吸入性肺炎的诊治

吸入性肺炎多见于慢性心、肺、肾及神经疾病患者。尤其是老年咳嗽反射减弱、意识障碍、吞咽困难及酒醉者,更易发病。食管、胃返流误吸入呼吸道亦可引起吸入性肺炎。吸入性肺炎多为混合感染,其病原菌为需氧菌和厌氧菌,其中厌氧菌感染占85～90%。主要厌氧菌有具核梭形杆菌、产黑色素拟杆菌、口腔拟杆     

神经疾病并发医院获得性肺炎的危险因素及其干预

医院获得性肺炎(hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP)是神经疾病患者的常见并发症,其发生率和病死率都很高,并导致住院时间延长和住院费用增加.因此,如何有效预防HAP应成为神经内科医生关注的重点.HAP的危险因素众多,如高龄、意识障碍、吞咽困难、体位、口咽部细菌定植、机械通气、肠内营养、应激性溃疡预防药物等.明确HAP的危险因素并采取相应措施加强防护,可减少HAP发生并改善患者预后.     

神经内科住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素

目的探讨神经内科住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素及解决措施。方法选取2 205例神经内科住院患者,统计年龄、性别、卧床时间、住院日、意识障碍、感染前是否使用抗生素、吸氧等资料,分析神经内科住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素。结果入选的2 205例神经内科疾病患者中70例(3.17%)发生感染。感染发生率排在前三的基础疾病为急性脊髓炎(33.3%)、病毒性脑炎(28.6%)以及格林巴利综合征(27.3%)。神经内科住院患者肺部感染发生率与性别差异无关(P0.05),与是否存在基础疾病、意识障碍、卧床时间、抗生素使用情况以及是否存在入侵式操作关系密切(P0.05)。多因素Logistic结果显示,年龄、基础疾病、意识障碍、卧床时间、抗生素使用情况以及入侵式操作均为神经内科住院患者肺部感染发生率危险因素(P0.05)。结论应该根据患者肺部感染危险因素提出针对性解决措施,降低神经内科住院患者肺部感染发生率。     

老年脑卒中并吸入性肺炎患者的病原菌分布及其危险因素分析

目的分析老年脑卒中并吸入性肺炎(AP)患者的病原菌分布及危险因素。方法选取2009年3月—2012年5月哈尔滨二四二医院收治的老年脑卒中患者737例,其中合并AP者58例,未合并AP者679例。分析58例并AP患者的病原菌分布及其危险因素。结果 58例老年脑卒中并AP患者共分离出93株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌27株(29.0%);革兰阴性菌66株(71.0%)。年龄70岁〔OR=1.897,95%CI(0.413,2.052)〕、意识障碍〔OR=1.676,95%CI(0.311,1.792)〕、侵袭性操作〔OR=1.387,95%CI(0.383,1.975)〕、吞咽困难〔OR=1.433,95%CI(1.407,4.452)〕及体位不当〔OR=1.994,95%CI(0.873,2.017)〕是老年脑卒中患者并发AP的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论老年脑卒中并AP患者的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床医生卧位、意识障碍、有侵袭性操作及吞咽困难的老年脑卒中患者应加强干预护理,以降低患者病死率。     

神经疾病并发医院获得性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的研究神经疾病患者医院获得性肺炎的危险因素,为临床患者提供干预和治疗策略。方法分析我院神经内科入住的88例患者,通过单因素分析获得性肺炎与神经疾病患者的危险因素相关分析。结果高龄、意识、吸烟史与神经疾病患者感染获得性肺炎的关系密切。结论高龄、意识、吸烟史危险因素与获得性肺炎有着直接的发病关系,我们采取相应措施加强防护,可减少医院获得性肺炎发生并改善患者预后。     

高龄老人误吸发生情况及相关因素分析

目的调查分析引起老年人误吸的常见因素及后果。方法采用回顾性调查法,对114例80岁及以卜的华东医院住院患者进行调查分析,内容包括研究对象的一般资料、误吸状况及相关冈素、误吸食物的种类以及误吸后并发症的评估。结果114例住院患者中66例发生过误吸,发生率为57．9％,与年龄、照顾者、疾病因素,进食的方式、体位、进食的量相关。在误吸后所致后果的统计中,吸入性肺炎最为常见。结论老年患者发生误吸与年龄、照顾者、进食量、进食体位与方式、疾病及其并发症等因素有关。护理人员应重视评估患者存在的误吸危险因素,并重视相应的预防措施以降低老年患者误吸的发生率及死亡率。     

脑卒中患者合并肺部感染的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中患者发生肺部感染的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析128例脑卒中患者的肺部感染发生率,分析合并肺部感染发生的危险因素。结果脑卒中合并肺部感染组住院时间(36.3±7.5)d与无肺部感染组(25.6±8.2)d相比明显延长(P0.05);合并肺部感染者死亡率(19.23%)高于未合并肺部感染者(2.94%,P0.05)。单因素分析结果表明,男性,高龄,出血性脑卒中患者,如果有意识障碍,或者合并有高血压,糖尿病或慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病人,或需要留置胃管,肺部感染的机率明显升高。结论脑卒中患者发生肺部感染与年龄、性别、卒中类型、意识障碍、慢性疾病和留置胃管等因素有关。     

依托必利联合埃索美拉唑镁可有效预防80岁以上老年人吸入性肺炎的发生

目的探讨依托必利联合埃索美拉唑镁对于预防80岁老年人吸入性肺炎的临床价值。方法将本院收治的80岁的非肺炎老年患者154例,随机分为对照组与研究组,对照组予以常规基础疾病治疗,研究组在对照组基础上加用依托必利联合埃索美拉唑镁进行预防胃食管反流治疗,疗程12周。所有患者在研究最后1天均进行24 h食管p H检测,计算酸反流得分。12周后比较2组患者吸入性肺炎的发生率。结果对照组中位酸反流得分为63.77分,吸入性肺炎发生率为32.89%,研究组中位酸反流得分为5.98分,吸入性肺炎发生率为5.13%,均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组药物不良反应发生率为3.95%,研究组为2.56%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论依托必利联合埃索美拉唑镁可减少胃食管反流,有效预防80岁老年人吸入性肺炎的发生。     

急诊胃镜下止血导致吸入性肺炎的相关危险因素分析

目的 虽然所有的内窥镜手术都有吸入性肺炎的风险,但医生对内镜操作后发生吸入性肺炎的因素知之甚少。本研究旨在确定急诊内窥镜止血后吸入性肺炎的危险因素。方法 对2018年1月至2020年1月本院急诊上消化道出血经内窥镜治疗的患者214人进行回顾性分析,病人的资料及临床特点,包括上消化道出血的原因,内镜止血时间,生命体征以及术后是否发生吸入性肺炎等。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析对患者合并吸入性肺炎的相关危险因素进行筛查,并进一步分析患者预后情况。结果 在214例急诊经内镜止血的患者中30例(14%)发生了吸入性肺炎。多因素分析显示年龄大于75岁(优势比(OR)5.99;95%置信区间(CI)1.7-13.8;P=0.017),内镜操作持续时间大于30分钟(OR为3.73;95%CI 1.4-18.1;P=0.027),既往有脑血管病史(OR为4.8;95%CI 1.6-14.7;P=0.02)是独立的危险因素导致吸入性肺炎。结论 急诊经内镜下止血后患吸入性肺炎的发生与患者高龄,既往有脑中风、帕金森等脑血管病史,内镜操作时间长密切相关,在治疗这些患者时,应制定相应的预防措施以降低...     

监护病房获得性肺部感染的原因及护理对策

2004年1～12月,我院ICU共收治反复肺部感染患者12例.现将感染原因及护理对策分析如下. 　　感染原因：①口咽部细菌定植和误吸：口咽部定植细菌误吸是医院肺部感染的最主要发病因素.吞咽和咳嗽反射减弱或消失时,如老年、意识障碍、食管疾病、气管插管或切开、胃管、胃反射抑制、排空延迟以及胃肠张力降低者容易误吸.……     

Effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure

Aim

To investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on functional capacity and balance, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnea, fatigue, depression, and quality of life in heart failure patients.

Methods

A prospective, randomized controlled, double-blinded study. Thirty patients with heart failure (NYHA II-III, LVEF<40%) were included. Sixteen patients received IMT at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and 14 patients received sham therapy (15% of MIP) for 6 weeks. Functional capacity and balance, respiratory muscle strength, quadriceps femoris muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnea, fatigue, quality of life, and depression were evaluated.

Results

Functional capacity and balance, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, dyspnea, depression were significantly improved in the treatment group compared with controls; quality of life and fatigue were similarly improved within groups (p < 0.05). Functional capacity (418.59 ± 123.32 to 478.56 ± 131.58 m, p < 0.001), respiratory (MIP = 62.00 ± 33.57 to 97.13 ± 32.63 cmH₂O, p < 0.001) and quadriceps femoris muscle strength (240.91 ± 106.08 to 301.82 ± 111.86 N, p < 0.001), FEV₁%, FVC% and PEF%, functional balance (52.73 ± 3.15 to 54.25 ± 2.34, p < 0.001), functional dyspnea (2.27 ± 0.88 to 1.07 ± 0.79, p < 0.001), depression (11.47 ± 7.50 to 3.20 ± 4.09, p < 0.001), quality of life, fatigue (42.73 ± 11.75 to 29.07 ± 13.96, p < 0.001) were significantly improved in the treatment group. Respiratory muscle strength (MIP = 78.64 ± 35.95 to 90.86 ± 30.23 cmH₂O, p = 0.001), FVC%, depression (14.36 ± 9.04 to 9.50 ± 10.42, p = 0.011), quality of life and fatigue (42.86 ± 12.67 to 32.93 ± 15.87, p = 0.008) were significantly improved in the control group.

Conclusion

The IMT improves functional capacity and balance, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength; decreases depression and dyspnea perception in patients with heart failure. IMT should be included effectively in pulmonary rehabilitation programs.     

Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in women

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Herzrhythmusstörungen sind seit Jahrzehnten bekannt. Einflüsse von Sexualsteroiden auf das autonome Nervensystem und die zelluläre Elektrophysiologie des Erregungsbildungs- und -leitungssystems werden ebenso diskutiert wie direkte genetische Dispositionen auf zellulärer, funktioneller oder metabolischer Ebene. Zudem gilt es, die alters- und geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Hinblick auf unterschiedliche kardiale Grunderkrankungen zu berücksichtigen, die ihrerseits Häufigkeit, Form und Schwere maßgeblich mitbestimmen. Herzrhythmusstörungen bei Frauen: Eine im Vergleich zu Männern höhere Ruhefrequenz und ein längeres QTc-Intervall, beginnend nach der Pubertät, sind die auffälligsten EKG-Veränderungen bei Frauen und weisen eine enge Beziehung zu konstitutionellen und hormonellen Einflüssen auf. Supraventrikuläre Herzrhythmusstörungen, bei Frauen prädestiniert Sinus- und AV-Knoten-Reentry-Tachykardien, seltener Wolff-Parkinson-White-Tachykardien, können zyklusabhängigen Häufigkeitsschwankungen unterliegen. Vorhofflimmern ist bei Frauen ebenfalls häufiger als bei Männern, meist typischerweise symptomatisch, und die Therapie erweist sich als problematischer. Ventrikuläre Herzrhythmusstörungen, in der gesunden Allgemeinbevölkerung gleich häufig, weisen bei Männern eine enge und prognostisch bedeutsame Beziehung zur KHK auf, während diese bei Frauen weniger ausgeprägt ist und arrhythmogene Kofaktoren eine größere Rolle spielen. Frauen leiden häufiger an erworbenem und kongenitalem Long-QT-Syndrom, in deren Folge häufiger Torsade de pointes-Tachykardien auftreten (u. a. durch ausgeprägtere medikamentös induzierte QT-Verlängerung, häufigere Kurz-Lang-Sequenzen, Unterschiede der Ikr-Sensitivität), die allerdings seltener als bei Männern in Kammerflimmern degenerieren. Frauen sind von einem plötzlichen Herztod etwa dreimal seltener betroffen. Er ereignet sich etwa zehn Jahre später; die zugrunde liegende Ursache ist deutlich heterogener als bei Männern, und die Prognose, ein solches Ereignis zu überleben, ist deutlich schlechter. Frauen sind in Studien zu Primär- und Sekundärprävention deutlich unterrepräsentiert, wenngleich der Nutzen dieser Therapie sogar den bei Männern zu übersteigen scheint. Schlussfolgerungen: Auch wenn die Genese der geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede von kardialen Arrhythmien in einer Reihe von Punkten noch offen ist, implizieren die dargestellten Befunde die besondere Notwendigkeit eines entsprechend ausgerichteten Forschungsansatzes, da sich nur so geschlechtsspezifische Risikostratifikations- und Therapieansätze für die Zukunft entwickeln lassen.     

Gut microbiota changes in patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hypertension is a major public health issue worldwide. The imbalance of gut microbiota is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The authors conducted the systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the relationship between gut microbiota and hypertension through conducting an electronic search in six databases. Our meta-analysis included 19 studies and the results showed that compared with healthy controls, Shannon significantly decreased in hypertension [SMD = −0.13, 95%CI (−0.22, −0.04), p = .007]; however, Simpson [SMD = −0.01, 95%CI (−0.14, 0.12), p = .87], ACE [SMD = 0.18, 95%CI (−0.06, 0.43), p = .14], and Chao1 [SMD = 0.11, 95%CI (−0.01, 0.23), p = .08] did not differ significantly between hypertension and healthy controls. The F/B ratio significantly increased in hypertension [SMD = 0.84, 95%CI (0.10, 1.58), p = .03]. In addition, Shannon index was negatively correlated with hypertension [r = −0.12, 95%CI (−0.19, −0.05)], but had no significant correlation with SBP [r = 0.10, 95%CI (−0.19, 0.37)] and DBP [r = −0.39, 95%CI (−0.73, 0.12)]. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes [SMD = −0.01, 95%CI (−0.37, 0.34), p = .94], Bacteroidetes [SMD = −0.15, 95%CI (−0.44, 0.14), p = .30], Proteobacteria [SMD = 0.25, 95%CI (−0.01, 0.51), p = .06], and Actinobacteria [SMD = 0.21, 95%CI (−0.11, 0.53), p = .21] did not differ significantly between hypertension and healthy controls. At the genus level, compared with healthy controls, the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium decreased significantly [SMD = −0.16, 95%CI (−0.28, −0.04), p = .01], while the Streptococcus [SMD = 0.20, 95%CI (0.08, 0.32), p = .001] and Enterococcus [SMD = 0.20, 95%CI (0.08, 0.33), p = .002] significantly increased in hypertension. Available evidence suggests that hypertensive patients may have an imbalance of gut microbiota. However, it still needs further validation by large sample size studies of high quality.     

Clinical characteristics of non‐small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations and ALK&ROS1 fusions

ObjectiveTo study the relationship between clinical characteristics and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusions, c‐ros oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) gene fusions, and epidermic growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to distinguish these different types.MethodsBoth ALK, ROS1 gene rearrangements and EGFR mutations testing were performed. The clinical characteristics and associated pulmonary abnormalities were investigated.ResultsFour hundred fifty‐three NSCLC patients were included for analysis. One hundred seventy (37.5%), 32 (7.1%), and 9 cases (2.0%) with EGFR mutations, ALK gene fusions, and ROS1 gene fusions were identified, respectively. The EGFR‐positive and ALK&ROS1‐positive were more common in female (χ ² = 61.934, P < 0.001 and χ ² = 28.152, P < 0.001), non‐smoking (χ ² = 59.315, P < 0.001 and χ ² = 11.080, P = 0.001), and adenocarcinoma (χ ² = 44.864, P < 0.001 and χ ² = 12.318, P = 0.002) patients; proportion of patients with emphysema was lower (χ ² = 35.494, P < 0.001 and χ ² = 15.770, P < 0.001) than the wild‐type patients. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that female (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.834, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.069–3.144, P = 0.028), non‐smoking (adjusted OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.456–4.306, P = 0.001), lung adenocarcinoma (adjusted OR 4.512, 95% CI 2.465–8.260, P < 0.001), stage III–IV (adjusted OR 2.232, 95% CI 1.066–4.676, P = 0.033), and no symptoms of emphysema (adjusted OR 2.139, 95% CI 1.221–3.747, P = 0.008) were independent variables associated with EGFR mutations. Young (adjusted OR 3.947, 95% CI 1.873–8.314, P < 0.001) and lung adenocarcinoma (adjusted OR 2.950, 95% CI 0.998–8.719, P = 0.050) were associated with ALK/ROS1 fusions.Conclusions EGFR mutations were more likely to occur in non‐smoking, stage III–IV, and female patients with lung adenocarcinoma, whereas ALK&ROS1 gene fusions were more likely to occur in young patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Emphysema was less common in patients with EGFR mutations.     

Arterial blood pressure and serum lipids in a population of children and adolescents from Southern Italy: The Calabrian Sierras Community Study (CSCS)

Background

Lipid standards in Italy are lacking in children and adolescents whereas those for blood pressure (BP) were derived from US surveys.

Methods

In a 14-town community in Southern Italy 1657 (64%) of 2594 children aged 6–14 years were enrolled and anthropometric, BP, lipid and glucose serum levels were obtained.

Results

Average systolic BP was 101 ± 11 (60–150) mm Hg and cholesterol (CholT) level was 156 ± 28 (57–264) mg/dl. There were positive (p < 0.00001) age-trends for systolic BP and body mass index (BMI) in both genders whereas age-trends for CholT and heart rate were negative (p < 0.00001). A negative age-trend in both genders was also seen for non-HDL cholesterol (p < 0.03). Based on 95% percentile gender and age distributions, there were 177 (10.68%) hypertensive (HT) and 82 (4.94%) hypercholesterolemic (HC) children or adolescents. Univariately, HT had higher (p < 0.00001) height, weight, BMI, arm circumference, hips, waist, diastolic BP and waist/height, whereas HC had higher LDL-, HDL and non-HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (p < 0.01). Systolic BP was predicted (r² = 0.2810, p = 0.00001) by age (t = 2.319, p < 0.0205), male gender (t = 3.179, p < 0.0015), glucose (t = 2.357, p < 0.0186), height (t = 2.473, p < 0.0135), arm circumference (t = 3.313, p < 0.0009) and heart rate (t = 4.161, p < 0.00001). CholT was related inversely (r² = 0.1399, p = 0.00001) to height (t = − 3.928, p < 0.0001), weight (t = − 3.922, p < 0.0001) and waist/height (t = − 4.797, p < 0.00001) and directly to BMI (t = 3.064, p < 0.0022), waist (t = 5.149, p < 0.0000), triglycerides (t = 11.332, p < 0.00001) and female gender (t = − 2.041, p < 0.0414).

Conclusion

In these Southern Italian children and adolescents systolic BP and CholT are related with anthropometric and other variables, not confined to height. BP is lower than previously reported.     

Quality of life in young fibromyalgia patients and effect of depression

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the depression and quality of life (QOL) scores of fibromyalgia (FM) patients and control subjects. We also aimed to detect relationships between different QOL scales, depression and clinical symptoms. Method: Ninety‐eight fibromyalgia patients and 48 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Depression was evaluated by a psychiatrist according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Edition 4 (DSM‐IV) criteria. QOL of the FM patients was assessed according to the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Results: We found significantly higher scores of depression, NHP, FIQ and HAQ in FM patients compared with controls (P < 0.000). Pain, tender point count (TPC), pain intensity, skinfold tenderness, FIQ, HAQ, and NHP scores were higher in patients with depression than in those without depression. Depression scores correlated with FIQ (r = 0.39, P < 0.01), HAQ (r = 0.35, P < 0.01), NHP (r = 0.55, P < 0.01) scores, TPC (r = 0.34, P < 0.01) and duration of disease (r = 0.21, P < 0.05). Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire scores correlated with HAQ scores (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), NHP scores (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) and TPC (r = 0.21, P < 0.05). HAQ scores correlated with NHP scores (r = 0.40, P < 0.01) and TPC (r = 0.29, P < 0.05). Nottingham Health Profile scores correlated with TPC (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) and duration of disease (r = 0.22, P < 0.05). Conclusion: We found higher scores of TPC, pain intensity, skinfold tenderness, NHP, FIQ, and HAQ in depressive FM patients as compared with non‐depressive FM patients. Our study indicates that there is an important relationship between pain, depression and QOL scales in young FM patients. Therefore; these patients should be managed using a multidisciplinary approach including psychiatric support.     

Diabetes and pregnancy

Summary Pregnancy raises insulin requirement, lowers the renal threshold for glucose, increases the tendency to infection of the urinary tract and to renal insufficiency. Diabetic women are more prone to hydramnios, toxemia, stillbirths and neonatal deaths. Their infants, in contrast to their appearance (macrosomia), are immature and of low vitality. Congenital abnormalities, hyaline membrane disease, cardiac dilatation, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemic tetany make their adaptation to extrauterine life difficult during the first few days. Good cooperation between internist, obstetrician, anesthesiologist and pediatrician considerably improves the prognosis of diabetic pregnancies.

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Zusammenfassung Schwangerschaft erhöht den Insulinbedarf, senkt die Nierenschwelle für Traubenzucker, steigert die Neigung zu Infektionen der Harnwege und zu Niereninsuffizienz. Diabetikerinnen neigen zu Hydramnion, Spättoxikose, Totgeburt und Neugeborenen-Todesfällen. Die Kinder zuckerkranker Mütter sind trotz ihrer Makrosomie unreif und lebensschwach. Missbildungen, hyaline Membranen, Herzerweiterung, Hyperbilirubinämie, hypokalzämische Tetanie erschweren während der ersten Tage die Anpassung an das extrauterine Leben. Gute Zusammenarbeit von Internist, Geburtshelfer, Narkosearzt und Pädiater verbessern die Prognose der Schwangerschaft bei zuckerkranken Frauen in wesentlichem Masse.

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Resumen El embarazo aumenta la necesidad de insulina, disminuye el dintel renal de la glucosa, aumenta la tendencia a las infecciones de las vias urinarias y a la insuficiencia renal. En las mujeres diabéticas son más frecuentes el hidramnios, la toxiemia, la natimortalidad y las muertes neonatales. Los recién nacidos de madre diabética, contrariamente a su aspecto (macrosomia), son inmaturos y escasamente vitales. Su adaptación a la vida extrauterina en los primeros días de vida se hace difícil a causa de anomalías congénitas, membranas hialinas, dilatación cardiaca, hiperbilirrubinemia y tetania hipocalcémica. Una buena collaboración entre internista, obstétrico, anestesista y pediatra mejora considerablemente el pronóstico de los embarazos diabéticos.

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Résumé La grossesse augmente le besoin en insuline, descend le seuil rénal pour glucose et agrandit la tendance à l'infection des voies urinaires et à l'insuffisance rénale. Chez les femmes diabétiques l'hydramnie est fréquente; elles sont disposées à la toxémie, aux mort-nés et à une mortalité exagérée des nouveau-nés. Les nouveau-nés des mères diabétiques sont immatures et de vitalité réduite malgré leur apparence macrosomique. Des malformations congénitales, des membranes hyalines, une dilatation aiguë du coeur, l'hyperbilirubinémie, une tétanie hypocalcémique rendent difficile l'adaptation à la vie extrautérine, surtout pendant les premiers jours. Une étroite coopération entre interniste, accoucheur, narcotiseur et pédiatre améliore considérablement le pronostic de la grossesse des diabétiques.

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Riassunto La gravidanza accresce il fabbisogno insulinico, abbassa la soglia renale per il glucosio, aumenta la disposizione alle infezioni delle vie urinarie e all'insufficienza renale. Nelle donne diabetiche sono più frequenti l'idramnios, la tossiemia, la natimortalità e le morti neonatali. I neonati di madre diabetica, contrariamente al loro aspetto (macrosomia), sono immaturi e scarsamente vitali. Il loro adattamento alla vita extrauterina nei primi giorni di vita è reso difficile da anomalie congenite, membrane ialine, dilatazione cardiaca, iperbilirubinemia e tetania ipocalcemica. Una buona cooperazione tra internista, ostetrico, anestesista e pediatra migliora considerevolmente la prognosi delle gravidanze diabetiche.

     

Predictive Factors of Severe Behçet's disease: A Longitudinal,Prospective Cohort Followed Between 1981–2020

IntroductionBehçet's disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown cause. The spectrum of the disease ranges from mucocutaneous manifestations to other organ diseases with relevant morbidity. Associations between disease severity and male sex, earlier age at onset, and the presence of erythema nodosum have been described.ObjectivesTo evaluate clinical factors associated with manifestations of severe disease in a single-center cohort.MethodsA longitudinal, prospective, unicentric cohort study with patients followed in a specialized outpatient clinic between 1981 and 2020. Severe BD was defined as a Krause total clinical severity score >4 points.ResultsWe included 243 patients, of whom 31% were male, with an average follow-up time of 14.6 years. Regarding organ manifestations, all patients had mucous manifestations (N = 243, 100%), 133 (55%) skin, 104 (43%) joint, 71 (29%) ocular, 48 (20%) vascular, 47 (19%) neurological, 22 (9%) gastrointestinal and 1 (0.4%) cardiac involvement by BD. One hundred fifty-six (64%) patients were classified as having severe BD. Severe BD was more frequent in men (OR = 2.004, p = 0.024), increasing with age (OR = 1.021 per year, p = 0.037), in the presence of skin manifestations (OR = 4.711, p < 0.001), specifically erythema nodosum (OR = 8.381, p < 0.001), and pseudofolliculitis (OR = 2.910, p < 0.001).In the multivariate model, variables independently associated with severe BD were male gender (Adjusted OR = 1.961, p = 0.047), erythema nodosum (Adjusted OR = 8.561, p < 0.001) and pseudofolliculitis (Adjusted OR = 2.372, p = 0.007).DiscussionMale gender, erythema nodosum, and pseudofolliculitis were independently associated with severe BD forms and therefore should serve as warning signs to the clinician.     

Doppler parameters of ophthalmic artery in women with preeclampsia: A meta-analysis

Preeclampsia is a progressive and severe cardiovascular disorder in pregnant women. To determine the potential significance of ophthalmic Doppler parameters in preeclamptic women and to provide evidence-based hints for clinical practice and scientific investigation. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library till July 31, 2022. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random effects model. Heterogeneity across included studies was evaluated utilizing the Q test and I² statistic. We identified 8 observational studies that met the inclusion criteria. The pooled SMD for peak systolic velocities (PSV) was .12 (95% CI: −.82, 1.06, p = .8071; I² = 94%, p < .0001). The overall SMD for time-averaged mean peak velocities (MV) was 1.79 (95% CI: .87, 2.71, p = .0001; I² = 60%, p = .1152). Regarding the pulsatility index (PI), the pooled SMD was −2.05 (95% CI: −3.12, −.98, p = .0002; I² = 92%, p < .0001). Overall SMD for end-diastolic velocities (EDV) was 1.11 (95% CI: .23, 1.98, p = .0136; I² = 92%, p < .0001). The pooled SMDs for resistance index (RI) and peak ratio (PR) was −.18 (95% CI: −1.90, 1.53, p = .8333; I² = 96%, p < .0001) and 1.46 (95% CI: −1.30, 4.22, p = .2994; I² = 99%, p < .0001), respectively. Publication bias was not identified. MV, PI, and EDV showed significant differences between patients with preeclampsia and non-hypertensive pregnant participants. Studies on the predictive performance of ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters are warranted.     

Inpatientvs. outpatient bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: Recent pressures to decrease the cost of medical care have mandated preoperative outpatient bowel preparation (OBP) for elective colorectal surgery without any data documenting equivalent quality of care. This study examined the safety and efficacy of OBP compared with inpatient bowel preparation (IBP). METHODS: Records of all patients who underwent OBP for elective colorectal resection since the inception of the OBP program from July 1993 to June 1994 were compared with records of all patients who received IBP for elective procedures from January to June 1993. RESULTS: The two groups, 90 patients who underwent OBP and 98 patient who had IBP, were well matched for age, sex, diagnosis, and operations performed. The OBP group had a shorter length of hospital stay (median, 7 vs. 9 days; P < 0.0001; chi-squared analysis), whereas the complication rate was similar (19 percent in the OBP group vs. 18 percent in the IBP group), including infectious complications (10 percent in the OBP group vs. 7 percent in the IBP group). Although operating time was similar (mean, 199 vs. 213 minutes) and estimated blood loss (mean, 528 vs. 536 ml), the OBP group had significantly higher perioperative fluid requirements: intraoperative fluids (median, 4300 vs. 3700 ml; P < 0.05; Student's t-test), intraoperative colloid administration (48 vs. 29 percent; P < 0.0002; chi-squared), 24-hour postoperative fluids (3224 vs. 2700 ml; P < 0.0001; Student's t-test), and postoperative fluid challenges (50 vs. 20 percent; P <0.0001; chi-squared analysis). CONCLUSION: Outpatient bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery is safe and effective. It offers shorter hospital stay, and, therefore, potentially reduces medical care cost. Patients with multiple medical problems may not tolerate extensive fluid shifts; therefore, other preoperative arrangements, such as inpatient or outpatient intravenous fluid therapy, need to be considered to minimize complications that may outweigh potential cost savings.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 7 to 12, 1995.