Results of Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession for Comitant Esotropia in Patients with Developmental Delay

Purpose: There is paucity of literature on surgical outcomes after strabismus surgery in patients with developmental delay. There is no consensus regarding whether standard surgical tables are applicable to these children. The goal of our study was to determine results of strabismus surgery for esotropia among these children.

Methods: Two retrospective cohorts of patients, with developmental delay (excluding Down syndrome) and without developmental delay, who underwent bimedial recession for comitant eso-deviation between January 2005 and January 2011, meeting our criteria, were selected. Amount of surgery performed in these children was compared with standard table. This comparison gave us operated angle of deviation. This operated angle of deviation was expressed as percentage of preoperative angle of deviation to get amount of surgery performed. Response to surgery was defined as percentage of change in angle of deviation after surgery to the operated angle of deviation. Amount of surgery performed, response to surgery, and results were compared between two groups.

Results: This study included 25 patients with developmental delay and 53 normal children with comitant esotropia. Age, refractive error, and preoperative angle of deviation were comparable in patients with and without developmental delay. Among patients with developmental delay, on average 72.13%?±?16.08 of angle of deviation was operated; response to surgery gained was 134.06%?±?51.62. In the control group, the average amount of surgery done was 89.08%?±?10.83; response gained was 89.83%?±?22.49. Successful outcome (±10 PD of orthophoria) was noted in 60% patients with developmental delay compared to 73.58% in control group. On average 70.67%?±?17.95 angle of deviation was operated in patients with developmental delay with successful outcome.

Conclusion: Surgical outcome in patients with developmental delay is very unpredictable. An exaggerated response to standard amounts of bimedial recession should be anticipated in these patients. Though there was no statistically significant difference, operating for 70.67%?±?17.95 angle of deviation is more likely to be successful.     

Divergence Excess Intermittent Exotropia: Long-Term Effect of Augmented Bilateral Lateral Rectus Recession

Purpose: To investigate the long-term (10 years) effects of augmented bilateral lateral rectus (aBLR) recession in patients affected by divergence excess intermittent exotropia (deIXT). Methods: Data of 58 patients affected by deIXT who underwent aBLR muscle recession were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with 8.0 to 9.5 mm (mean 8.6 ± 0.5 mm) recession of BLR.Results: Our result showed a significant decreasing of both distance and near residual deviation during follow-up. The percentage of patients with successful surgical outcome (defined as a residual deviation ranging from 10pd intermittent exotropia to 5pd esotropia) increased during follow-up (from 51.7% to 81% at last follow-up). Stereopsis increased in 39.7% of patients at last follow-up. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between age at surgery and short/mid-term residual deviation. Conclusions: Our long-term results suggest that aBLR recession surgery is a very effective approach in patients affected by deIXT.     

Comparison of Surgical Outcomes Between Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession and Unilateral Recess-Resect for Infantile Esotropia

Purpose: To compare surgical outcomes between bilateral medial rectus recession (BMR) and unilateral medial rectus recession-lateral rectus resection (RR) for infantile esotropia. Methods: In this retrospective study, BMR was performed on 57 patients (BMR group) and RR on 23 (RR group) for treatment of infantile esotropia with the postoperative follow-up period of 6 months or more. The main outcome measures were angle of esodeviation, rate of surgical success, rate of reoperation, rate of postoperative development of DVD, and postoperative sensory status. Surgical success was defined as esotropia or exotropia of 10 PD or less.

Results: The mean preoperative esodeviation at near was 44.1 prism diopters (PD) in BMR, and 40.2 PD in RR (p = 0.161). There was no statistically significant difference in angles of deviation between BMR and RR from postoperative day 1 to final follow-up, respectively (p > 0.05). Whereas until postoperative month 6 the surgical success rate did not significantly differ, from postoperative year 1 to final follow-up it was significantly higher in BMR than in RR (p < 0.05). The final success rates were 80.70% and 56.52% for BMR and RR, respectively (p = 0.047). The reoperation rate, correspondingly, was significantly lower for BMR (17.54%) than for RR (60.78%) (p = 0.000).

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the mean postoperative angle of deviation between BMR and RR for infantile esotropia. However, the final success rate was higher (p = 0.047) and the reoperation rate was lower for BMR than for RR (p = 0.000).     

Vertical Muscle Transposition with Augmentation for Treatment of Exotropia Caused by Iatrogenic Lost Medial Rectus Muscle

Purpose: To evaluate the results of vertical muscle transposition with augmentation in cases of exotropia caused by iatrogenic lost medial rectus muscle.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of 5 cases of lost medial rectus with exotropia and marked limitation of adduction that underwent surgery. All cases had a history of strabismus surgery on the medial rectus and failed attempt at retrieval of the lost muscle.

Results: Five patients fulfilled the criteria. Full tendon vertical muscle transposition with augmentation sutures was done for all cases. Surgery led to a significant reduction of the angle of exotropia 25.8±13.6 ?D (P=0.027) and improvement in adduction of 7.5±3.8 degrees (P=0.034). There were no complications.

Conclusions: Isolated vertical muscle transposition with augmentation is a useful option to improve the exotropia and adduction deficit in patients with iatrogenic lost medial rectus muscle.     

双眼外直肌倾斜后徙术治疗儿童集合不足型外斜视

目的：:评价双眼外直肌倾斜后徙术（S-BLRc）治疗儿童集合不足型间歇性外斜视（CI-IXT）的有效性和安全性。方法：:回顾性病例对照研究。收集2019年8月至2020年7月于天津市眼科医院收治的集合不足型外斜视儿童患者58例,年龄4~10岁。根据S-BLRc外直肌上、下缘止点后徙量的差异分为3组：A组（1 mm,22...     

Long-Term Outcome of Medial Rectus Recession and Pulley Posterior Fixation in Esotropia With High AC/A Ratio

Purpose: Medial rectus (MR) recession with pulley posterior fixation (PF) can be used to treatesotropia (ET) with a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio as effectively in the short term as MR recession with scleral PF. This study provides a novel examination of the long-term results of MR recession with pulley PF (PPF). Methods: In 21 children we performed bilateral MR recession and pulley PF for ET greater at near than distance (high AC/A). Mean follow-up was 3.5?±?2.5 (standard deviation [SD]) years. Results: Mean age at presentation was 2.7?±?1.8 and at surgery 4.3?±?1.6 years. Fourteen (67%) children had amblyopia. Distance and near pre-operative ET averaged 19.6Δ ± 10.5Δ and 36.9Δ ±18.9Δ, respectively. Mean near-distance (N-D) disparity was 16.4Δ ± 12.3Δ. The MR recession averaged 4.4?±?0.9?mm. Early mean postoperative ET was 1.3?±?3.3Δ at distance and 2.8Δ ± 5.2Δ at near. Mean late postoperative ET was 0.1Δ ± 5.8Δ and 1.0Δ ± 6.2Δ at distance and near, respectively. At the final postoperative examination, mean N-D disparity was reduced to 0.9Δ ± 3.6Δ. Discussion: MR recession with PPF has a high long-term effectiveness, even in patients with amblyopia and autism. Since no posterior scleral suturing is required, it minimizes the perforation risk associated with scleral PF. Conclusion: MR recession with PPF is a safe and highly effective long-term treatment for ET with high AC/A ratio. Long-term results may surpass those of alternate procedures.     

Long-Term Outcomes of Three Cases That Underwent a Muscle Transposition Procedure Without Tenotomy Caused by Abducens Palsy

Few reports have discussed long-term outcomes of muscle transposition procedures. In this study, cases with abducens palsy treated with a muscle transposition procedure were followed for 12, 25, or 26 years. The preoperative alignments were esotropia of 65 degrees, 47 prism dioptres (PD), and 24 PD, respectively. Orthophoria was postoperatively achieved in all cases. The postoperative alignment in one case deteriorated at 8 years postoperatively, although orthophoria were maintained in the other two cases. These findings indicate that it is possible that esotropia can recur even though orthophoria was maintained for several years postoperatively in some cases that underwent a muscle transposition procedure.     

Comparison of Postoperative Exodrift after First Unilateral and Second Contralateral Lateral Rectus Recession in Recurrent Exotropia

Purpose

To compare postoperative exodrift of the first unilateral lateral rectus (ULR) muscle recession with the exodrift of the second contralateral ULR muscle recession in patients with recurrent small-angle exotropia (XT).

Methods

We evaluated the results of a second ULR muscle recession in 19 patients with recurrent XT with deviation angles under 25 prism diopter (PD), following a first procedure of ULR muscle recession for small-angle XT. Recession of the lateral rectus muscle ranged from 8 to 9 mm. The postoperative motor alignment and degree of exodrift were investigated after the first ULR muscle recession and the second ULR muscle recession in the same patients.

Results

Observed differences in postoperative ocular alignment between the first ULR muscle recession and the second ULR muscle recession were statistically significant at follow-up periods of six months (7.84 ± 4.43 vs. 3.89 ± 3.47 PD), one year (9.58 ± 4.97 vs. 5.21 ± 4.94 PD), and at a final follow-up (21.11 ± 2.98 vs. 7.52 ± 4.06 PD) after surgery (p = 0.006, 0.013, and 0.000). Postoperative exodrift was statistically different between the first and second ULR muscle recessions at three to six months (2.89 ±3.75 vs. 0.63 ± 3.45 PD) and one year to final follow-up (11.52 ± 5.50 vs. 2.32 ± 3.53 PD) (p = 0.034 and 0.000). All of the first ULR muscle recession patients showed XT with deviation angles of more than 15 PD at the final follow-up. Regardless, the surgical success rate (<8 PD) after the second ULR recession was 63.16% (12 patients) among the total amount of patients with recurrent XT.

Conclusions

This study shows that changes in exodrift after a second ULR muscle recession are less than changes after the first URL muscle recession among patients with recurrent XT. A second ULR muscle recession may be a useful surgery for small-angle XT patients with deviation angles of 25 PD or less after a first ULR muscle recession.     

Anomalous Lateral Rectus Muscle Band in a Case of Duane Retraction Syndrome

Anomalous orbital structures are suspected in restrictive strabismus with features of severe globe retractions, overshoots, or synergistic movements. We report a case of suspected Duane syndrome that was found to have an anomalous band beneath the lateral rectus muscle. Such abnormal structures are rare, but it is important to identify and manage them to optimize outcomes.     

A Case of Corneoscleral Dellen after Medial Rectus Recession Combined with Pterygium Resection in Right Eye

 Purpose: A case of corneoscleral dellen after medial rectus recession combined with pterygium resection was reported. Methods: Case report Results: A male patient aged 48 years had ghost for 1 year after acoustic neuroma resection. The patient was diagnosed with rectus paresis in the right eye. He successfully underwent medial rectus recession combined with pterygium resection. A corneoscleral dellen with a size of 2×2 mm was observed at 20 d postoperatively. The thinnest cornea was 147um, diagnosed as corneoscleral dellen, which was cured after undergoing corneal limbal stem cell transplantation with conjunctival flap. Conclusion: Corneoscleral dellen is non-infectious corneoscleral ulcer caused by complex reasons. Most cases recovered by using artificial tears, antibiotic ointment and eye wrap, and other patients required corneal limbal stem cell transplantation with conjunctival flap, even keratoplasty. It is recommended that the patients with strabismus combined with pterygium underwent conjunctival flap transplantation at early stage to prevent the incidence of surgical complications.     

Long-Term Results of Simultaneous Bilateral External Dacryocystorhinostomy in Cases with Bilateral Dacryostenosis

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term results of simultaneous bilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy (EX-DCR) in cases with bilateral dacryostenosis. Methods: Thirty-four eyes of 17 consecutive patients with a history of bilateral epiphora were included in the study between 2007 and 2011. Demographic information, etiology of the obstruction, history of lacrimal surgery, type of anesthesia, duration of surgery, incidence of postoperative nasal bleeding and infection, surgical outcomes, and duration of follow-up were recorded. During the lacrimal irrigation, there was not any passage noticed in the patients’ eyes. The post-operative follow-up was 13 to 44 months (mean 33.6 months). Results: Of 17 patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral EX-DCR with a mean age of 42.8 years, one of the patients had a history of bilateral unsuccessful DCR performed in a different center. One patient had previously failed bilateral probing before undergoing bilateral EX-DCR. This latter patient was a four-month-old baby with bilateral dacryoceles. Bicanalicular silicone intubation was performed in 15 eyes of 10 patients that had a canalicular problem or fibrotic lacrimal sac. It has been discerned that complaints about epiphora disappeared in 33 of the eyes (97%) and that the passage was open during the lacrimal irrigation. One eye with a history of unsuccessful dacryocystorhinostomy failed to respond positively to our operation. Conclusions: In our study, high success rates of simultaneous bilateral EX-DCR were found in both children and adult patients with bilateral dacryostenosis during a long-term follow-up. We believe that simultaneous bilateral dacryocystorhinostomy has medical, social, and economic advantages.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1在斜视儿童眼外肌及血清中的表达

目的: 探讨正常眼位及斜视儿童眼外肌、血清中胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)的表达差异,以期进一步认识斜视发病机制与IGF-1的相关性。方法: 根据患儿的眼位情况及斜视类型分组:共同性内斜视组67例86眼,共同性外斜视组129例183眼,正常眼位组23例23眼,运用免疫组织化学、免疫印迹及ELISA法分别检测各组儿童眼外肌及血清中IGF-1的含量,并行统计学分析。结果: (1)免疫组织化学检测结果显示:IGF-1在眼外肌细胞中主要表达在胞浆,细胞外基质中有少量的表达。正常眼位组眼外肌中IGF-1含量明显多于共同性内斜视组及共同性外斜视组(P<0.05)。(2)免疫印迹法检测结果显示:正常眼位组与共同性内斜视组、共同性外斜视组相比较,眼外肌中IGF-1含量明显增多(P<0.05)。(3)正常眼位组、共同性内斜视组、共同性外斜视组儿童血清中IGF-1含量的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论: 共同性内斜及共同性外斜等儿童常见单纯眼位异常的发生,可能与眼球血供中IGF-1含量的多少相关性不大,其影响在于控制眼球运动的眼外肌局部IGF-1含量的多少,提示应用IGF-1在眼外肌局部注射对于治疗斜视等眼外肌相关疾病具有潜在的应用前景。     

Precaruncular Periosteal Anchor of Medial Rectus,a New Technique in the Management of Complete External Third Nerve Palsy

Aims: To report two cases of allergic reaction to upper lid gold weight implants in patients with facial nerve palsy and to identify the use of pre-implantation patch testing in predicting gold hypersensitivity. Methods: One patient who had a positive family history of gold allergy and had undergone previous gold dental restoration underwent patch testing with gold sodium thiosulphate.The gold weight from the same patient was analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, which can detect surface impurities. Tissue obtained during surgery to remove the gold weight from the second patient was examined histologically. Results: Patch testing in the first patient gave a positive result. Analysis of the gold weight removed from the same patient confirmed 99.99% purity, and hence sensitivity to the gold itself was considered to be the cause of the inflammatory reaction. Histology of tissue taken from the eyelid of the second patient was consistent with type IV hypersensitivity. Conclusion: A personal and family history of gold allergy should be looked for before upper eyelid gold weight implantation. Patch testing should be performed for patients where there is doubt about whether gold has been the specific cause of previous allergic reactions, for patients who have undergone previous dental restoration involving gold, or if there is a positive family history of gold allergy.     

新疆喀什地区脑瘫儿童青少年视觉障碍特征分析

目的：首次全面精准分析新疆喀什地区脑瘫儿童青少年的视觉障碍特征和治疗情况,促进其视觉康 复和全身康复的早期开展。方法：横断面调查研究。选取2018年10月于新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地 区某综合医院集中行眼部筛查的脑瘫儿童青少年,对其进行眼科检查,包括屈光状态、眼位、眼前 节和眼底检查,并调查其眼科治疗情况。采用卡方检验对数据进行分析。结果：纳入176例脑瘫儿 童青少年,年龄0.8～12（6.4±2.7）岁,其中0.8～6岁有97例（55.1%）,维吾尔族169例（96.0%）,男 性104例（59.1%）。存在视觉障碍人数105例（59.7%）,3例（1.7%）同时伴有2种视觉障碍,视觉障碍 的发生率为108例（61.7%）,包括屈光不正（48例,27.3%）、斜视（43例,24.4%）和其他眼部疾病（17 例,9.7%）。所有脑瘫儿童青少年屈光不正以远视为主（20例,11.4%）,斜视以外斜视最常见（25例, 14.2%）,占比最高的前3种其他眼部疾病是视神经萎缩、先天性白内障和先天性青光眼,均为4例 （2.3%）。仅27例（15.3%）脑瘫儿童青少年以往接受过眼科检查,剩余149例（84.7%）均为第1次接受 眼科检查;105例视觉障碍者中仅6例（5.7%）以往接受过眼科检查。所有脑瘫儿童青少年近视发生 率为9.7%（17例）,不同性别、年龄段、民族以及是否斜视之间近视的发生率差异没有统计学意义。 结论：脑瘫儿童青少年视觉障碍发生率高于同年龄段儿童,且斜视发生率非常高。这也提示在脑瘫 儿童青少年中普及眼健康筛查的迫切性和重要性,可作为今后开展脑瘫患者康复工作的重点内容之 一。