原发性肝癌三维适形放射治疗疗效评价

目的探讨三维适形放疗原发性肝癌疗效。方法采用60Co机对101例中晚期原发性肝癌进行三维适形放疗。肿瘤靶体积为37～2160cm3。单次剂量2～3Gy，1次／d，5次／w，总照射剂量40～70Gy（平均53．7Gy）。结果完全缓解（CR）率为10．8，部分缓解（PR）率为44．5％，总有效率为55．3％。1、2、3年生存率分别为44．5％、16．8％、4．9％，中位生存期10个月。Cox回归分析提示放射性肝病为独立的预后因素（P=0．000）。结论三维适形放射治疗原发性肝癌有较好疗效，放射反应可以耐受。     

125例胶质瘤术后三维适形放疗临床研究的初步结果

目的探讨三维适形放疗在胶质瘤术后放疗的疗效及毒副反应。方法胶质瘤术后患者125例随机分为适形放疗组和常规放疗组，适形放疗组63例，常规放疗组62例，术后2周至1个月内接受放射治疗，适形放疗组全程采用立体适形放疗，每次剂量2～2．5Gy，总剂量50～60Gy，时间4～6周，常规放疗组采用局部双侧平行对穿野或夹角等中心照射，每次剂量1．8～2．0Gy，总剂量50～60Gy，时间5～6周；两组病例合并行影响生存时间因素的COX回归；对比两组局部控制率、生存率及毒副反应差别。结果病理分级、切除方式和照射方式是影响生存的主要因素，三维适形放疗和常规组的1、2、3年局部控制率分别为77．9％、66．5％、57．7％和67．4％、47．9％、37．9％（χ^2=4．65，P〈0．05），1、2、3年生存率分别是81．0％、71．3％、63．2％和80．6％、58．1％、44．8％（χ^2=4．42，P〈0．05），脑水肿发生率分别是33．3％、51．6％（χ^2=12．09，P=0．001）。结论胶质瘤术后局部三维适形放射治疗局部控制率及生存率优于常规放疗，不良反应明显少于常规放疗。     

常规分割与大分割放射治疗骨转移癌疼痛疗效对比研究

目的：比较常规分割放疗方案与大分割放疗方案治疗骨转移癌疼痛的疗效。方法：选择骨转移癌60例,随机分为观察组32例和对照组28例。观察组采用常规分割放疗方案,每次2 Gy,每周5次,总照射剂量40 Gy;对照组采用大分割放疗方案,每次3 Gy,每周3次,总照射剂量30 Gy。比较两组疗效。结果：观察组完全缓解（CR）率75.0%,部分缓解（PR）率18.8%,总有效率93.8%;对照组CR率67.9%,PR率21.4%,总有效率89.3%。两组总有效率比较,差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论：常规分割与大分割放疗方案治疗骨转移癌疼痛疗效相近。     

鼻咽癌后程三维适形放疗与常规分割放疗的临床研究

目的探讨后程三维适形放疗（3D—CRT）与常规分割放疗（cv）治疗鼻咽癌的疗效和毒副反应。方法将符合入组条件的62例鼻咽鳞癌患者随机分为CF组和3D—CRT组各31例。两组均采用双侧面颈联合野对穿照射,200cGy／次,5次,周,鼻咽部剂量达36～40Gy后改为小面颈野或耳前野对穿避开脊髓继续照射;CF组继续用原分割方案照射至鼻咽部总量66—70Gy,3D—CRT组照射50Gy后改用三维适形放射治疗,3．5～4Gy／次,4次／周,连续5-6次,总剂量达76～81Gy。颈部淋巴结转移灶照射到68—70Gv,预防照射50Gy。结果3D—CItT组及CF组3、5年原发灶控制率分别为94％、74％和81％、48％（χ2=4．94,P=0．029）;生存率分别为90％、77％和81％、52％（χ2=4．80,P=0．032）。两组急性毒副反应及放射后遗症发生率差异无显著性（χ2=0．34、0．08,P=0．577、0．778）。结论后程三维适形放疗与常规分割放疗相比,提高了鼻咽癌3、5年局部控制率及生存率．而未增加急性毒性反应和放疗后遗症。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的疗效分析

目的 观察三维适形放疗联合TACE对不能手术的原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的临床疗效.方法 33例原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者,TACE 1～2次后,行三维适形放射治疗,大体肿瘤靶区只包括癌栓,不包括肝内原发灶,采用4～6个共面或非共面照射野,使90%的等剂量曲线覆盖PTV.照射总量45～60Gy,单次照射剂量2～4 Gy/次.结果 有效率（CR＋PR）为54.6%（18/33）,1、2年的生存率分别为45.5%和21.2%.无严重并发症出现.结论 三维适形放射治疗联合TACE对肝癌合并门静脉癌栓有较好的疗效.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合体外放疗治疗肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓的安全性和有效性

 目的 评估肝细胞肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者经肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE)联合体外放疗(external-beam radiation therapy, EBRT)的安全性和有效性。方法 收集我院肿瘤中心2011-01至2013-12行TACE联合门静脉癌栓放疗的肝细胞肝癌53例。放疗方式包括三维适形放疗、伽马刀放疗及调强适形放疗,放疗剂量分割主要包括60 Gy/30F、60 Gy/20F和60 Gy/12F。收集患者性别、年龄、ECOG评分、肝炎病毒感染情况、Child-Pugh分级、治疗前AFP水平、门脉癌栓位置、TACE与EBRT先后顺序、放疗的等效生物学剂量、癌栓疗效、患者1年生存情况及治疗相关毒副反应。结果 门静脉癌栓患者经治疗CR 6例,PR 22例,SD 20例,PD 5例,总体有效率(CR+PR)为52.8%(28/53),总生存时间为3.5～27.1个月,中位生存时间为11.4个月,平均生存时间为17.5个月。ECOG评分、癌栓是否累及门静脉主干,以及癌栓经过联合治疗后的疗效影响患者的1年生存率。当患者首先行肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗时,腹痛、腹泻、消化道出血及转氨酶升高等不良反应发生率较高。结论 TACE联合门静脉癌栓放射治疗是肝癌合并门脉癌栓的有效治疗手段。首先行癌栓放疗,可以减轻不良反应。     

食管癌三维适形放疗的近期临床疗效观察

目的观察三维适形放疗（3DCRT）治疗中晚期食管癌的近期临床疗效和不良反应。方法将62例经病理证实的食管鳞癌患者分成常规放疗组（常规组）32例和三维适形放疗组（适形组）30例。采用电子直线加速器的6 MV-X线进行放疗,常规放疗组处方剂量60～66 Gy,2 Gy/次,5次/w,6～7 w完成;三维适形放疗组的处方剂量为60～66 Gy,2 Gy/次,5次/w,6～7 w完成治疗。以治疗结束时和治疗结束后3个月复查食管钡餐造影资料作为评价依据。结果近期疗效评价中,常规组和适形组的有效率分别为81.3%和100%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.27,P〈0.05）;两组治疗的不良反应相近,患者可耐受。结论 3DCRT较常规放疗有优势,是治疗食管癌的有效方法。     

甘氨双唑钠增敏三维适形放疗治疗气管食管沟淋巴结转移分析

目的探讨经甘氨双唑钠增敏的三维适形放射治疗食管癌气管食管沟淋巴结(TGLN)转移的近期疗效。方法 53例的食管癌TGLN转移患者按治疗方法不同分为治疗组(27例)和对照组(26例)。治疗组行三维适形放疗,同时在行放疗前给予甘氨双唑钠800 mg/m2,加入100 ml生理盐水静脉滴注,30 min内滴完,用药后1 h内放疗,每周3次(周1、3、5用药),连续用药至放疗结束;对照组行单纯放疗。两组放疗均采用常规分割,总剂量60 Gy。结果治疗组与对照组局部控制率(CR+PR)分别为81.5%(22/27)和50%(13/26),1年生存率分别为81.5%(22/27)和34.65%(9/26),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不良反应主要表现为放射性食管炎和白细胞下降,多为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级。结论甘氨双唑钠增敏三维适形放疗治疗食管癌TGLN转移可提高局部控制率和近期疗效,副作用可耐受。     

化疗并后程加速超分割放疗中晚期食管癌

目的观察同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗(后超组)和同期化疗并常规分割放疗治疗食管癌(常规组)的疗效和毒性,寻找更有效的局部控制率和降低远处转移率并提高生存率的治疗方法.方法选择病变长度≤12 cm、无远处转移证据的中晚期食管癌分后超组和常规组各40例.两组化疗方案相同.后超组放疗第1～28天,为常规分割放疗,缩野后行加速超分割放疗,总剂量为67 Gy/38次,共42 d.常规组放疗为全程常规分割放疗,总剂量为70 Gy/35次,共49 d.结果近期疗效后超组Ⅰ+Ⅱ级31例占77.5%,Ⅲ+Ⅳ级9例占22.5%,常规组Ⅰ+Ⅱ级22例占55.0%,Ⅲ+Ⅳ级18例占45.0%(P＜0.05).后超组和常规组1,2年局部控制率分别为77.14%、51.86%和55.21%、31.28%(P=0.049);后超组和常规组1,2年生存率分别为72.22%、48.64%和54.09%、27.33%(P=0.041).急性放射性食管炎后超组明显重于常规组,且持续时间长.白细胞下降、胃肠道不良反应及放射性肺炎两组比较,其差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论(1)同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗的放射性食管炎虽有所增加,但多数患者能耐受;(2)同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗较同期化疗并常规分割放射治疗提高了近期疗效、局控率及生存率.     

同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗食管癌的毒副反应

目的观察同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗食管癌耐受性和毒性反应。方法选择病变长度≤12cm、无远处转移证据（锁骨上淋巴结转移除外）的中晚期食管癌分同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗（后超组）和同期化疗并常规分割放射治疗（常规组）各40例。两组化疗方案相同：顺铂20mg／m^2、氟脲嘧啶脱氧核苷500mg／m^2、每周2次，共6次。后超组放疗第1～28天，为常规分割放疗，40Gy，分20次，共28d；第29～42天，缩野后行加速超分割放疗，1．5Gy，次，2次，d，共27Gy，分18次，共13d，总剂量：67Gy，分38次，共42d。常规组放疗为全程常规分割放疗，总剂量为70Gy，分35次，共49d。结果急性放射性食管炎的发生率后超组为100％，常规组为87．5％；其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ级食管炎的发生率后超组为35％，明显大于常规组15％（P〈0．05），且持续时间长。白细胞下降、胃肠道不良反应、放射性肺炎及肺纤维化两组比较，其差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。后超组有3例、常规组有1例因Ⅲ级食管炎而使疗程中断，经抗生素和激素等对症治疗后均在7d内恢复放疗。结论①同期化疗并后程加速超分割放疗的放射性食管炎虽有所增加，但多数患者能耐受；②骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、放射性肺炎及肺纤维化两组比较差异无统计学意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.