影响老年髋部骨折患者预后的多因素分析

目的：探讨老年髋部骨折患者术后并发症发生及死亡的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月-2010年12月间手术治疗的265例65岁以上的老年髋部骨折患者资料,其中男110例（41．51％）,女155例（58．49％）,平均年龄76．43岁（65～95岁）,准确记录患者围手术期可能存在的危险因素包括：性别、年龄、骨折类型、术前内科合并症、手术时机、麻醉方法、手术方式和围手术期输血量,并随访患者术后1年内的生存情况,通过logistic回归分析确定导致老年髋部骨折患者术后1年内并发症发生及死亡的危险因素。结果：术前合并3种及以上内科系统疾病的患者与无术前合并症的患者相比,其术后并发症发生率明显升高,是无术前合并症患者的4．793倍,具有统计学差异（P=0．000,OR-4．793）。手术时机超过伤后72h（P=0．001,OR=3．836）或术前合并症≥3种时（P=0.011,OR=7．752）,会增加患者术后1年内死亡的风险,且均具有统计学差异。其余因素对患者的术后并发症及生存情况无明显影响。结论：在所纳入研究的众多高危因素中,仅术前的内科合并症与术后并发症之间存在因果关联,而术前合并症与手术时机均是导致老年患者术后死亡的危险因素。建议老年髋部骨折患者应尽早行手术治疗,以避免因长期卧床而加重内科系统合并症,从而减小相关术后并发症的发病率和死亡率,改善患者的预后情况。     

老年重症开胸手术围术期呼吸循环变化与呼吸并发症的相关性

目的 探讨老年病人术后呼吸并发症的发生原因及预防策略.方法 对58例高龄或重要脏器有合并症,及行大手术的老年重症开胸手术病人（组1）进行围术期呼吸、循环监测,记录脱氧动脉血气、出入液量、尿比重、漂浮导管血流动力学指标,并与56例非老年病人（组2）进行比较.结果 全组12例呼吸并发症均见于老年重症病人（组1A）,10例为术后早期低氧血症,均始发于术后第2、3 d,另2例为后期感染引起Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭（呼衰）.多因素回归分析示术前呼吸道合并症和肥胖是老年病人术后发生呼吸并发症的独立预测因素.组1A术后前3 d PaO2显著低于未发生呼吸异常的老年病人（组1B）及组2,组1A与组1B术后PaCO2变化相似均显著低于组2.三组间术后第1 d液体出入平衡差异显著,组2为负平衡（-243ml）,组1B为轻度正平衡（＋109ml）,而组1A则为显著的正平衡（＋832ml）,术后前3 d尿比重均显著高于组2.漂浮导管监测发现老年病人术后前3 d心排量上升、外周血管阻力降低表现为循环高动力状态,而肺血管阻力则明显高于术前.结论 老年病人术前呼吸道合并症多见,其是术后易发生呼吸并发症的主要危险因素,呼吸异常是老年重症病人开胸手术后最主要的并发症和死亡原因,手术创伤引起的细胞外液增加所致＂相对性肺水肿＂是造成术后早期容易出现呼吸失代偿的内在因素.减轻创伤应激和严格输液管理可能有助于预防呼吸并发症的发生,密切监护老年病人的呼吸循环指标、尤其是脱氧动脉血气分析以及尿量、尿比重变化趋势,有助于及早发现呼吸异常并及时介入处理以避免发展成为呼吸衰竭.     

优化老年患者胸部手术围手术期管理策略的临床研究

目的 通过优化老年患者开胸手术围手术期管理模式提高手术疗效.方法 对58例≥65岁开胸手术患者进行前瞻性围手术期呼吸、循环监测,观察术后并发症发生情况,并与同期56例<65岁患者对照.在此基础上建立优化围手术期管理模式,前瞻性治疗179例≥65岁病例,并与同期477例非老年病例比较.结果 后期优化管理组老年病例术后住院病死率(4.9%vs.1.1%,P=0.033)及总体并发症发生率(58.6%vs.21.8%,P<0.01)均明显低于前期监测研究组,尤其是以心血管和呼吸为主的功能性并发症发生率明显降低(51.7%vs.14.5%,P<0.01),而外科操作性并发症发生率无明显差异.与前期监测研究组相比,后期优化管理组急性肺损伤(17.2%vs.6.7%,P=0.016)和呼吸衰竭发生率(6.9%vs.1.7%,P=0.041)均下降;术后早期心律失常发生率亦有降低(20.7%vs.7.3%,P=0.004).结论 通过深入术前功能评估、加强手术麻醉中保护性肺通气、术后严格控制液体出入量以及及时的介人性呼吸循环管理、优化老年患者的围手术期管理模式,可明显提高老年患者胸部手术的疗效.     

局部进展期胃癌腹腔镜与开腹D2根治术后并发症危险因素分析

目的探讨进展期胃癌D：根治术后并发症发生的危险因素。方法南方医科大学附属南方医院普通外科自2004年6月至2011年5月连续收治局部进展期胃癌行D2根治术的患者483例,其中腹腔镜手术132例（27.3％）,开腹手术351例（72．7％）,术后并发症按照Clavien．Dindo外科并发症分级系统定义为总体并发症和严重并发症。多因素Logistic模型预测术后并发症的独立危险因素。结果483例患者术后并发症的总体发生率、严重并发症发生率和死亡率分别为12．4％（60／483）、2．5％（12／483）和0．2％（1／483）。腹腔镜手术与开腹手术在术后总体并发症发生率[13．6％（18／132）和12．O％（42／351）,P=0．620]和严重并发症的发生率[3．0％（4／132）和2．3％（8／351）,P=0．743]方面差异均无统计学意义。多因素分析结果显示,年龄大于或等于60岁、有术前合并症和术中失血量大于300ml是导致术后出现并发症的独立危险因素（P〈O．05）;其中,术中失血量大于300ml是术后发生严重并发症的独立危险因素。结论对于局部进展期胃癌腹腔镜D2根治术在技术上可行、安全。对于有术前合并症、术中失血超过300ml和老年患者要警惕术后并发症的发生。减少术中失血量,可能会降低术后严重并发症的发生率。     

术前雾化吸入预防开胸术后老年患者肺部并发症

目的 探讨术前雾化吸入对开胸术后老年患者肺部并发症的预防作用。方法 将106例接受开胸手术的老年患者随机分为观察组与对照组各53例。观察组患者入院后给予雾化吸入至手术前1d．时间为7～10d；术后按常规雾化吸入3d。对照组术后常规雾化吸入3d。结果 观察组术前1d肺功能显著改善（均P〈0．05）．术后肺部并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 术前雾化吸入可明显减少开胸术后患者肺部并发症发生率。     

老年腹部手术患者129例合并症的围术期处理分析

目的探讨老年腹部手术患者合并症的围术期处理。方法回顾分析2003年1月～2007年12月我院收治的129例60岁以上腹部手术患者有合并症的围术期临床资料。结果治愈126例，死亡3例，死亡率2．4％。其中并存呼吸系统疾病58例（46．6％），心血管疾病48例（37．3％），糖尿病32例（24．8％），肝肾功能异常20例（15．5％），贫血、低蛋白血症24例（18．6％）。术后并发伤口感染11例，伤口裂开3例，肺部感染5例，肠瘘3例，心功能不全2例。结论年龄不是腹部手术患者的手术禁忌证，做好合并症的围术期处理，可极大地提高手术成功率，降低手术死亡率和并发症发生率。     

233例胰十二指肠切除术后并发症及死亡危险因素多因素分析

目的 多因素分析胰十二指肠切除（PD）术后并发症及死亡危险因素。方法 233例行PD手术患者，平均年龄56岁；恶性病变210例，良性病变23例；胰头恶性肿瘤72例，壶腹周围恶性肿瘤138例。有重要器官系统合并症59例。根据病变部位分为胰腺组（81例）和壶腹周围组（152例）。结果 术后发生并发症63例（27．0％），早期并发症58例（24．9％），感染并发症28例（12．0％），多器官功能障碍15例（6．4％），出血并发症14例（6．0％），胰瘘12例（5．2％），再手术15例（6．4％），住院死亡16例（6．9％）。多因素分析提示，术后并发症的独立危险因素有重要脏器合并症、手术方式、主胰管直径及手术者经验。住院死亡的独立危险因素有术前血Cr水平、重要脏器合并症及手术者经验。再手术的独立危险因素有术前CA19—9水平、手术者经验、病灶直径及淋巴结转移。胰瘘的独立危险因素有Whipple术式、主胰管直径及手术者经验。结论 重要脏器合并症及手术者经验是PD术后并发症和住院死亡的独立危险因素；手术方式、主胰管直径及手术者经验是胰瘘的独立危险因素。因此，PD适应证及术式选择和技术的完善对于减少术后并发症及住院死亡至关重要。     

应用呼吸训练器降低开胸术后肺部并发症探讨

目的探讨开胸术后应用呼吸训练器行深呼吸训练减少术后肺部并发症的效果。方法将63例行开胸术患者按住院时间分为两组，对照组（22例）行常规护理，观察组（41例）在常规护理的基础上于术后6h采用呼吸训练器行深吸气训练，至术后第7天。结果观察组术后肺部并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论开胸手术患者在常规护理基础上应用呼吸训练器行深呼吸功能锻炼能有效减少术后肺部并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症及其相关因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症的发生率及其相关因素。方法总结2007年1月至2010年5月间施行腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的506例患者的临床资料．观察术后并发症发生率,比较分析术后发生并发症患者（并发症组）与无发生并发症患者（无并发症组）的临床资料的差异,并对其进行多因素回归分析．进一步比较两组患者术后恢复情况及生存情况。结果506例患者出现并发症56例（11．1％）;患者发病年龄、术前合并症、淋巴结转移、手术经验及手术时间与腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症发生有关（P〈0．05）。多因素回归分析显示,术前合并症、淋巴结转移和手术经验是影响术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。与无并发症组相比．并发症组患者术后肛门排气时间较晚、住院时间较长（均P〈0．05）。482例（95．2％）患者获得2～37（中位数13）个月的随访,并发症组与无并发症组的生存曲线和复发率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论影响腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症发生的独立危险因素为术前合并症、淋巴结转移和手术经验。有并发症患者术后恢复较慢,但是术后近、中期生存情况与无并发症者相似。     

老年患者择期开腹手术后感染风险因素分析

目的探讨老年患者择期开腹手术后发生感染并发症的危险因素。方法对2010年5月至2012年2月期间笔者所在医院收治的159例接受择期开腹手术的老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中38例（23.90％）术后出现感染并发症（感染组）,121例无感染并发症（无感染组）,比较2组患者术前相关生理学指标、健康状况指标、手术指标以及术后感染并发症及死亡情况的差异。结果本组159例患者术后感染并发症发生率为23.90％（38／159）;术后死亡2例,术后病死率为1.26％。单因素及多因素logistic回归分析结果提示,患者术前的营养风险、糖尿病史和慢性呼吸系统疾病是术后感染并发症的独立危险因素。结论术前改善老年患者肺部疾病、糖尿病及营养状态,可能对降低术后感染并发症发生率有益。     

Impact of major co-morbidities on mortality and complications after gastric bypass

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that major co-morbidities affect survival and complications after gastric bypass. METHODS: A total of 1465 patients undergoing laparoscopic and open gastric bypass between 1995 and 2002 were studied. Patients with a body mass index >or= 35 kg/m(2) and major co-morbidities (group 1, n = 1045) were compared with patients with a body mass index >or= 40 kg/m(2) with minor/no co-morbidities (group 2, n = 420). RESULTS: Group 1 patients were older (43 versus 36 years, P < 0.001) and had a greater BMI (53 versus 50 kg/m(2), P < 0.001). Early postoperative complications were greater in group 1 than in group 2 and included leaks (4.1% versus 1.2%, P < 0.0032) and wound infections (3.9% versus 1.4%, P < 0.0133). Procedure-related mortality in the series was 1.7%. Mortality was 10-fold greater in group 1 (2.3% versus 0.2%, P < 0.0032). The incidence of small bowel obstruction, incisional hernia, and pulmonary embolism was similar in the two groups. Excess weight loss was significantly greater in group 2 (68% versus 62%, P < 0.001) at 1 year. Resolution of group 1 co-morbidities was great, including hypertension in 62%, diabetes in 75%, venous stasis disease in 96%, and pseudotumor cerebri in 98%. CONCLUSION: Outcomes analysis of obesity surgery requires risk stratification. The very low mortality rates in published studies are likely explained by surgical treatment of low-risk patients with minor co-morbidities, such as those seen in group 2. However, despite the increased perioperative risk, the group 1 patients (with major co-morbidities) demonstrated dramatic resolution of their co-morbid conditions, justifying the decision to go forward with surgery. The data support a radical change in treatment philosophy in which morbidly obese individuals should be offered bariatric surgery before major co-morbid conditions develop as a strategy to decrease the operative risk.     

Risk factors in surgical management of thoracic empyema in elderly patients

Background: Although elderly patients with thoracic disease were considered to be poor candidates for thoracotomy before, recent advances in preoperative and postoperative care as well as surgical techniques have improved outcomes of thoracotomies in this patient group. The aim of this study was to investigate surgical risk factors and results in elderly patients (aged ≥70 years) with thoracic empyema. Methods: Seventy‐one elderly patients with empyema thoracis were enrolled and evaluated from July 2000 to April 2003. The following characteristics and clinical data were analysed: age, sex, aetiology of empyema, comorbid diseases, preoperative conditions, postoperative days of intubation, length of hospital stay after surgery, complications and mortality. Results: Surgical intervention, including total pneumonolysis and evacuation of the pleura empyema cavity, was carried out in all patients. Possible influent risk factors on the outcome were analysed. The sample group included 54 men and 17 women with an average age of 76.8 years. The causes of empyema included parapneumonic effusion (n = 43), lung abscess (n = 8), necrotizing pneumonitis (n = 8), malignancy (n = 5), cirrhosis (n = 2), oesophageal perforation (n = 2), post‐traumatic empyema (n = 2) and post‐thoracotomy complication (n = 1). The 30‐day mortality rate was 11.3% and the in‐hospital mortality rate was 18.3% (13 of 71). Mean follow up was 9.4 months and mean duration of postoperative hospitalization was 35.8 days. Analysis of risk factors showed that patients with necrotizing pneumonitis or abscess had the highest mortality rate (10 of 18, 62.6%). The second highest risk factor was preoperative intubation or ventilator‐dependency (8 of 18, 44.4%). Conclusion: This study presents the clinical features and outcomes of 71 elderly patients with empyema thoracis who underwent surgical treatment. The 30‐day surgical mortality rate was 11.3%. Significant risk factors in elderly patients with empyema thoracis were necrotizing pneumonitis, abscess and preoperative intubation/ventilation. This study also suggested that surgical treatment of empyema thoracic in elderly patients is recommended after failed conservative treatment because of the acceptably postoperative complication and mortality rate.     

Differential effects of advanced age on neurologic and cardiac risks of coronary artery operations.

Two thousand patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass were prospectively studied to compare the influence of age on the incidence of neurologic, cardiac, and other complications. Postoperative neurologic events were found in 56 (2.8%) patients, with an incidence in patients > or = 75 years (8.9%) more than twice that of patients 65 to 74 (3.6%) and nine times larger than in patients < 65 (0.9%). Cardiac complications did not differ between age groups except for low cardiac output state, which occurred 1.7 times more frequently in patients > or = 75 years compared with those < 65. Patients with postoperative neurologic events had a ninefold increase in mortality--35.7% versus 4.0%. Logistic regression analysis demonstrate the most important predictors of a postoperative neurologic event to be age, preoperative neurologic abnormality, recent myocardial infarction, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass. The risk of neurologic complications increases disproportionately to the risk of cardiac complications in the elderly undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Despite neurologic improvement (32 of 56 patients), a postoperative neurologic event was second only to low cardiac output state as the postoperative complication most highly associated with in-hospital death. These results are important for decisions regarding selection of candidates for coronary artery bypass grafting and for prediction of surgical outcome.     

Surgical treatment for multinodular goitres in geriatric patients

Background Although age is not a contraindication for thyroid surgery, few elderly patients undergo surgery due to the greater risk of morbidity. The aims of this study are to determine in patients aged >65 years: (1) whether the indications for surgery on multinodular goitre (MG) differ with respect to younger patients; (2) the surgical results; and (3) whether the postsurgery morbidity and mortality rates are higher.Patients and method Eighty-one patients aged over 65 years who were receiving surgery for MG were analysed; 40 49%) presented with associated co-morbidities. Sixty percent had thyroid symptoms, either compressive and/or toxic. All underwent programmed surgery following stabilisation and strict control of their co-morbidities. As a control group we used 510 MG patients receiving surgery and aged between 30 and 65 years.Results Compared with the control group the geriatric patients had a longer time of goitre evolution (P=0.032), greater presence of symptoms (P=0.001) and a higher percentage of intrathoracic component (P=0.001). Compressive symptoms were the major indication for surgery (P=0.001). Postoperative complications occurred in 40% of the patients, a higher rate than in the control group (28%; P=0.011), although a large percentage of those complications were transitory. Definitive complications included two recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries (2.5%). The preoperative symptoms remitted in all the patients, and only three were associated with a thyroid carcinoma, one of which was anaplastic.Conclusions MG operated on in elderly patients has a longer evolution and an intrathoracic component, and surgery is indicated restrictively. With close monitoring of the co-morbidities and a programmed operation the results with regard to morbidity and mortality are similar to those obtained at younger ages.     

Esophageal resection in elderly esophageal carcinoma patients: improvement in postoperative complications

BACKGROUND: Advanced age is considered to be a relative contraindication for radical esophagectomy with a three-field lymph node dissection. METHODS: Preoperative risks, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival in 55 elderly patients (> or =70 years) who had undergone extensive esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma were compared with those of 149 younger patients (<70 years). RESULTS: Elderly patients had worse preoperative cardiopulmonary function and had more frequent postoperative cardiopulmonary complications compared with younger patients (p < 0.05). The postoperative death rate was not statistically different between the elderly (10.9%) and younger groups (5.4%). When the study period was divided into an early and a late phase, the postoperative death rate dropped significantly (p < 0.05) in recent years (1.4%) when compared with the previous era (10.0%). The overall survival rates were not different between elderly and younger patients. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative cardiopulmonary risk factors and postoperative complications after esophagectomy were more frequently noticed in elderly patients than in younger patients. A dramatic improvement in postoperative death was noticed in recent years. The long-term survival of elderly patients after extended esophagectomy was almost similar to that in younger patients.     

Stair climbing test as a predictor of cardiopulmonary complications after pulmonary lobectomy in the elderly

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the role of a symptom-limited stair climbing test in predicting postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in elderly candidates for lung resection. METHODS: A consecutive series of 109 patients more than 70 years of age who underwent pulmonary lobectomy for lung carcinoma from January 2000 through May 2003 formed the prospective database of this study. All patients in the analysis performed a preoperative symptom-limited stair climbing test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. RESULTS: At univariate analysis, the patients with complications had a lower forced expiratory capacity percentage of predicted (p = 0.048), predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage of predicted (p = 0.049), climbed a lower height at preoperative stair climbing test (p = 0.0004), and presented a greater proportion of cardiac comorbiditiy with respect to the patients without complications (p = 0.02). After logistic regression analysis, significant predictors of postoperative complications resulted in the presence of a concomitant cardiac disease (p = 0.04) and a low height climbed preoperatively (p = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS: A symptom-limited stair climbing test was a safe and simple instrument capable of predicting cardiopulmonary complications in the elderly after lung resection.     

Is gastrectomy safe in the elderly? A single institution review

The population of the United States is aging. Studies within the last several years have demonstrated that major abdominal operations in elderly patients can be done safely, but with increased rates of complications. We set out to determine the rates of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing gastric resection at a tertiary care university hospital. A retrospective analysis was performed of 157 consecutive gastric resections between January 1998 and July 2007. Group A (n = 99) consisted of patients < 75-years-old at surgery, whereas group B (n = 58) included patients who were ≥ 75 years of age at time of surgery. These two groups had their clinical and demographic data analyzed. Postoperative length of hospital stay, perioperative major morbidity, and in-hospital mortality were analyzed using analysis of variance, χ(2), and multivariate analyses. The average age of patients in group A was 57 years, compared with 81 years in group B. We found no significant difference in the percentage of gastric resections for malignancy (group A, 49% vs group B, 62%) or emergency surgery (group A, 10% vs group B, 10%) between age groups. There was a significant increase in length of stay in the older patients (11.7 days vs 17.6 days; P = 0.032), as well as major complications (11.1% in group A vs 27.6% in group B; P = 0.008). The in-hospital mortality rates approached significance (group A, 4% vs group B, 12%; P = 0.057). Gastric resection in elderly patients carries with it longer hospital stays, higher risk of complications, and in-hospital mortality rates despite similarity in patient disease. This information is imperative to convey to the elderly patients in the preoperative period before gastric resection.     

高龄患者腹腔镜结直肠切除术安全性的研究

目的:评价为高龄患者行腹腔镜结直肠切除术的安全性及可行性。方法:回顾分析2003年8月至2008年8月我院择期行结直肠切除术中大于等于70岁高龄患者的临床资料。比较同期56例腹腔镜结直肠切除术和52例开腹手术患者的一般情况、疾病分类、手术指标、术后恢复情况和治疗效果。患者平均年龄开腹组74岁,腹腔镜组73岁。两组患者术前合并症、美国麻醉师协会术前危险度评分、疾病类型均无显著差异。结果:平均手术时间开腹组192min,腹腔镜组187min,P=0.616。开腹组术中平均出血218ml,腹腔镜组约86ml,P=0.000。腹腔镜组1例中转开腹。两组均无死亡病例。肠功能恢复时间开腹组5d,腹腔镜组3d,P=0.000。进流食时间开腹组5d,腹腔镜组4d,P=0.026。平均住院时间开腹组22d,腹腔镜组18d,P=0.000。术后心肺并发症发生率开腹组26.9%,腹腔镜组10.7%,P=0.030。结论:为高龄患者行腹腔镜结直肠切除术安全可行,可减少患者术中出血量,降低术后心肺并发症的发生率,加快术后胃肠功能恢复,缩短住院时间等。