Optimal care of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common life-threatening, hereditary disease. The prevalence of ADPKD is more common than Huntington disease, haemophilia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, myotonic dystrophy and Down syndrome combined. In recent years there have not only been advances in the understanding of the genetic and molecular events involved in ADPKD, but some diagnostic and therapeutic advances have also emerged. In the genetics area, the gene for PKD1 was localised to chromosome 16, is associated with polycystin-2 protein, and found to account for approximately 85% of patients with ADPKD. The gene for PKD2, found in chromosome 4, accounts for approximately 15% of ADPKD, and is associated with the polycystin-2 protein. While these genetic and molecular biology findings have stimulated a great deal of exciting basic research in ADPKD, therapies to decrease morbidity and mortality in ADPKD patients have yet to emerge from these findings. In contrast, the early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension with inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have the potential to decrease or prevent left ventricular hypertrophy cardiac complications and slow the progression of the renal disease.     

慢性肾脏病患者血压变异性与肾功能损伤关系的研究

目的研究不同肾功能水平的慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者24 h动态血压特点,探讨血压变异性与肾功能损伤之间的关系。方法选择上海交通大学附属瑞金医院肾脏科的CKD住院患者509例,收集并记录患者的基本信息、实验室检查数据,采用携带式动态血压检测仪监测患者24 h动态血压参数,采用GEVivid7彩色超声心动图检查仪记录患者左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)参数。采用SPSS 15.0统计软件进行数据统计分析。结果本研究共纳入CKD患者509例,其中CKD 1期102例(占20.0%),CKD2期107例(占21.0%),CKD3期114例(占22.4%),CKD4期97例(占19.1%),CKD 5期89例(占17.5%)。随着CKD患者肾功能水平的下降,患者的24 h平均收缩压逐渐升高(P0.05),而24 h平均舒张压的改变无统计学差异(P0.05)。CKD 4期和5期患者的白昼平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压明显高于CKD 1~3期患者(P0.05),而白昼平均舒张压的差异则无统计学意义。CKD 4期和5期患者的24 h收缩压标准差(24 h systolic standard deviation,24hSSD)、白天收缩压标准差(day systolic standard deviation,dSSD)、夜间收缩压标准差(night systolic standard deviation,nSSD)明显高于CKD 1~3期患者(P0.05),而24 h舒张压标准差(24 h diastolic standard deviation,24hDSD)、白天舒张压标准差(day diastolic standard deviation,dDSD)、夜间舒张压标准差(night diastolic standard deviation,nDSD)则无统计学差异(P0.05)。CKD患者非杓型血压的比例随肾功能下降逐渐升高,CKD 1期患者的非杓型血压比例为54.1%,而CKD 5期患者的非杓型血压比例甚至高达85.6%。LVMI异常的CKD患者的24hSSD及dSSD高于LVMI正常的CKD患者(P0.05),而nDSD,nSSD,dDSD,24hDSD的差异无统计学意义。结论随着CKD患者肾功能下降及平均血压水平升高,血压变异性增加,血压昼夜节律减退,非杓型血压比例增加。控制血压水平及调整血压昼夜节律对CKD患者的治疗具有重要意义。     

Increased cardiac troponin T and endothelin-1 concentrations in dialysis patients may indicate heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is a highly sensitive marker for the detection of myocardial damage. However, patients maintained on chronic dialysis often have increased serum cTnT concentrations without evidence of acute myocardial injury. The reason for this is unclear. In chronic haemodialysis patients, elevated plasma concentrations of big endothelin-1 (big ET-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been reported which may be associated with ischaemic heart disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations between cTnT, big ET-1, ET-1, other cardiac markers and cardiac disease in dialysis patients. METHODS: Thirty-six haemodialysis (HD) patients and 26 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients without symptoms of acute myocardial ischaemia were investigated. In all patients, serum concentrations of cTnT (2nd generation ELISA), cardiac troponin I (TnI) (Opus, Behring), creatine kinase MB (CKMB) mass and creatine kinase (CK) were determined, in HD patients before and after dialysis. Additionally, in HD patients, plasma ET-1 and big ET-1 were measured. In 27 HD patients, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was determined. Patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) were compared with non-IHD patients. RESULTS: Serum cTnT was elevated (> or =0.10 microg/l) in 20 of 36 HD patients and in eight of 26 PD patients. cTnI was elevated (> or =0.5 microg/l) in four of 62 dialysis patients. HD+PD patients with IHD showed higher cTnT than HD+PD patients without IHD, and ET-1 concentrations were higher in HD patients with than without IHD. In HD patients, there was a positive correlation between cTnT and big ET-1. In HD patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), serum cTnT, CKMB mass and post-dialysis plasma big ET-1 were higher than in patients with normal LVMI. Furthermore there was a positive correlation between cTnT levels and LVMI. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that circulating cTnT may reflect left ventricular hypertrophy and/or myocardial ischaemia in dialysis patients, and indicate that ET-1 and big ET-1 might be associated with these conditions.     

血浆维生素D与慢性肾脏病患者心血管疾病的相关性研究

目的了解慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者维生素D状态及缺乏原因,并探讨血浆维生素D缺乏是否独立影响CKD患者心血管疾病(cardiovasculardisease,CVD)的发生。方法选取北京医院肾脏内科住院的CKD 1~5期非透析患者80例为研究对象,门诊健康查体人群10例为对照组,测定其血浆25-OH-D_3、1,25(OH)_2D_3水平并进行相关实验室检查。根据血浆25-OH-D_3水平将患者分为维生素D缺乏组和非维生素D缺乏组,比较组间临床和实验室检查资料以及心脏超声检查相关参数差异;根据超声心动图结果,将患者分为左室肥厚(1eft ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)组和非LVH组,比较组间患者相关临床资料差异,并采用多因素分析CKD患者LVH的独立危险因素。结果 CKD组及对照组25-OH-D3分别为(15.09±2.44)μg/L和(18.60±1.88)μg/L;2组维生素D水平均较低,但CKD组较对照组更低,组间有统计学差异(P0.05)。CKD患者维生素D水平普遍偏低,血浆25-OH-D_3波动于10.29~20.51μg/L,1,25(OH)2 D3波动于16.23~54.32 ng/L,两者之间存在线性相关,两者与CKD患者肾功能分期均无线性相关。CKD患者维生素D缺乏组(≤15μg/L)和非维生素D缺乏组(15μg/L)组间比较,发现2组血磷、左心室质量指数存在统计学差异(P0.05)。维生素D水平与左心室质量指数无线性相关;比较LVH组及非LVH组相关临床资料,单因素分析发现血肌酐、尿素氮、估算肾小球滤过率、脑钠肽、肌钙蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞比容、24h尿蛋白定量、高密度脂蛋白均存在统计学差异(P0.05);多元逐步Logistic回归发现BNP升高(≥1 000 ng/L),24h尿蛋白定量(≥3.5 g),LDL升高(≥2.59 mmol/L)可进入方程(P0.05)。结论 CKD患者25-OH-D_3水平低于普通人群,但与CKD患者肾功能水平无线性相关;BNP升高、24h尿蛋白定量、高低密度脂蛋白血症是CKD患者左室肥厚的独立危险因素,目前尚不认为25-OH-D_3水平下降影响CKD患者左室肥厚的发生。     

Longitudinal Changes of Cardiac Structure and Function in CKD (CASCADE Study)

Little is known regarding the natural longitudinal changes in cardiac structure and function in CKD. We hypothesized that baseline CKD stage is associated with progressive worsening in cardiac structure and function. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study, recruiting 300 patients with stages 3–5 CKD from a major regional tertiary center and university teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Baseline CKD stages were studied in relation to natural longitudinal changes in echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging–derived parameters. Over 1 year, the prevalence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy increased from 40.3% to 48.9%, median left atrial volume index increased 4.8 (interquartile range [IQR], 2.1, 7.7) ml/m² (P<0.001), peak systolic mitral annular velocity decreased 0.5 (IQR, −1.5, 0.5) cm/s (P<0.001), early diastolic mitral annular velocity decreased 0.5 (IQR, −1.5, 0.5) cm/s (P<0.001), and eGFR declined 2.0 (IQR, −5.0, 0.0) ml/min per 1.73 m². CKD stages 4 and 5 were associated with more baseline abnormalities in cardiac structure and function and predicted greater longitudinal progression in LV mass index (odds ratio [OR], 3.02; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.39 to 6.58), volume index (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.18 to 5.62), and left atrial volume index (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.20 to 5.69) and worse diastolic dysfunction grade (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.16 to 8.69) compared with stage 3a in the fully adjusted analysis. In conclusion, more advanced CKD at baseline may be associated with larger longitudinal increases in LV mass and volume and greater deterioration in diastolic function.     

Influence factors of serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T among chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To analyze the influence factors of serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) for non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and to further investigate cardiac and renal effects on hs-cTnT. Methods Cross-sectional study was applied. Clinical data of 577 non-dialysis CKD patients were collected. Comparison between groups and lineal regression analysis were utilized to investigate the influence factors of hs-cTnT. Results Median level of hs-cTnT was 0.013 (0.007-0.029) μg/L, with 1.7% undetectable (hs-cTnT＜0.003 μg/L), and 46.4% greater than 99th percentile (hs-cTnT﹥0.014 μg/L) of the general population. Multivariate linear analysis displayed that higher Ln hs-cTnT was significantly associated with older age, male, diabetes, higher Cys C, higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher LVMI (P＜0.05). Conclusions Traditional and non-traditional risk factors of CKD-cardiovascular disease are shown to be associated with serum hs-cTnT level. Cardiac and renal injury may be associated with elevated hs-cTnT among non-dialysis CKD patients.     

Elevated cardiac troponin T is associated with increased left ventricular mass index and predicts mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage renal disease have a high risk of premature death, which is due mainly to cardiovascular (CV) events. Elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is related to increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and predicts poor outcome in chronic haemodialysis patients. We investigated the prognostic value of cTnT and its relationship with left ventricular mass in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. METHODS: Sixty-five CAPD patients (mean age: 56+/-12 years; 36% males) with no evidence of acute coronary syndrome in 28 days prior to the study were examined prospectively. After 48 months of follow-up, we evaluated total and CV mortality. RESULTS: During follow-up, 23 patients (35%) died (70% CV causes, 22% infection, 4% tumour, 4% unknown). In univariate analysis, concentrations of cTnT >/=0.035 ng/ml, increased LVMI, diabetes, serum albumin and age were all strong predictors of total mortality. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, cTnT >/=0.035 ng/ml and age independently predicted total mortality [odds ratio (OR): 4.31; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.16-16.04; P = 0.008 and OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.15; P = 0.002, respectively]. cTnT level >/=0.035 ng/ml was the only independent predictor of CV mortality in multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR: 8.94; 95% CI: 2.23-35.88; P<0.005). There was a significant positive correlation between serum cTnT level and LVMI (rho = 0.41; P<0.002). Neither cTnI, CK nor CK-MB were related to total or CV mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum cTnT but not cTnI predicted total and CV mortality in CAPD patients. Elevated cTnT levels were also associated with increased LVMI.     

Renal and cardiac effects of antihypertensive treatment with ramipril vs metoprolol in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a common complication in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This prospective randomized double-blind study was performed to compare the renal and cardiac effects of the ACE inhibitor ramipril and the beta-blocker metoprolol as first line therapy in ADPKD patients with hypertension. METHODS: Forty-six hypertensive ADPKD patients were randomized to either ramipril (n = 23) or metoprolol (n = 23). Twenty-four hour (24-h) ambulatory blood pressure (BP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as calculated by the Cockcroft and Gault formula, urinary albumin excretion (albumin/creatinine ratio), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were established at baseline and at yearly intervals. The total follow-up was 3 years. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased significantly in both the ramipril and the metoprolol group (-8 +/- 2 and -6 +/- 2 mmHg; both P < 0.01). There was a significant decline in renal function during follow-up which was similar in patients treated with ramipril or metoprolol (-2.5 +/- 0.7 vs -2.9 +/- 0.8 ml/min/year; P = NS). After the 3 years follow-up, no differences in GFR, LVMI and urinary albumin excretion were observed between the ramipril and the metoprolol group (80.7 +/- 10.7 vs 78.0 +/- 7.6 ml/min, 102.6 +/- 6.8 vs 100.3 +/- 5.4 g/m(2); and 42.6 +/- 12.3 vs 70.3 +/- 32.5 mg/g, respectively; all P = NS). A post-hoc analysis evaluating the effects of BP control, revealed that LVMI increased in patients with standard BP control while it remained stable in patients with rigorous BP control with a significant difference in LVMI between the groups after 3 years of follow-up (110.5 +/- 6.3 vs 90.9 +/- 4.7 g/m(2); P = 0.017). Also, by the end of the study albuminuria was lower in patients with rigorous vs standard BP control (23.5 +/- 6.7 vs 94.8 +/- 35.4 mg/g; P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our study population of hypertensive ADPKD patients, no differences in renal function, urinary albumin excretion and LVMI were detected between those treated with ramipril or metoprolol, respectively, during a 3 years follow-up. Rigorous BP control prevented an increase in LVMI and reduced urinary albumin excretion, suggesting a crucial role of BP control for slowing progression of cardiac and renal organ damage in ADPKD.     

Arterial stiffness correlated with cardiac remodelling in patients with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: It is well known that both pressure and volume overloads contribute to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and left ventricular dilatation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Few studies have evaluated the association between increased pulse wave velocity (PWV) and LVH in CKD patients not yet receiving dialysis. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between arterial stiffness and cardiac remodelling in patients with CKD, and to determine the independent factors associated with increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left ventricular volume index (LVVI). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 96 patients with CKD. Echocardiography and measurement of arterial stiffness by PWV were performed. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters were compared and analysed. RESULTS: Associated with the increase of PWV, there were significant trends for progressive increase in LVMI, LVH, LVVI, left ventricular dilatation and left atrium in CKD patients. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that decreased PWV, in addition to increased haemoglobin and the use of beta-blocker, was an independent determinant associated with decrease in LVMI and LVVI. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the progressive structural remodelling of left ventricle and left atrium in CKD patients associated with increased severity of arterial stiffness. PWV was an important determinant of LVMI and LVVI in CKD patients.     

CA 125 levels and left ventricular function in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze associations between serum cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) levels and left ventricular (LV) function in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Methods: CA 125 levels, pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) and biochemical parameters were measured, and echocardiography was performed for 110 patients and 47 healthy controls. Results: The mean CA 125 level in patients, 38.78?±?35.48?U/mL, was significantly higher than that found in healthy controls (9.20?±?4.55?U/mL; p?=?0.003). Patients with elevated CA 125 levels (n?=?40) had significantly lower levels of albumin and reduced relative wall thickness, LV ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening but significantly higher levels of pro-BNP and a greater left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) and -systolic diameter (LVESd). CA 125 levels were positively correlated with pro-BNP (r?=?0.596, p?r?=?0.439, p?r?=?0.599, p?r?=?0.750, p?r?=?0.378, p?r?=??0.513, p?r?=??0.475, p?r?=??0.878, p?β?=??1.121, p?β?=?0.247, p?=?0.035) were independent predictors of high CA 125 levels in the whole group in the multivariate-model. Conclusions: Our study is the first to demonstrate an association between serum CA 125 levels and LV systolic dysfunction via inflammation in patients on maintenance HD.     

Time-dependent changes in cardiac growth after kidney transplantation: the impact of pre-dialysis ventricular mass.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD), including kidney transplant recipients. However, time-related left ventricular mass changes (DeltaLVM) from pre-dialysis stage to beyond the first post-transplant year have not been clearly identified. METHODS: We studied a cohort of 60 stages 4-5 CKD patients without overt cardiac disease, who underwent three echocardiograms during follow-up: at pre-dialysis stage, on dialysis and after kidney transplantation (KT). Multiple linear regression was used to model DeltaLVM from baseline study. Cox proportional analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with either de novo LVH or>20% DeltaLVMI over time. RESULTS: Patients with baseline LVH (n=37; 61%) had a higher body mass index (BMI) than those without LVH (n=23; 39%) (P=0.013). BMI, haemoglobin levels (P=0.047) and non-use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) (P=0.057) were associated with baseline left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Twelve out of 23 patients (52%) with normal LVM at baseline, developed either de novo LVH or>20% DeltaLVMI at follow-up. On the other hand, 29 (78%) of those with initial LVH maintained this abnormality, and 8 (22%) normalized LVM post-transplantation. Factors associated with DeltaLVMI were age (P=0.01), pre-dialysis LVMI (P<0.0001), serum creatinine (P=0.012) and the use of ACEI post-transplantation (P=0.009). In Cox analysis, pre-dialysis LVMI was associated with de novo LVH or>20% DeltaLVMI over time (hazard ratio 1.009; 95% confidence interval 1.004 to 1.015; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Successful KT may not completely normalize LVM post-transplantation. Pre-dialysis LVMI, traditional risk factors and no use of ACEI may perpetuate cardiac growth following KT.     

Morning blood pressure surge in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and its relation with left ventricular hypertrophy

IntroductionThe activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which usually leads to a swift surge in blood pressure in the morning hours (MBPS) may be the cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and endothelial dysfunction (ED) in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. We studied the association between MBPS and LVH in ADPKD patients with preserved renal functions.MethodsPatients with ADPKD with preserved renal functions were enrolled. Prewaking MBPS was calculated using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The patients were categorized as MBPS (≥median) and non-MBPS (<median). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI), endothelial-dependent dilatation (FMD, %), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) evaluated.ResultsFifty-six patients (30 females and 26 males) were enrolled. Gender distribution was similar-among-the-groups. The mean age was higher in the MBPS group (50.1 ± 13 vs 37.3 ± 10.3). Urinary albumin (49.5 vs 16 mg/g creatinine, p < 0.001), hs-CRP (0.59 vs 0.37 mg/dl, p = 0.045) LVMI (124 ± 27.7 vs 95.2 ± 19.7 g/m², p < 0.001) and mean awake SBP surge was higher (42 vs 20 mmHg, p < 0.001) and FMD (%) was lower (14.4 ± 6.6 vs 18.9 ± 5.7, p = 0.009) in MBPS group. In the binary logistic regression analysis, the presence of MBPS in model 1 (OR: 6.625, 95% CI [1.048–41.882] p = 0.044), and age in model 2 (OR: 1.160, 95% CI [1.065–1.263] p = 0.001) were the only independent determinant of LVH.ConclusionsMBPS seems to be an important and independent determinant of LVH in ADPKD patients with preserved renal functions. It may be worth assessing the effect of reduction in MBPS as a new therapeutic target to prevent LVH in-patients-with-ADPKD.     

Point of care assessment of cardiac troponin T level in CKD patients with chest symptom

We challenged to identify the cutoff value of cTnT in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients by point of care assessment way. A single center, prospective cross-sectional study was planned and performed. 201 consecutive patients who were visited emergency room for chest symptoms were enrolled in this study. All patients were performed routine practice for differential diagnosis of chest symptom by cardiologist. Simultaneously, semiquantitative measurement of cTnT was performed using same blood sampling on the blind condition to cardiologists for this study. Study patients were divided into four groups according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), CKD1-2, CKD3, CKD4-5, and CKD5D. Usefulness of semiquantitative measurement for diagnosing ACEs was investigated in each group. 77 (38%) of total patient was diagnosed as acute coronary events (ACEs). About 50% of patients were showing cTnT level less than 0.03?ng/mL. The cTnT level over 0.1?ng/mL was found in 30% of total subjects. Mean quantitative value of cTnT was 0.29?±?0.57?ng/mL in total subjects. Estimated cutoff value in CKD3 patients was 0.088?ng/mL with a sensitivity of 59.3% and specificity of 80.0%. Interestingly, the cutoff values of CKD1-2, CKD4-5, and CKD5D were 0.047, 0.18, and 0.27 respectively, which are half, two times, and three times of CKD3 cutoff value 0.088. The specificities of four cutoff values in each CKD group were showing over 80%, which is higher than sensitivity, respectively. In CKD patients, semiquantitative, point of care assessment of cTnT could be a useful tool for screening for ACEs.     

Left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients with mild‐to‐moderate reduction of renal function

Aim: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between LV mass and mild‐to‐moderate renal dysfunction in a group of non‐diabetic hypertensives, free of CV diseases, participating in the Renal Dysfunction in Hypertension (REDHY) study. Methods: Patients with diabetes, a body mass index (BMI) of more than 35 kg/m², secondary hypertension, CV diseases and a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m² were excluded. The final sample included 455 patients, who underwent echocardiographic examination and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results: There was a significant trend for a stepwise increase in LV mass, indexed by both body surface area (LVMI) and height elevated to 2.7 (LVMH^2.7), with the declining renal function, that remained statistically significant after correction for potential confounders. The prevalence of LVH, defined either as LVMI of 125 g/m² or more or as LVMH^2.7 of 51 g/m^2.7 or more, was higher in subjects with lower values of GFR than in those with normal renal function (P < 0.001 in both cases). The multiple regression analysis confirmed that the inverse association between GFR and LVM was independent of confounding factors. Conclusion: The present study confirms the high prevalence of LVH in patients with mild or moderate renal dysfunction. In the patients studied (all with a GFR of 30 mL/min per 1.73 m²), the association between LVM and GFR was independent of potential confounders, including 24 h blood pressure load. Taking into account the negative prognostic impact of LVH, further studies focusing on a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the development of LVH in chronic kidney disease patients are needed.     

Cardiac output and associated left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric chronic kidney disease

A significant number of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), suggesting the role of preload overload. Therefore, we hypothesized that increased cardiac output (CO) might be a contributing factor for increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in these children. Patients aged 6–20 years with CKD stages 2–4 were enrolled. Echocardiograms were performed to assess LV function and geometry at rest and during exercise. Heart rate, stroke volume, and CO were also assessed at rest and during exercise. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) monitoring was performed. Of the patients enrolled in this study, 17% had LVH. Increased stroke volume and CO were observed in patients with LVH compared to patients without LVH. Univariate analysis revealed significant positive associations between LVMI and CO, stroke volume, body mass index, pulse pressure from mean 24-h AMBP, and mean 24-h systolic BP load. No association with heart rate, age, parathyroid hormone, glomerular filtration rate, or anemia was observed. Only CO (β = 1.98, p = 0.0005) was independently associated with increased LVMI in multivariate modeling (model R ² = 0.25). The results of this study suggest that increased CO might predispose to increased LVMI in pediatric patients with CKD. Adaptations may be required to meet increased metabolic demand in these patients.     

200例慢性肾脏疾病患者营养状况与病程进展的关系

目的探讨主观综合营养评估法（subjective global assessment of nutrition,SGA）评价慢性肾脏疾病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）2～4期患者营养状态并分析其与病程进展的关系。方法对200例CKD患者进行分组：①根据肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eG-FR）分为CKD2期组、3期组、4期组;②根据SGA评估分为营养正常组、轻一中度营养不良组和重度营养不良组;③根据病程进展分为进展1组、进展2组、进展3组。于随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月分别检测血红蛋白（hemoglobin,Hb）,白蛋白（albumin,Alb）,前白蛋白（prealbumin,PA）,血清钙（Ca）,血清磷（P）,分析CKD患者的营养状况与病程进展的关系。结果在随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月,CKD4期组与2期组Hb比较有显著性差异;4期组与3期组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但2期组与3期组比较无统计学差异;CKD2期组第1天与12个月Hb比较差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。CKD4期组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月PA比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。在第1天、12个月,营养正常组、轻一中度营养不良组、重度营养不良组Alb组间比较,差异有统计学意义;轻一中度营养不良组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。重度营养不良组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月PA比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。CKD患者不同营养状况与病程进展发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且重度营养不良患者进展3组发生率为92．6％。结论Alb可作为营养状况的评价指标之一。CKD患者PA随着肾功能下降及病程的延长而升高。重度营养不良对CKD患者病程进展影响较大,SGA评估CKD患者的营养状态具有一定临床参考价值。