前列腺素E1对内毒素致家兔急性肺损伤的治疗效应

本实验以一次性静注大肠杆菌内毒方法复制家兔急性肺损伤模型，在实验过程中观察动物血压、血气变化及肺组织病理学改变，结果前列腺素Ｅ１治疗组轻于发病组，采用ＰＧＥ１治疗内毒素所致的急性损伤有一定疗法。     

HJ-1型一氧化氮治疗仪在救治兔海水淹溺肺水肿中的研究

采用合作研制的HJ－1型一氧化氮高频喷射通气治疗仪用于兔海水淹溺肺水肿的救治，复制兔海水淹溺肺水肿模型，将兔随机分为3组：海水淹溺肺水肿对照组、4药组（海水淹溺肺水肿动物用4种药物和高频喷射通气治疗仪救治），NO组（在4药组基础上再用HJ－1型一氧化氮高频喷射通气治疗仪救治），用血气分析仪测定Pao2,Sao2,pH值，发现NO组血氧分压和血氧饱和度比对照组显著提高，动物的存活时间大大延长，并阻止了海水淹溺肺水肿向海水型呼吸窘迫综合征的转归，提示该仪器用于救治肺水肿类疾病安全有效。     

东莨菪碱治疗婴幼儿喘憋性肺炎56例分析

本文对56例婴幼儿喘憋性肺炎在常规治疗的基础上如用东莨菪碱，结果治疗组总有效率为92.8%，对照组为71.4%(P＜0.01)；对照组合并器官功能衰竭者6例，而治疗组则无合并症，表明应用东莨菪碱治疗婴幼儿喘憋性肺炎既利于改善临床症状，又可降低器官功能衰竭的发生率。     

部分液体通气对急性肺损伤小猪肺组织结构及气体交换的影响

目的：探讨以perfluorocarbon (PFC)为媒介的部分液体通气(PLV)对灌洗后急性肺损伤小猪肺组织病理变化及气体交换的影响。 方法： 采用肺灌洗诱导小猪急性肺损伤(ALI)后，将动物分为两组：PLV组和传统机械通气（CV）组。分别在ALI前、ALI及ALI后1、2、3、4 h 6个时点观察动脉血气指标的变化，实验结束后取8个不同部位的肺组织做病理切片。 结果： PLV组灌注PFC后PaO2高于CV组、AaDO2显著低于CV组；病理切片比较：PLV组病变轻于CV组，两组上部肺叶病变均轻于下部肺叶，具有统计学差异（P<0.05），CV组前部肺叶病变轻于后部肺叶，具有统计学差异（P<0.05），PLV组肺组织炎症细胞浸润程度明显轻于CV组肺组织。 结论： 急性肺损伤后，以PFC为媒介的部分液体通气能明显提高肺氧合能力，升高PaO2。     

丁丙诺啡、异丙嗪与东茛菪碱联合使用对大鼠空间记忆的影响

目的：通过观察丁丙诺啡、东莨菪碱与异丙嗪三药联合使用（简称“1＋1”）对大鼠空间记忆的影响，探索这三种药物之间是否存在协同作用。方法：161只雄性SD大鼠随机分成9组，分别采用丁丙诺啡、丁丙诺啡＋东莨菪碱、丁丙诺啡＋异丙嗪、丁丙诺啡＋东莨菪碱＋异丙嗪、东莨菪碱、异丙嗪、东莨菪碱＋异丙嗪、吗啡、以及生理盐水等进行腹腔内注射10天，10天后开始进行Morrris水迷宫训练，连续4天，每天5次，然后隐去平台，测定各组大鼠逃避潜伏期、穿越平台次数、目标象限停留时间等指标。结果：单独使用丁丙诺啡、东莨菪碱及异丙嗪对大鼠空间记忆损害轻或者不明显，而丁丙诺非与东莨菪碱或异丙嗪合用则加重空间记忆损害，三者联合使用对空间记忆损害最大。结论：丁丙诺啡单独使用对大鼠空间记忆损害轻微，而与东莨菪碱及异丙嗪合用则可能产生协同作用而加重对记忆的损害。     

东莨菪碱对兔脑缺血再灌注Na+-K+-ATPase活性的影响

目的：观察再灌注损伤时脑组织Ｎａ＾＋－Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的发迹及东莨菪碱对缺血再灌注脑组织Ｎａ＾＋－Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的影响。方法：以选择性头部低温为阳性对照。通过低压低灌法造成完全性脑缺血模型。将３０只兔分为：假手术组,缺血组,缺血再灌注组,低温治疗组,东莨菪碱治疗组,东莨菪碱低温治疗组,结果：脑组织Ｎａ＾＋－Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性以Ⅲ组最低;Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组的Ｎａ＾＋－Ｋ＾＋＝Ａ     

东莨菪碱合剂对大白鼠早期急性DIC的治疗作用

采用高分子右旋醣酐加少许钙剂在３７只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性健康大白鼠中塑造急性ＤＩＣ模型，用东莨菪碱合剂实验治疗。以微循环监测、血片裂体细胞数、血小板计数、血红蛋白含量及血气分析作为检查指标。实验分三组：扩容加莨菪组（１０只大鼠）；扩容组（７只大鼠）；未治疗组（２０只大鼠）。结果于早期急性ＤＩＣ用扩容加莨菪组治疗的１０只鼠，存活２日的共３只，存活３日以上的共７只；扩容组７只鼠均于实验第２日内死亡。未治疗组２０只鼠，造病后３～２４ｈ内相继死亡。提示：采用纠酸扩容基础上加用东莨菪碱合剂，可以及早中断早期急性ＤＩＣ的发展，从而使ＤＩＣ的预后得到改观。     

东莨菪碱对兔脑缺血再灌注Na+-K+-ATPase活性的影响

目的 :观察再灌注损伤时脑组织Na -K -ATPase活性的改变及东莨菪碱对缺血再灌注脑组织Na -K -ATPase活性的影响。方法 :以选择性头部低温为阳性对照。通过低压低灌法造成完全性脑缺血模型。将 30只兔分为 :假手术组 (Ⅰ组 ) ,缺血组 (Ⅱ组 ) ,缺血再灌注组 (Ⅲ组 ) ,低温治疗组 (Ⅳ组 ) ,东莨菪碱治疗组 (Ⅴ组 ) ,东莨菪碱低温治疗组 (Ⅵ组 )。结果 :脑组织Na -K -ATPase活性以Ⅲ组最低 ;Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组的Na -K -ATPase活性显著高于Ⅲ组 (P分别 <0 0 5或 <0 0 1) ,与Ⅰ组无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ 3组间的Na -K -ATPase活性无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :脑组织Na -K -ATPase对缺血损伤不敏感 ,对再灌注损伤敏感 ;东莨菪碱和低温一样 ,能保护缺血后再灌注脑组织Na -K -ATPase活性 ,但东莨菪碱和低温无明显的协同作用     

东莨菪碱法和高渗盐水法复制小鼠干燥综合征模型的比较

目的：比较东莨菪碱法和高渗盐水法复制小鼠干燥综合征（SS）模型的特点。方法：将6～8周龄SPF级雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组：正常组、高渗盐水组和东莨菪碱组（n=10）。除正常组给予生理盐水外，东莨菪碱组小鼠经皮下注射1 mg/ml氢溴酸东莨菪碱0.2 mg/次/20 g体重（qid），高渗盐水组经鼠眼缓滴无菌2.8 mg/ml高渗氯化钠溶液[100μl/眼（qid）]，连续造模10 d。期间检测各组小鼠体质量、饮水量消耗和泪液结晶变化。实验结束后利用ELISA方法检测各组小鼠血清中自身抗体SSA和SSB、抗核抗体ANA、BAFFR蛋白和炎症因子TNF-α表达量，计算脾脏系数；HE染色分析脾脏病理变化，Chisholm-Mason组织学评分标准评价外分泌腺组织中淋巴细胞浸润程度。结果：与高渗盐水组相比，东莨菪碱组小鼠体质量下降，饮水量消耗显著增加（P<0.05或P<0.01），泪液分泌减少且无蕨形结晶分布散乱（Ⅳ型）；血清中抗体SSA、ANA、TNF-α表达量、脾脏系数均显著升高（P<0.05）;HE染色结果表明，东莨菪碱组小鼠脾脏白髓中淋巴细胞增殖明显，脾小体萎...     

加味补中益气汤治疗大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨加味补中益气汤治疗大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）的疗效。方法按国内公认的PCP造模方法，建立大鼠PCP动物模型。设中药治疗组和预防组，同时建立西药对照组、PCP模型对照组及正常对照组。通过观察各组大鼠存活率、体重、肺内肺孢子虫包囊的数量和肺组织病理学变化考核药物疗效。结果中药组大鼠存活率高于PCP模型组，但低于正常组；中药治疗组和预防组大鼠平均体重高于PCP模型组，包囊数低于PCP模型对照组；中药治疗组和预防组大鼠肺组织炎症反应明显轻于PCP模型对照组。结论加味补中益气汤对大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎，有一定的疗效。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.