自发性高血压大鼠甲状旁腺的异常表现

观察自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）的甲状旁腺。发现在其腺体中除大量正常的主细胞外，还具有一种特殊的新型细胞。这些细胞的形态不规则，边界不清。ＨＥ染色后胞浆比主细胞着色深，核的形态不规则且染色更暗。此种细胞在甲状旁腺中成团状分布，与主细胞形成鲜明的对比。另外，经实验证实在ＳＨＲ的血浆中存在一种特殊的高血压因子（ＨＦ），可以使正常大鼠的血压产生延迟性升高，其高峰在４５ｍｉｎ出现，此特点与血中已知的增压物质的即刻效应和延期出现的效应有本质的不同。因此，推论这种具有独特的理化性质和生理功能高血压因子的来源与甲状旁腺有密切关系。     

自发性高血压大鼠苯丙氨酸代谢动力学异常

目的和方法：自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）及相应的正常血压对照大鼠（Ｗｉｓｔａｒ Ｋｙｏｔｏ大鼠,ＷＫＹ）静注［＾３Ｈ］苯丙氨酸后的药物动力学及组织摄取。结果：苯丙氨酸在大鼠的药物动力学符合二室开放模型。与ＷＫＹ相比,ＳＨＲ中苯丙氨酸消除半衰期延长,清除率缩小,药时曲线下面积增加,中央室表观分布容积增加,心脏对苯丙氨酸摄取增加。结论：高血压药可能是一种与遗传性氨基酸代谢异常有关的疾病。     

钙超载大鼠心肌细胞核钙转运功能的改变

目的：观察钙超载对大鼠心肌细胞核钙转运系统的影响。方法：大鼠心肌钙超模型采用腹腔注射ＶｉｔＤ３制备,心肌细胞核采用差束离心和密度梯度离心分离纯化,用酶的纯度及测定ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,用＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋测定核钙摄取。结果：钙超载大鼠心肌钙含量与对照组相经增加４２％,核钙含量增加５５％,钙超载大鼠心肌细胞核Ｃａ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性降低,其Ｖｍａｘ降低２４％,Ｋｍ无显著改变;「＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋」摄取也无显著     

川芎嗪和丹参对正常及高血压大鼠血25(OH)D、Ca、P及ALP水平的影响

已有资料表明:低钙摄取会增加WKY大鼠的血压,而高钙摄取则可降低WKY大鼠和SHR的血压;临床资料证实:高血压病人钙摄取低于正常人;而流行病学调查指出高血压与低钙有关。因此高血压伴有钙、磷代谢异常是一个值得注意的课题,本文目的在于考察高血压大鼠血中某些钙、磷代谢相关指标,同时观察活血化瘀药川芎嗪和丹参对它们的影响。     

大鼠胸主动脉内皮剥脱后血管的钙稳态变化

本实验在大鼠胸主动脉内皮剥脱模型上，观察到动脉组织钙含量在内皮剥脱后３天明显升高，１０天达到峰，２１恢复接近正常；胸主动脉＾４５Ｃａ摄取和内流仅在内皮剥脱后１０天减少；＾４５Ｃａ外移在内皮剥脱后３天时增加，１０天时接近正常，２１天时减少。这些结果提示内皮剥脱可致血管钙稳态失稀。     

自发性高血压大鼠血浆一氧化氮浓度的变化

目的　观察自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)血浆NO浓度的变化 ,探讨NO与高血压发生发展的关系。方法　颈总动脉插管测定大鼠血压 ,硝酸银还原法测定SHR血浆中NO的含量。结果　 (1)血压变化 :各时期WKY大鼠血压无显著性差异 ;高血压组大鼠血压随着月龄增加逐渐升高 ,均明显高于WKY大鼠 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )血浆NO浓度的变化 :WKY大鼠血浆NO浓度各时期无显著性差异 ;高血压组大鼠血浆NO浓度在 3m、6m时间点明显高于WKY大鼠 ,但在 12m时间点却较WKY大鼠明显降低 (P<0 0 1) ,同组内与 3m、6m时间点比较亦显著减少 (P <0 0 1)。相关分析显示 ,在 3m、6m时间点高血压大鼠血浆NO浓度与血压之间呈正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,在 12m时间点与血压呈负相关 (P <0 0 1)。结论　随着高血压发生和发展 ,血浆NO升高 ,而在高血压后期 ,NO的变化不明显 ,这种变化可能与高血压的发生发展有关。     

内皮素A受体拮抗剂BQ123降压作用的研究

为探讨内皮毒在机体血压调节中的意义，本文观察ＥＴＡ受体拮抗剂ＢＱ１２３的降压作用。静脉注射ＢＱ１２３（０．１，１和２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）后，自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）和正常血压大鼠（ＷＫＹ）血压呈剂量依赖地降低，持续４０～６０分钟。ＢＱ１２３对ＳＨＲ的降压作用强于ＷＫＹ。给Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠静脉注射ＢＱ１２３呈剂量依赖地拮抗外源性ＥＴ－１（２×１０＾－９ｍｏｌ／ｋｇ）引起的血压升高反应。在培养的ＳＨＲＢＱ１     

苯丙氨酸对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞内钙的影响

目的 探索苯丙氨酸对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞内钙的影响，方法 将ＳＨＲ和ＷＫＹ的血管平滑肌细胞在不同浓度苯丙酸培养液中培养一定时间后，加入（＾４５ＣａＣｌ２）温育一定时间后，测定进入细胞内（＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋）的量；而后将在不同浓度苯丙氨酸培养液中培养一定时间后的ＳＨＲ和ＷＫＹ的血管平滑肌细胞同ＰＳＳ液温育，采用Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ荧光指示剂测定不同浓度苯丙氨酸对细胞内游离Ｃａ＾２＋的影响。结果     

U 50 488H 对高血压大鼠的利尿作用及机制

目的： 观察κ阿片受体激动剂U50 488H对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）的利尿作用并探讨其作用机制。 方法： 用整体实验观察U50 488H对WKY大鼠和SHR血压和尿量的影响；应用放射免疫分析方法观察WKY大鼠和SHR血浆中体液因子的变化。 结果： U50 488H显著降低WKY大鼠和SHR的血压，对SHR产生的降压效应大于WKY大鼠；U50 488H剂量依赖性地引起WKY大鼠和SHR尿量的增加，而且对SHR的利尿作用强于WKY大鼠；测定血浆因子水平发现，U50 488H不仅能引起WKY大鼠和SHR血浆ADH水平的显著下降，并且对SHR血浆ADH水平的降低效应大于WKY大鼠；另外，U50 488H对WKY大鼠血浆AngⅡ水平无明显影响，但可以引起SHR血浆AngⅡ水平显著下降。U50 488H的以上效应均可被选择性κ阿片受体阻断剂nor-BNI所阻断。 结论： κ阿片受体激动剂U50 488H显著下调血浆中抗利尿激素和血管紧张素Ⅱ的水平可能与其引起SHR强利尿效应有关。     

高血压及局部脑缺血后AⅡ,ANF在下丘脑和血浆中的含量变化

本实验动态观察了肾血管性高血压鼠不同时期下丘脑和血浆中ＡⅡ和ＡＮＦ的含量变化，并测定了局部脑缺血后高血压鼠和正常鼠梗塞灶的大小以及对下丘脑和血浆中ＡⅡ和ＡＮＦ的影响。结果发现：肾血一高血压形成后，下丘脑和血浆中的ＡＮＦ均明显增加，以高血压早期增加幅度最高。而ＡⅡ在血浆中明显增加，在下丘脑却明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。局部脑缺血后，在高血压鼠形成的梗塞灶（１７６．５９±２３．０３ｍｍ＾３）比对照鼠的（     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.