)和MSC传代培养.计每组CFU-F及第0、1和2代MSC数量.流式细胞仪测定细胞表型,组织化学法检测细胞体外成骨和成脂肪能力.结果 尿激酶处理组样本CFU-F数平均为(33.71±23.54),接近于未凝固对照组样本(40.43±21.29)(n=7,P＞0.05),显著高于机械法处理组(13±11.91)(n=7,P＜0.01)和凝固未处理组(3.71±3.89)(n=7,P＜0.01).储存8或16h后的标本,各组CFU-F形成能力下降,而未凝固对照组和尿激酶处理组数量仍显著高于另外两组(P＜0.05).标本储存不同时间进行MSC传代培养,未凝固对照组及尿激酶处理组细胞数量无明显差别,但均显著高于凝固未处理组及机械处理组.各组MSC均表达CD73和CD90,不表达CD31和CD45.经特异诱导后,各组MSC均呈现碱性磷酸酶活性,细胞内出现亲油红O染料的脂肪滴.结论 对于已经凝固的骨髓标本而言,尿激酶预处理是分离培养MSC的良好途径.     

Microvesicles Derived From Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Restore Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Human Lungs Rejected for Transplantation

The need to increase the donor pool for lung transplantation is a major public health issue. We previously found that administration of mesenchymal stem cells “rehabilitated” marginal donor lungs rejected for transplantation using ex vivo lung perfusion. However, the use of stem cells has some inherent limitation such as the potential for tumor formation. In the current study, we hypothesized that microvesicles, small anuclear membrane fragments constitutively released from mesenchymal stem cells, may be a good alternative to using stem cells. Using our well established ex vivo lung perfusion model, microvesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells increased alveolar fluid clearance (i.e. ability to absorb pulmonary edema fluid) in a dose‐dependent manner, decreased lung weight gain following perfusion and ventilation, and improved airway and hemodynamic parameters compared to perfusion alone. Microvesicles derived from normal human lung fibroblasts as a control had no effect. Co‐administration of microvesicles with anti‐CD44 antibody attenuated these effects, suggesting a key role of the CD44 receptor in the internalization of the microvesicles into the injured host cell and its effect. In summary, microvesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells were as effective as the parent mesenchymal stem cells in rehabilitating marginal donor human lungs.     

小鼠无精子症动物模型的构建

目的:建立一种稳定的小鼠无精子症动物模型。方法:60只清洁级C5BL/6小鼠,分为化疗组(1次性腹腔注射白消安10mg/kg体重、环磷酰胺120mg/kg体重)、激素组(每日皮下注射苯甲酸雌二醇40mg/kg,连续注射15d),每组30只。注射后4、12、20周,观察小鼠睾丸生精小管结构的变化以及终止干预后生精功能恢复的情况。结果:化疗组化疗后第4周,睾丸生精小管内精子及精子细胞消失,20周时仍保持无生精状态;激素组连续注射苯甲酸雌二醇后第4周,生精小管内精子及精子细胞消失,但20周时部分生精小管内可以找到精子细胞和精子。化疗组小鼠睾丸重量明显低于激素组(P<0.05)。结论:经过化疗处理的小鼠无精子症模型稳定,雌二醇皮下注射的无精子症模型形成慢而不稳定。相对于雌激素注射方法,化疗是构建小鼠无精子症动物模型比较可靠的方法。     

Intra‐Aortic Balloon Pump Malposition Reduces Visceral Artery Perfusion in an Acute Animal Model

Visceral artery perfusion can be potentially affected by intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) catheters. We utilized an animal model to quantify the acute impact of a low balloon position on mesenteric artery perfusion. In six pigs (78 ± 7 kg), a 30‐cc IABP was placed in the descending aorta in a transfemoral procedure. The celiac artery (CA) and the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) were surgically dissected. Transit time blood flow was measured for (i) baseline, (ii) 1:1 augmentation with the balloon proximal to the visceral arteries, and (iii) 1:1 augmentation with the balloon covering the visceral arteries. Blood flow in the CMA and CA was reduced by 17 and 24%, respectively, when the balloon compromised visceral arteries compared with a position above the visceral arteries (flow in mL/min: CMA: (i) 1281 ± 512, (ii) 1389 ± 287, (iii) 1064 ± 276, P < 0.05 for 3 vs. 1 and 3 vs. 2; CA: (i) 885 ± 370, (ii) 819 ± 297, (iii) 673 ± 315; P < 0.05 for 3 vs. 1). The covering of visceral arteries by an IABP balloon causes a significant reduction of visceral artery perfusion; thus, the positioning of this device during implantation is critical for obtaining a satisfactory outcome.