多叶准直器叶片位置误差对鼻咽癌调强放疗剂量的影响

目的 分析多叶准直器(MLC)叶片位置误差对鼻咽癌调强放射治疗靶区和危及器官剂量的影响.方法 选取10例已行鼻咽癌调强放疗患者计划,通过修改MLC文件,在计划文件中引入MLC叶片的位置误差,模拟调强计划执行过程中可能出现的叶片不到位情况,比较不同模拟计划与原计划的剂量学差异.结果 2 mm范围内的叶片随机误差及叶片偏移误差的剂量学影响差异无统计学意义(JP＞0.05),计划靶区(PGTV、PTV1及PTV2)D95％最大改变量为(-0.92±0.51)％、(1.00±0.24)％和(0.62±0.17)％,脊髓及脑干D0.1cc最大改变量为(1.90±2.80)％和(-1.78±1.42)％,左右腮腺Dmean最大改变量为(1.36±1.23)％和(-2.25±2.04)％.与原计划相比,当叶片外扩达2 mm时,PGTV、PTV1及PTV2的D95％和D5％受量显著增加(t=8.97、10.97、9.74、7.30、6.04、3.04,P＜0.05);脊髓及脑干D0.1cc显著增加(t=6.16、9.22,P＜0.05);左右腮腺Dmean显著增加(t=7.12、4.25,P＜0.05).结论 鼻咽癌调强放疗时,直线加速器MLC叶片在一定范围内的随机误差及叶片整体偏向一侧的位置误差对剂量分布的影响并不显著,叶片外扩及内收的位置误差对剂量分布的影响不可忽略,应加强对MLC系统位置误差的质量控制以提高放疗精度.     

鼻咽癌束流调强放疗的腮腺保护剂量学研究

目的探讨不同鼻咽癌束流调强放疗计划对腮腺剂量分布的影响。方法在相同的剂量要求和限制下,比较鼻咽癌常规束流调强放射治疗计划与仅保护一侧腮腺时或腮腺扩大计划靶区（加2或3mm边缘）时的束流调强放射治疗计划。结果仅保护一侧腮腺的调强计划与常规计划比较,PTV70在靶区覆盖情况、均匀指数和适形指数方面均相似。PTV59.4的最小剂量大于常规计划（P〈0.01）,D95也得到提高（P〈0.01）。两个计划需保护的腮腺D50%VOL和Dmean相似。扩大腮腺计划靶区（加2或3mm边缘）的调强计划与常规计划比较：PTV70在靶区覆盖情况、均匀指数和适形指数方面均相似。然而从常规计划到腮腺加2mm边缘的调强计划再到加3mm边缘的调强计划,PTV59.4的Dmin和Dmean有下降的趋势,而脑干和脊髓的受量有增加的趋势。结论调强计划中腮腺保护困难时,可仅做保护一侧腮腺的束流调强放疗计划;估计腮腺可能产生明显的位置变化时,可考虑加大腮腺的计划靶区,以保证治疗过程腮腺始终能得到较好的保护。     

锥形束CT测量胸段食管癌调强放疗摆位误差对剂量学的影响

目的 应用千伏级锥形束CT(kV-CBCT)测量胸段食管癌调强放疗的摆位误差,探讨摆位误差对肿瘤靶体积和周围正常组织受照剂量的影响.方法 21例胸段食管癌患者经图像引导调强放疗,共获得173组CBCT摆位误差数据,利用这些数据在三维治疗计划系统中模拟患者的实际治疗过程,分析摆位误差对肿瘤靶区及周围正常组织受照剂量的影响.结果 21例患者左右、头脚、前后方向的摆位误差分别是(2.73 ±1.85)、(3.19±2.71)和(2.35±1.71)mm.摆位误差对患者GTV的剂量学影响不明显,但误差却使患者95％ PTV( D95％)接受的剂量与标准计划相比降低3.38 Gy,PTV最小剂量(Dmin)和平均剂量(Dmean)分别下降9.83和0.65 Gy,摆位误差的修正提高了计划靶区的适形度和剂量均匀性,标准计划相应值分别为(0.74±0.10)和(1.07±0.02),模拟计划相应值分别为(0.69±0.08)和(1.13±0.07),差异均有统计学意义(t=3.43和-3.91,P＜0.05);摆位误差对脊髓的最大剂量(Dmax)、双肺和心脏等周围正常组织受照剂量影响,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),模拟计划中脊髓的最大剂量均值为(42.20±4.97)Gy,标准计划为(41.37±2.75) Gy,摆位误差使部分患者脊髓最大剂量超过45 Gy,其中1例最大值达到52.8 Gy.结论 kV-CBCT图像引导胸段食管癌调强放疗可减小患者的摆位误差,提高PTV的受照剂量和治疗精度,摆位误差对双肺、脊髓和心脏受照剂量未见明显改变.     

脑胶质瘤三维适形放射治疗与调强放射治疗的剂量学比较

目的 评价脑胶质瘤调强放射治疗较三维适形放射治疗的剂量学优势.方法 本研究采用10例脑胶质瘤患者,针对所有患者分别进行3D CRT和IMRT的计划设计,利用剂量体积直方图评价不同照射技术中靶区和正常组织照射剂量、适形度指数和不均匀性指数.处方剂量为60 Gy.结果 IMRT计划脑干最大剂量和受照体积、患侧腮腺平均剂量和脊髓最大剂量均低于3D CRT计划.对于靶区适形度指数,IMRT计划优于3D CRT计划;对于不均匀性指数,两种计划模式的差异没有统计学意义.结论 在脑胶质瘤放疗中应用IMRT可以明显降低脑干的剂量和受照体积,为靶区剂量的提高提供了可能性.     

CT图像重建视野大小对放射治疗计划剂量计算及体积评估的影响

目的 探讨CT图像重建视野(FOV)大小对放射治疗计划剂量计算及体积评估可能存在的影响.方法 对16例鼻咽癌患者的CT原始扫描数据分别行45 cm常规FOV和65 cm扩展视野(EFOV)重建并传输至放射治疗计划系统,所有病例均在常规FOV重建的CT图像上勾画肿瘤体积(GTV)、临床靶区(CTV)及脑干、晶体、腮腺、脊髓等危及器官,并制定7野等角动态调强放射治疗计划(GTV处方剂量70 Gy).两种重建方法图像按照医学数字影像通信3.0标准(DICOM 3.0)坐标方式融合后,拷贝常规FOV图像上的靶区及危及器官至EFOV图像,并将治疗计划移植至EFOV图像,治疗计划中心为两种重建方法图像的同一DICOM坐标,利用剂量体积直方图(DVH)工具计算两种重建方法图像上GTV、CTV和脑干、晶体、腮腺、脊髓的体积、最大剂量(Dmax)、平均剂量(Dmean)及最小剂量(Dmin).将入组病例的每个治疗计划7野分别导入常规45 cm FOV和65 cmEFOV重建的二维通量图验证设备Mapchek 1175的模体,距离通过协议(DTA)分析5 cm深度平面绝对剂量的计算和实测结果通过率.结果 两种重建方法图像上的靶区和危及器官的体积差异具有统计学意义,所有入组病例靶区和危及器官在常规FOV图像上的体积均大于EFOV图像上的体积.较小体积的晶体最大剂量Dmax常规FOV与EFOV图像之间差异有统计学意义(t=-3.14,P<0.007),其余靶区及危及器官的最大剂量Dmax差异无统计学意义.CTV和GTV平均剂量Dmean在EFOV图像上大于FOV图像,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.45、-5.65,P<0.001),危及器官的平均剂量Dmean和靶区及危及器官最小剂量Dmin差异均无统计学意义.两种重建方法图像上治疗计划的7野通过率之间差异无统计学意义.结论 在放射治疗CT模拟定位过程中图像重建FOV的大小对于靶区及部分危及器官的体积及剂量计算结果和治疗计划的评价存在影响;观察和验证二维通 量图通过率,两者之间的差异并不显著.     

CT图像重建视野大小对放射治疗计划剂量计算及体积评估的影响

目的 探讨CT图像重建视野(FOV)大小对放射治疗计划剂量计算及体积评估可能存在的影响.方法 对16例鼻咽癌患者的CT原始扫描数据分别行45 cm常规FOV和65 cm扩展视野(EFOV)重建并传输至放射治疗计划系统,所有病例均在常规FOV重建的CT图像上勾画肿瘤体积(GTV)、临床靶区(CTV)及脑干、晶体、腮腺、脊髓等危及器官,并制定7野等角动态调强放射治疗计划(GTV处方剂量70 Gy).两种重建方法图像按照医学数字影像通信3.0标准(DICOM 3.0)坐标方式融合后,拷贝常规FOV图像上的靶区及危及器官至EFOV图像,并将治疗计划移植至EFOV图像,治疗计划中心为两种重建方法图像的同一DICOM坐标,利用剂量体积直方图(DVH)工具计算两种重建方法图像上GTV、CTV和脑干、晶体、腮腺、脊髓的体积、最大剂量(Dmax)、平均剂量(Dmean)及最小剂量(Dmin).将入组病例的每个治疗计划7野分别导入常规45 cm FOV和65 cmEFOV重建的二维通量图验证设备Mapchek 1175的模体,距离通过协议(DTA)分析5 cm深度平面绝对剂量的计算和实测结果通过率.结果 两种重建方法图像上的靶区和危及器官的体积差异具有统计学意义,所有入组病例靶区和危及器官在常规FOV图像上的体积均大于EFOV图像上的体积.较小体积的晶体最大剂量Dmax常规FOV与EFOV图像之间差异有统计学意义(t=-3.14,P<0.007),其余靶区及危及器官的最大剂量Dmax差异无统计学意义.CTV和GTV平均剂量Dmean在EFOV图像上大于FOV图像,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.45、-5.65,P<0.001),危及器官的平均剂量Dmean和靶区及危及器官最小剂量Dmin差异均无统计学意义.两种重建方法图像上治疗计划的7野通过率之间差异无统计学意义.结论 在放射治疗CT模拟定位过程中图像重建FOV的大小对于靶区及部分危及器官的体积及剂量计算结果和治疗计划的评价存在影响;观察和验证二维通 量图通过率,两者之间的差异并不显著.     

RapidArc联合主动呼吸控制技术应用于胸段食管癌调强放疗的剂量学研究

目的 探讨RapidArc联合主动呼吸控制(ABC)技术在胸段食管癌调强放疗的剂量学特点.方法 选取10例接受放疗的胸段食管癌患者,在ABC辅助下选择吸气末屏气触发方式(mDIBH),触发阈值设定为呼吸曲线峰值的80％,和自由呼吸(FB)状态下分别行定位CT扫描,应用三维治疗计划系统为每例患者设计FB下的IMRT(IMRT-FB)和双弧RapidArc( Arc-FB)、mDIBH下的3个小弧RapidArc( Arc-A BC)3种调强放疗计划.评价靶区的D2％、D98％、V95,均匀指数(HI)和适形指数(CI),正常组织的相关剂量体积参数Vx,以及总机器跳数(MU)、总控制点数( control points)和治疗时间.结果 PTV的平均体积由FB下的376 cm3减少到了mDIBH下的260cm3.mDIBH下的双肺平均体积为5964.6 cm3,而FB则为3838.8 cm3,增加了35％;mDIBH和FB状态下平均心脏体积分别为524.4和642.7 cm3.Arc-ABC计划靶区的CI、HI及D2％、D98％、V95与IMRT-FB和Arc-FB计划差异无统计学意义,双肺的V10、V20、V30、V40及平均剂量(Dmean)明显低于IMRT-FB和Arc-FB(F=4.38、5.34、4.07、3.89、4.28,P＜0.05),心脏的V20、V30、V40、Dmean及脊髓Dmax有不同程度的下降,但差异无统计学意义.Arc-ABC计划的总机器跳数和子野数也明显少于IMRT-FB计划(F=26.86、12.56,P＜0.05).结论 RapidArc联合ABC在胸段食管癌精确放疗中具有提高靶区剂量和降低肺组织受照剂量的作用.     

食管癌调强放疗中摆位误差对剂量学的影响

目的通过电子射野影像装置(EPID)测量食管癌患者在调强放疗过程中的摆位误差,分析摆位误差对靶区和正常组织受量的影响,验证目前计划靶体积(PTV)外放范围的合理性。方法 36例食管癌患者用EPID测量其摆位误差,每位患者接受摆位验证4~6次(1次/周)。在医科达(CMS-XIO)治疗计划系统上模拟实际摆位误差,比较实际治疗过程中大体肿瘤体积(GTV)、临床靶区体积(CTV)和周围正常组织的受照剂量。结果 36例食管癌患者前后、左右、头脚方向摆位误差分别为(2.43±1.80)、(2.56±1.87)和(3.53±2.82)mm。摆位误差使食管癌患者GTV的95%体积接受的剂量(D95)与原治疗计划相比降低了50 c Gy,CTV的D95降低了78.21 c Gy。原计划(P1)和摆位误差计划(P2)的全肺接受20 Gy照射体积占全肺体积的百分比(V20)分别为24.34%和23.52%(P<0.05);心脏平均剂量分别为2 067.23 c Gy和2 021.33 c Gy(P<0.05);P1中无一例脊髓受量超过4 500 c Gy,而P2中12例脊髓最大剂量超过4 500 c Gy,其中1例最大剂量为5 602.70 c Gy。结论摆位误差使GTV、CTV的受照剂量降低,部分患者脊髓最大剂量超过耐受量,双肺、心脏受照剂量有所下降。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁大体积复发二野和六野调强放疗剂量学比较

目的 比较乳腺癌术后胸壁大体积复发2野和6野调强放疗的计划差异.方法 对8例乳腺切除术后胸壁大体积复发病例,Pinnacle计划系统上分别对PTV进行2野调强和6野调强放疗计划设计,PTV处方剂量为50 Gy/25次(GTV后续计划补量至66～70 Gy),比较2种计划95％处方剂量PTV适形指数(CI)、均匀性指数(HI)及心脏、同侧肺剂量.结果 6野IMRT计划的CI和HI均优于2野IMRT计划,6野和2野的CI分别为(0.66±0.08)和(0.53±0.10)(t=7.99,P＜0.05),HI分别为(1.36±0.08)和(2.19±0.78)(t=9.04,P＜0.05).2个计划中肺V5、V10、V20、V35和心脏Dmax、V35、Dmean值比较差异无统计学意义.结论 乳腺癌切除术后胸壁大体积复发患者行放疗,6野静态逆向调强放疗计划靶区覆盖优于2野,而心肺受量方面无明显差异.     

三维适形放疗照射野数量对肝脏肿瘤的剂量学研究

目的 研究三维适形放疗照射野数量对肝脏肿瘤的剂量学特点和正常组织保护方面的差异.资料与方法 选取18例肝脏肿瘤放疗患者的CT图像,每例图像分别实施2野、3野和5野治疗计划,评价靶区适形度(CI)、剂量均匀指数(HI)、95％和100％处方剂量覆盖的靶区体积及肝脏、胃、右肾和脊髓接受的照射剂量体积.结果 2野、3野和5野组95％和100％处方剂量覆盖的靶区体积分别为(95.37±136)％和(95.17±0.76)％、(96.51±1.03)％和(95.19±0.69)％、(97.42±1.32)％和(95.20±0.62)％(P=0.0000和P=0.8912);靶区适形度和剂量均匀指数分别为0.430±0.117和1.096±0.018、0.530±0.065和1.077±0.018、0.610±0.105和1.073±0.026 (P均＜0.05).正常组织接受的照射剂量在低剂量区及脊髓接受的最大剂量以2野组最优:高剂量区5野组占优势.结论 肝脏肿瘤放疗处方剂量覆盖的靶区体积、适形度和剂量均匀指数及高剂量区5野组最好;低剂量区则以2野组最低.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.