胰腺癌组织Syk和VEGF-D蛋白表达及其临床意义的研究

目的:探讨胰腺癌组织中Syk和VEGF.D蛋白的表达及临床意义.方法:应用免疫组化技术检测40例胰腺癌组织中Syk和VEGF-D蛋白的表达情况.结果:正常胰腺组织表达Syk蛋白,在慢性胰腺炎组织中有中等表达,其阳性率分别为100.0%(8/8)和77.8%(7/9);在胰腺癌组织中阳性率为27.5%(11/40),大多数呈中等或弱阳性表达,与首两者比较差异均有统计学意义,P值分别为0.000 2和0.007 9;Syk蛋白与肿瘤的发生部位、分化程度和有无淋巴结转移无关;与TNM分期有关,Ⅰ～Ⅱ期组表达明显高于Ⅲ～Ⅳ期组,P=0.024 5.胰腺癌组织中VEGF-D蛋白阳性率为55%(22/40),肿瘤周边部位显著高于肿瘤中心部位,差异有统计学意义.有淋巴结转移患者的VEGF-D表达显著高于无淋巴结转移患者的表达,P=0.025 3.Syk和VEGF-D的表达具有相关性.结论:Syk缺失后,VEGF-D表达增加,胰腺癌淋巴转移和浸润性增强.     

Syk蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨胰腺癌组织中Syk蛋白的表达及临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化技术检测胰腺癌组织中Syk蛋白的表达情况。结果：正常胰腺组织表达Syk蛋白,在慢性胰腺炎组织中有中等表达,其阳性率分别为100.0%和77.8%;在胰腺癌组织中阳性率为27.5%,大多数呈中等或弱阳性表达,与前两者比较差异均有统计学意义,P值分别为0.0002和0.0079;Syk蛋白与肿瘤的发生部位、分化程度和有无转移灶之间差异无统计学意义;与TNM分期有关,Ⅰ＋Ⅱ期组表达明显高于Ⅲ＋Ⅳ组期（P=0.0245）。结论：Syk蛋白在胰腺癌组织中低表达与胰腺癌的发生、发展有关。     

乳腺癌组织内NF—κBp65的表达与淋巴转移的关系

目的：研究乳腺癌组织内细胞核因子（NF—κBp65）与血管内皮生长因子-c（VEGF—C）的表达及意义。方法：采用SABC免疫组化染色法检测乳腺癌组织及癌旁对照组织内NF—κBp65与VEGF—C蛋白的表达,并分析二者的相关性及与临床病理因素的关系。结果：乳腺癌组织内NF—κBp65蛋白表达的阳性率为76．0％,明显高于癌旁对照组织30．0％（P〈0．05）;乳腺癌组织内VEGF—C蛋白表达的阳性率为84．O％,明显高于癌旁对照组织20．0％（P〈0．05）;乳腺癌组织内NF—κBp65蛋白与VEGF—C蛋白的表达呈正相关（1=0．53,P〈0．05）,并且均与肿瘤淋巴转移密切相关。结论：乳腺癌组织内NF—κBp65的高表达可上调VEGF—C表达,进而导致肿瘤周围淋巴管增生、扩张,促进肿瘤细胞向区域淋巴结转移。     

VEGF-C、COX-2在细支气管肺泡癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨细支气管肺泡癌（BAC）中VEGF．C、COX-2蛋白表达及意义。方法BAC60例为实验组,肺腺癌伴BAC20例和肺腺癌22例为对照组,采用免疫组化法分别检测VEGF—C、COX-2蛋白在3种组织中的表达并分析其临床意义。结果VEGF．C在BAC、肺腺癌伴BAC和肺腺癌中阳性率分别为66．7％、90．0％和95．5％,各组间表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;VEGF—C在BAC非黏液型表达阳性率显著高于黏液型（P〈0．05）,伴淋巴结转移组阳性率明显高于无转移组（P〈0．05）,VEGF—C表达与性别、年龄、肿块部位、大小及TNM分期均无关联（P〉0．05）。COX-2在BAC、肺腺癌伴BAC和肺腺癌中阳性率分别为63．3％、75．0％和77．3％,各组间表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;COX-2在BAC伴淋巴结转移组表达阳性率明显高于无转移组（P〈0．05）,肿块直径≥3cm组阳性率明显高于肿块直径〈3cm组（P〈0．05）,COX-2表达与性别、年龄、肿块部位、病理类型及TNM分期均无关（P〉0．05）。VEGF-C与COX-2表达呈正相关（r=0．269,P〈0．05）。结论VEGF—C联合COX-2检测可用于BAC侵袭、转移特性的评估及预测。     

nm23 VE6F-C及VEGFR-3在大肠癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨nm23、VEGF—C及其受体VEGFR-3在大肠癌中的表达和三者间的相互关系，及其在大肠癌淋巴结转移和肿瘤进展中的意义。方法：采用免疫组化SP法检测97例大肠癌组织和97例正常大肠组织中nm23、VEGF—C及VEGFR-3的表达。结果：1）A、B期大肠癌及无淋巴结转移的大肠癌组织中nm23的阳性表达率分别为68．9％、68．2％，C、D期及有淋巴结转移的大肠癌组织中nm23阳性表达率分别为30．6％、25.8％，A、B期高于C、D期，无淋巴结转移高于有淋巴结转移，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；VEGF—C阳性表达率在C、D期及有淋巴结转移的大肠癌组织中分别为75．0％、77．4％，在A、B期及无淋巴结转移的大肠癌组织中分别为49．2％、50．0％，两者比较，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；VEGFR-3在C、D期及有淋巴结转移的大肠癌中的阳性表达率分别为63．9％、67．7％，在A、B期及无淋巴结转移的大肠癌组织中分别为41．0％、40．9％，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05。2）nm23与分化程度、肠壁侵犯深度、有无淋巴结转移及Duckes分期有关（P〈0．05），VEGF—C及VEGFR-3与分化程度、淋巴结转移及Duckes分期有关（P〈0．05）：3）nm23在正常大肠组织和大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为83．5％、54．6％，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05），VEGF—C在正常大肠组织和大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为29．9％、58．8％；差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05），VEGFR-3在正常大肠组织和大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为21．6％、49．5％，两者比较，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：nm23与VEGF—C和VEGFR-3在大肠癌中的表达呈负相关关系，nm23基因对大肠癌有抑制作用，VEGF—C和VEGFR-3与大肠癌的侵袭和转移密切相关，三者的联合检测可作为评价大肠癌病情、推测预后及指导治疗的重要参考指标。     

血管内皮生长因子-C和环氧合酶-2表达与口腔鳞癌淋巴结转移的关系

目的研究环氧合酶-2（COX-2）和血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF-C）在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）中的表达及相关性，探讨其与肿瘤淋巴转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化S—P法检测60例OSCC、23例癌前病变、19例良性病变中COX-2、VEGF—C，结合临床病理因素进行分析。结果OSCC中VEGF—C和COX-2表达明显高于口腔癌前病变和良性病变（P〈0．05）。OSCC中VEGF—C蛋白表达与淋巴结转移有明显关系（P〈0．01）；COX-2表达与淋巴结转移、临床分期明显相关（P〈0．05），而与患者年龄、性别、部位、组织学分级无关。VEGF—C和COX-2的表达呈正相关（r=0．519，P〈0．01）。结论COX-2可能参与VEGF-C淋巴管生成通路，在OSCC淋巴结转移中发挥重要作用。     

VEGF-C 在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF—C）在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义。方法：应用Elivision二步免疫组化法，观察45例乳腺癌和7例乳腺良性增生性病变组织中VEGF—C的表达情况、ER和PR、FⅧ阳性的血管密度，分析其与临床病理指标之间的关系。结果：45例乳腺癌组织中有25例VEGF—C表达阳性，阳性率为55．6％，而7例乳腺良性病变中有4例阳性，阳性率为57．1％，两者之间无显著差异（P=1．00）；45例乳腺癌组织中VEGF—C的表达与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及临床分期之间均无统计学相关性（P均大于0．05）；VEGF—C的表达与MVD之间呈显著正相关（r=0．325，P=0．030）；VEGF—C的表达与ER（P=0．248）及PR（P=0．071）的表达之间无显著性相关。结论：VEGF—C与MVD呈显著正相关，提示其有促进血管生成的作用。VEGF—C的表达与激素受体之间无显著相关性，其表达可能不受激素的调控。     

整合素α3及MMP-9在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系

目的：检测整合素α3（integrin α3）和基质金属蛋白酶-9（matrix metalloproteinase-9，MMP-9）在胰腺癌组织中的表达情况，探讨两者与胰腺癌临床病理特征的关系，并初步分析两者的相关性。方法：收集100例胰腺癌石蜡标本，用免疫组织化学酶标链亲和素-生物素（labelled streptavidin biotin，LsAB）法检测胰腺癌组织中整合素α3和MMP-9的表达。结果：胰腺癌组织中整合素α3的阳性表达率为98％，强表达组占75％，胰腺钩突及头颈部肿瘤表达强于体尾部肿瘤（P=0．041）；整合素α3强表达与局部淋巴结转移有关（P=0．012）。胰腺癌组织中MMP-9的表达率为81％，强表达组占39％；MMP-9的表达与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、分级、十二指肠浸润、局部淋巴结转移、神经侵犯及TNM分期均无关。整合素α3与MMP-9的表达呈正相关（r=0．401，P〈0．05）。结论：整合素α3的表达可能与胰腺癌发生部位有关，并参与胰腺癌淋巴结转移；整合素α3可能上调胰腺癌MMP-9的表达。     

CXCR4和VEGF—C在乳腺癌组织中的表达及与淋巴结转移之间的关系

目的探讨趋化因子受体（CXCR4）和血管内皮生长因子C（VEGF—C）在人乳腺癌组织中的表达及与淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法选择65例乳腺癌标本,应用免疫组织化学染色方法,检测CXCR4和VEGF—C在人乳腺癌组织中的表达,同时对其与临床病理参数的关系进行统计学分析。结果CXCR4在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为43．1％,其中淋巴结转移组表达率为57．9％,无淋巴结转移组表达率为22．2％,差异有非常显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）。VEGF—C在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为50．2％,其中淋巴结转移组表达率为68．4％,无淋巴结转移组表达率为25．9％,两者差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。而且,CXCR4阳性表达与VEGF—C阳性表达呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。乳腺癌CXCR4和VEGF—C的表达水平与乳腺癌淋巴结转移密切相关,而与病人的月经状态、临床分期、病理类型等无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论CXCR4和VEGF—C的表达可作为评估乳腺癌病人淋巴转移的一个观测指标。     

利用组织微阵列研究RASSF1A和Survivin基因在非小细胞肺癌中的表达

目的探讨RASSF1A和Survivin基因的蛋白表达与非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）临床病理特征的关系及其临床意义。方法免疫组织化学法检测RASSF1A和Survivin在NSCLC组织微阵列中的蛋白表达。结果RASSF1A蛋白在NSCLC中的阳性率（46．8％〉显著低于正常肺组织（92．9％）（P〈0．001），但Survivin阳性率（75．8％）显著高于正常肺组织（0）（P〈0．001）；RASSF1A蛋白在临床Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期NSCLC中分别显著高于临床Ⅲ期（P〈0．001，P〈0．001），Survivin在临床I期和临床Ⅱ期NSCLC中的阳性率显著低于临床Ⅲ期者（P=0．003，P=0．001），淋巴结转移性NSCLC的RASSF1A阳性率显著低于无淋巴结转移者（P〈0．05）；RASSF1sA和Survivin蛋白在NSCLC中的表达呈负相关（r=-0．780，P〈0．001）。结论RASSFlA蛋白表达下调、Survivin蛋白高表达及其两者的表达失平衡在NSCLC的发生、发展中可能具有重要作用，RASSF1和Survivin有望成为评估肺癌淋巴结转移和预后预测的重要分子标志。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.