大学生网络成瘾者在互联网使用条件下的时间记忆特点

目的：探讨大学生网瘾者在互联网使用条件下的时间记忆特点。方法：先用网瘾倾向问卷筛选出被试。然后用实验法从秒和分两个级别的时间单位探索时间记忆特点。结果：大学生网瘾者在互联网使用条件下。进行秒级时间单位和分级时间单位的时距估计时，误差值普遍要大于非网瘾者，且明显表现出低估现象：大学生网瘾者时间估计误差值越大，时序判断越准确；大学生网瘾者时间估计在秒和分两级单位上的时间记忆特点不同。结论：大学生网瘾者和非网瘾者的时间记忆特点是不同的；大学生网瘾者的时间记忆特点一定程度上支持了时间分段综合模型。     

论信息科学的世界观（Ⅰ／Ⅴ）

随着物理学的成熟,一个物质科学的世界现逐渐形成:世界上除了物质和物质的运动,什么都没有了.如今,信息科学技术模拟人脑,造出可以战胜人类棋手的电脑;无所不在的计算(Ubiquitous Computing)推动我们由"E社会"进入"U社会";人类客观知识融入宁宙问普遍的"信息世界"之后,人类精神被还原为生命物质与生命信息.于是,一个信息科学的世界观就形成了:宇宙万物都是物质与信息的对立统一.理论信息学的基本任务有两个:其一,说明信息现象具有区别于物质现象的特殊性;其二,说明信息现象与物质现象的关系.如果说笔者题为<理论信息学:概念、原理与方法>的博士论文把研究重点放在第一个问题上,那么笔者博士后研究工作的侧重点就在第二个问题上.本文的主要目的 是在信息以物质为"载体"的基础上,提出信息能以物质能为"载能",进而提出物质一信息关系的"双二重性"理论模型,并以此论述信息科学的世界现.本文的第一章说明全文的思路与结构.第二章讨论信息时代中新的科学标准,为信息科学的"科学性"进行辩护.第三章回顾信息社会以前的三种基本的世界观(即古希腊世界观、中世纪世界观和近代科学世界观)的演变历程,以及信息时代对一种新世界观的呼唤.第四章叙述波普尔"三个世界理论",重点说明"世界3"(人类客观知识)的独立性和自主性.第五章,在对人类精神现象物理学还原的基础上,提出一种"信息学还原",即把人类精神现象看成是一种生命信息现象,于是通过对"世界2"施行跨学科的"奥卡姆手术".精神世界一分为二(生命物质与生命信息),波普尔的三个世界剩下两个了.第六章,从世界万物的物质与信息的"二重性",结构与过程的"二重性",提出物质与信息的"双二重性"关系的理论模型,论证"两个世界理论"的合理性.第七章,阐述信息科学的世界观(简称"信息世界观")的三个显著特征和八个主要原则.第八章,命名"信息主义"的时代精神,指出新的世界观要从以往世界现的兴衰中吸取有益的经验和教训.第九章,说明与建构物质知识体系相似,建构信息知识体系的过程也经历了由神学、哲学到科学三个发展阶段.半个多世纪以来,信息科学从具体学科中观察与实验的实证思维,上升到探索"信息共性"的理论思维,进而开始寻求信息科学的本体论之根的哲学思维.第十章历数本文的六个主要论点,说明本研究的意义,提出进一步研究的方向与课题.     

连续性血液净化救治突发公共卫生事件致急危重症患者的临床研究

探讨连续性血液净化(CBP)救治时机对突发公共卫生事件致急危重症患者预后的影响.研究济南军区血液净化治疗中心采用CBP紧急救援89例突发公共卫生事件致危重病的临床资料,并根据患者接受CBP治疗距发病后的自然时间为“截点”,将患者分为:(1)A组(早期治疗)43例,于急性损伤期(发病≤24h)开始CBP治疗.(2)B组(...     

磁性纳米微粒在磁共振成像中的应用(文献综述)

纳米是一种长度计量单位,1nm=10-ym.大约是三、四个原子的宽度.纳米技术是纳米尺寸范围内,通过直接操纵单个原子、分子来组装和创造具有特定功能的新物质.当物质颗粒小到纳米量级后,这种物质就可称为纳米材料.纳米材料具有三个共同的结构特点:(1)纳米尺度的结构单元或特征纬度尺寸在纳米数量级(1～100nm).(2)有大量的界面或自由表面.(3)各纳米单位之间存在着或强或弱的相互作用.     

群际行为对女大学生时间知觉的影响

目的:探讨群际行为对女大学生时间知觉的影响。方法:本研究采用最小分组法,实验分为对照和控制两部分,均采用红绿两种颜色的名字作为刺激材料。对照实验中,被试不分组。控制实验中,根据被试所选T恤的颜色与刺激呈现颜色是否一致,使被试与目标刺激形成不同的群际关系(组内或组外)。通过标准刺激时距的学习,要求被试比较并判断目标刺激与标准刺激间呈现时间的长短。结果:1有无分组对被试时距判断的主效应显著(F(1,30)=8.930,P0.05);2在有分组的情况下,被试表现出对组内刺激呈现时距的显著高估(t=-2.057,P0.05);3当刺激呈现时距为800ms时,被试显著高估组内刺激的呈现时距(t=-2.684,P0.05)。结论:群际行为影响女大学生的时间知觉能力,在区分组内外成员的情况下,女大学生与组内成员相处时,需要更多的社会认知资源,所知觉到的时间明显长于其实际物理时间。     

精神分裂症患者回忆过去和想象未来的特点

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者回忆过去事件和想象未来事件的特点。方法:选取符合国际疾病分类与诊断标准第10版的精神分裂症患者25例,以及年龄、教育水平、智商相匹配的正常对照24例,要求被试参加回忆过去和想象未来测试,即根据提供的正性、中性、负性线索词回忆过去和想象未来的具体事件,然后对这些事件从具体性和内容两方面进行评分,比较两组被试回忆及想象内容的具体性事件所占的比率以及回忆及想象事件的类别所占的比率。结果:精神分裂症组回忆过去的具体事件的比率低于正常对照组[(0.45±0.26)vs.(0.70±0.22),P0.05]。在回忆及想象事件的类别上,产生的探索娱乐事件比率[(0.07±0.07)vs.(0.10±0.07)]、关系事件比率[(0.14±0.10)vs.(0.29±0.09)]、成功事件比率[(0.04±0.05)vs.(0.06±0.04)],精神分裂症组均低于正常对照组(均P0.05);精神分裂症组与医院有关的事件比率[(0.05±0.07)vs.(0.00±0.00)]、一般事件比率[(0.49±0.22)vs.(0.35±0.14)]均高于正常对照组(P0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者回忆过去的具体性存在缺陷,回忆和想象事件的内容和正常对照组存在显著差异。     

运动想象脑电的ERD/ERS分析

脑电信号所包含的频率分量及其变化规律是脑-计算机接口(brain- computer interface,BCI)研究的关键之一.事件相关去同步(event- ralated desynchronization,ERD)/同步现象(event- related synchronization,ERS)则是确定EEG频带的基本方法.本文在事件相关现象的神经生理学原理的基础上,利用传统计算方法,提出简单而有效的ERD/ERS波形的拓扑图法;并且对比应用基于匹配追踪法的分解参数,采用平均时间-频率能量分布图的方法,研究ERD/ERS规律.分析实际运动想象脑电MI-EEG时,两种方法的结论可以互相验证,也体现了各自的优点.     

认知闭合需要对个体前瞻记忆的影响

目的:探讨认知闭合需要对个体的事件性和时间性前瞻记忆的影响.方法:对30名高认知闭合需要个体和30名低认知闭合需要个体进行事件性和时间性前瞻记忆差异的实验研究.事件性前瞻记忆实验任务是看到目标线索,执行目标任务；时间性前瞻记忆任务是采用双任务实验研究范式,即执行背景任务(图形任务)的同时记住某个时间点执行目标任务.结果:高、低认知闭合需要组被试在时间性前瞻记忆任务的反应时和正确率上不存在显著差异(P＞0.05),但在事件性前瞻记忆任务的反应时上存在显著差异(P＜0.05),高认知闭合需要组的事件性前瞻记忆反应时显著短于低认知闭合需要组.结论:认知闭合需要对个体的前瞻记忆有一定影响,高认知闭合需要被试的事件性前瞻性记忆反应时短于低认知闭合需要组.     

陆军义务兵生活事件问卷的初步编制

目的:初步编制"陆军义务兵生活事件问卷(简称LEI-CSLA)".方法:以心理社会应激理论为指导,初步拟定义务兵生活事件的5个维度,即家庭、地方社交、战勤、部队日常生活和部队人际关系.问卷实测取样1731人,全为男性义务兵,年龄16～26岁,平均年龄19.35±1.76岁.结果: (1)实测问卷共有93个条目,各条目均有较好的鉴别度.(2)LEI-CSLA总分的重测相关系数为0.74,各维度为0.62～0.71;Cronbach's α系数总分为0.93,各维度分为0.67～0.86. (3)探索性因素分析二因子模型可解释总方差的78.97%,验证性因素分析的拟合指数AGFI、CFI、NNFI均在0.95以上;神经症患者生活事件评分明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05).结论:LEI-CSLA的信、效度指标基本符合心理测验学的要求,但问卷还需进一步完善.     

时间医学与周期性疾病

生命运动及疾病的变化也以时空变化为基本条件。“时间的本质就是物质的运动变化过程,是物质的存在形式,物质的存在是通过运动变化的过程来表现的”。生命的运动过程表现为一个发生——死亡的演化周期。生命现象及临床疾病中的周期现象是一个相当普遍的客观过程,也是时间医学的基     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.