藐小棘隙吸虫感染的季节分布及其影响因素的研究

为了解人群藐小棘隙吸虫感染的季节分布和影响因素以及年度感染情况，于１９９５年在安装和县陈桥村选择１所小学进行纵向观察研究。结果表明，在小学生中藐小棘隙吸虫感染呈明显季节性，秋季（９￣１０月份）是感染的高峰季节，生饮含有该虫尾蚴的池塘水是造成季节性感染的主要原因。各月份藐小棘隙吸虫感染率与饮生水率，饮水频次和饮生水量，经相关分析均有显著意义（ｒ分别为０．９６０，０．８３４和０．８９６，Ｐ〈０．０５）     

藐小棘隙吸虫感染的季节分布及其影响因素的研究

为了解人群藐小棘隙吸虫感染的季节分布和影响因素以及年度罹患情况。1995年在安徽和县陈桥村选择1所小学进行纵向观察研究,结果表明:在小学生中藐小棘隙吸虫感染呈明显季节性,秋季(9-10月份)是感染的高峰季节,生饮含有该虫尾蚴的池塘水是造成季节性感染的主要原因。各月份藐小棘隙吸虫感染率与饮生水率、饮水频次和饮生水量,经相关分析均有显著意义(R_1=0.960,R_2=0.834,R_3=0.896 P<0.05)。同时调查表明小学生藐小棘隙吸虫年度罹患严重,罹患率高达31.86％,是该地区影响青少年健康的常见寄生虫病。     

藐小棘隙吸虫流行病学研究Ⅲ．饮水与藐小棘隙吸虫感染的前瞻性定群研究

本文以前瞻性定群研究，报道了饮水与藐小棘隙吸虫感染的关系。结果表明：１．陈桥洲居民藐小棘隙吸虫年感染率为１１．２３％；２．饮用塘水和混饮江、塘水者感染藐小棘隙吸虫的相对危险度（ＲＲ）分别是饮江水者的３．７２倍和４．２８倍；３．饮生水人群的ＲＲ是４非饮生水者的８．１２倍，且分层分析后上述关系仍然成立；４．感染率与饮生水量呈剂量反应关系；５．其它寄生虫未见上述联系；６．当地人群特异危险度（ＰＡＲ）及特异危险度百分比（ＰＡＲ％）分别为９．４３％和８３．９７％。结果提示生饮塘水为当地居民感染藐小棘隙吸虫的主要途径。     

藐小棘隙吸虫流行病学研究：Ⅲ.饮水与藐水棘隙吸虫感染…

本文以前瞻性定群研究，报道了饮水与藐小棘隙吸虫感染的关系，结果表明：１，陈桥洲居民藐小棘隙吸虫感染率为１１．２３％，２．饮用塘水和混饮江，塘水者感染藐小棘隙吸虫的相对危险度（ＲＲ）分别是饮江水者的３．７２倍和４．２８；３．饮生水人群的ＲＲ是非饮生水者的８．１２倍，且分民支分析后上述关系仍然成立，４．感染率与饮生水量呈剂量反应关系，５．其它寄生虫未见上述联系，６．当地人群特异危险度（ＰＡＲ）及特异危     

藐小棘隙吸虫感染对儿童生长发育影响的研究

为了探讨藐小棘隙吸虫对儿童生长发育的影响，本文将７５例感染藐小棘隙吸虫的小学生随机分为２组，分别用吡喹酮和安慰剂５ｍｇ／ｋｇ顿服，治后５个月进行检查对比。结果吡喹酮和安慰剂组５项测量指标中４项差异均无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），故初步认为藐小棘隙吸虫感染对少年儿童生长发育的影响尚不明显。     

藐小棘隙吸虫病流行病学研究 2、中间宿主感染情况及其季节消长

和县陈桥洲藐小棘隙吸虫中间宿主调查首次报告了铜锈环棱螺为藐小棘隙吸虫第一中间宿主。其自然感染呈明显的季节性变化,7月下旬至12月上旬可检到阳性螺,以9～11月份感染率最高。检查第二中间宿主淡水鱼19种(1855尾),其中17种检出囊蚴,平均感染率为83.68%。淡水鱼各月感染率变化差异无显著性,但感染度从11月至翌年4月最高。文中就该地藐小棘隙吸虫流行因素以及中间宿主感染的季节消长与气温、降雨等因素的关系作了讨论,并提出了中间宿主调查的适宜季节。     

藐小棘隙吸虫流行病学研究 Ⅲ.饮水与藐小棘隙吸虫感染的前瞻性定群研究

本文以前瞻性定群研究,报道了饮水与藐小棘隙吸虫感染的关系。结果表明:1.陈桥洲居民藐小棘隙吸虫年感染率为11.23%;2.饮用塘水和混饮江、塘水者感染藐小棘隙吸虫的相对危险度(RR)分别是饮江水者的3.72倍和4.28倍;3.饮生水人群的 RR 是非饮生水者的8.12倍,且分层分析后上述关系仍然成立;4.感染率与饮生水量呈剂量反应关系;5.其它寄生虫未见上述联系;6.当地人群特异危险度(PAR)及特异危险度百分比(PAR%)分别为9.43%和83.97%。结果提示生饮塘水为当地居民感染藐小棘隙吸虫的主要途径。     

藐小棘隙吸虫尾蚴直接感染终宿主的实验研究

本实验为用藐小棘隙吸虫尾蚴直接经口感染终宿主人、犬的研究。９只幼犬分别喂以不同数量的尾蚴（４５００～８８０００条），于感染后３．５ｈ至３４ｄ分别解剖。结果实验犬藐小棘隙吸虫感染率为１００％，获虫率４．０１％；感染后３．５ｈ，部分尾蚴在胃中发育成囊蚴；８ｈ脱囊幼虫在小肠内发现；１３ｄ，幼虫发育成熟，虫卵在大便中被检获，两名志愿者分别口服尾蚴８４００条和１５００条，于感染后第１５ｄ、１６ｄ自粪中检获虫卵。结果提示人、畜生饮含有藐小棘隙吸虫尾蚴的水可致感染。     

藐小棘隙吸虫病流行病学研究Ⅰ．终宿主感染情况及分布特征

１９９１～１９９３年对安徽省和县陈桥洲村进行了藐小棘隙吸虫终宿主感染情况的调查。结果显示，居民、猫、犬的感染率分别为１３．７１％（８９９／６５５７）、３９．７６％（３３／８３）和６２．１６％（１１５／１８５）。人群的感　染与性别无关，而与年龄密切相关，年龄越低，感染率越高。３～１０岁感染率最高，为２６．０１％；１１～２０岁、　２１～３０岁、３１～４０岁、４１～５０岁与５１岁以上者感染率依次为２１．６９％、１４．２６％、９．５０％、８．７４％和　３．０６％；３～３０岁感染率构成比高达７８．３１％。对感染者的分布特征分析表明，藐小棘隙吸虫感染有极明　显的家庭聚集性和空间聚集性。认为居民感染藐小棘隙吸虫与其饮水有关。     

藐小棘隙吸虫病感染方式的研究

经流行病学调查及实验研究表明，居民感染藐小棘隙吸虫系由于生饮含有该吸虫见蚴的水或食入其活囊蚴。经常喝生水的居民的感染率为20.1％，较不喝生水居民的感染率1．5％高12．6倍。该地水体中仅检到该吸虫尾蚴．未发现囊蚴。因此可以认为，藐小棘隙吸虫感染人体的主要方式是尾蚴直接经口，而囊蚴经口感染为次要。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.