高频振荡通气治疗新生儿胎粪吸入综合征

目的　评价高频振荡通气(HFOV)结合肺复张策略治疗新生儿胎粪吸入综合征的有效性及安全性。方法　采用高频振荡通气治疗9例胎粪吸入综合征患儿,通过逐渐增加平均气道压实施肺复张策略,以实现吸入氧体积分数≤0.4时,经皮氧饱和度≥0.9,同时调节振荡压力幅度及振荡频率,使PaCO2位于35～45mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）。治疗过程中监测心率、血压、动脉血气及氧合指数。结果　8例患儿在施行HFOV治疗48h后,平均气道压由（22±3）cmH2O降至（15±4）cmH2O(F=3.52,P＜0.05);吸入氧体积分数由0.57±0.30降至0.37±0.19(F=2.72,P<0.05);用HFOV后肺部氧合得到改善,氧合指数由13.7±3.1降至6.1±2.2(F=3.58,P＜0.05);振荡压力幅度由（48±7）cmH2O逐渐降至（41±7）cmH2O,但差异无显著性（F=1.98,P＞0.05）。治疗过程中心率、血压无明显变化。结论　HFOV对新生儿胎粪吸入综合征是安全有效的,实行肺复张策略能改善肺部氧合,对心血管无明显副作用     

高频振荡通气在新生儿肺透明膜病中的应用

为探讨高频振荡通气 (HFOV)治疗新生儿肺透明膜病 (HMD)的有效性及安全性 ,采用高频振荡通气(HFOV)治疗17例新生儿肺透明膜病 (HMD)患儿。通过调节平均气道压、振荡压力幅度、吸入氧浓度等参数以实现吸入氧浓度≤0.4时 ,经皮氧饱和度≥0.9,PaCO2 位于35～45mmHg 这个目标。治疗过程中监测心率、血压、血气及氧合指数。结果表明 :17例患儿治愈14例 ,死亡2例 ,中途放弃治疗1例。治愈患儿中 ,在施行HFOV治疗48h后平均气道压由(12.0±2.6)cmH2O降至(8.0±2.5)cmH2O(F=4.22,P<0.05) ;吸入氧浓度由0.7±0.2降至0.36±0.16(F=3.48,P<0.05) ;振荡压力幅度由(32.0±4.5)cmH2O降至(22.0±5.0)cmH2O(F=2.95,P<0.05)。用HFOV后肺部氧合得到改善 ,氧合指数由26.1±8.3降至14.2±6.9(F=2.87,P<0.05) ;治疗过程中心率、血压无明显变化 ,提示HFOV用于治疗新生儿HMD是一种安全有效的机械通气方法 ,对心血管无明显副作用     

新生儿呼吸衰竭28例高频振荡通气治疗的疗效观察

目的　探讨高频振荡呼吸机在治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭中的应用价值及其安全性。方法　 2 8例新生儿呼吸衰竭患儿经常频呼吸机治疗无效后改用高频振荡呼吸机治疗 ,观察其治疗前后血气指标的变化及临床疗效。结果　 2 8例患儿中治愈 2 0例 ,治愈率 71 4% ,死亡 5例 ,放弃治疗 3例 ;出现颅内出血等并发症 6例 ;治愈患儿中高频振荡通气 (HFOV)治疗后 8～ 12h的PaCO2 迅速下降 [(6 8± 0 4)kPavs(5 5± 0 6 )kPa,P <0 0 5 ],2 4～ 48h的PaO2 明显上升 [(5 8± 1 1)kPavs(9 2± 1 7)kPa ,P <0 0 5 ];同时吸入氧浓度、平均气道压、振荡压力幅度、血氧合指数等均有明显下降 (P均 <0 0 5 )。结论　HFOV用于治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭 ,是一种疗效肯定、安全性好的新型机械通气方法 ,具有常频机械通气 (CMV)难以比拟的优越性。     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿重症胎粪吸入综合征

为评价高频振荡通气 (HFOV)治疗新生儿重症胎粪吸入综合征 (MAS)的疗效 ,对11例重症MAS采用HFOV治疗 ,有气漏者采用低容量策略 ,其余采用高容量策略 ,频率10Hz左右 ,通过逐渐增加平均气道压改善氧合状态 ,以达到吸入氧浓度≤0.4时 ,脉氧饱和度≥0.9 ,调节振荡压力幅度使PaCO2 维持在30～40mmHg。结果治愈7例 ,死亡2例。9例患儿HFOV满48小时 ,治疗后平均气道压由22±3.5cmH2O降至15±3.2cmH2O(P<0.05) ,吸入氧浓度由0.80±0.10降至0.33±0.12(P<0.001),氧合指数由24.0±4.5降至7.4±1.8(P<0.001) ,动脉/肺泡PO2 由0.10±0.01升至0.35±0.06(P<0.01)。治疗过程中心率、血压无明显变化。提示HFOV治疗MAS安全有效     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿肺透明膜病疗效观察

目的探讨高频振荡通气在治疗新生儿肺透明膜病(HMD)中的应用价值及其安全性.方法分别以常频机械通气(CMV)和高频振荡通气(HFOV)治疗HMD患儿,并比较其治疗前后血气指标的变化及临床疗效.结果 1.HFOV组患儿治愈率明显高于CMV组(68.0%vs 38.8%,P<0.05);2.HFOV治疗后肺通、换气功能迅速改善,表现为PaCO2迅速下降(6.8±0.4 vs 5.5±0.6 kPa,P<0.05),PaO2明显上升(5.8±1.1vs 9.2±1.7 kPa,P<0.05),同时所需吸入氧浓度(FiO2)、血氧合指数(OI)等均迅速明显下降(p均<0.05);3.HFOv组并发症及后遗症等均少于CMV组.结论 HFOV用于治疗HMD,是一种疗效肯定、安全性好的新型机械通气方法.     

高频震荡通气对新生儿呼吸衰竭氧合功能影响

为评估高频震荡通气 (HFOV)对新生儿重度呼吸衰竭氧合功能及预后的影响 ,对18例常频辅助通气(CMV)和药物治疗失败的呼吸衰竭患儿 ,采用HFOV(美国产Sensormedics3100A)治疗 ,并进行肺部氧合功能和预后评价。结果表明 ,用HFOV3h后 ,18例患儿动脉血氧分压与吸入氧浓度比和动脉肺泡氧压比 (87.5±10.8,0.16±0.08)较使用前 (52.6±5.40,0.08±0.02)明显升高 (P<0.05) ;治疗前氧合指数 (30±10) ,治疗3h后明显下降 (16±10) ,差异有显著性 (P<0.05) ;至9h所有指标较治疗前差异有极显著性 (P均<0.01) ;18例患儿中存活15例 (83.3 % ) ,胎粪吸入综合征 (7/7例 )和肺间质气肿并气漏 (5/5例 )的患儿存活率最高。提示重症呼吸衰竭患儿CMV失败者 ,改用HFOV能有效改善氧合 ,降低给氧浓度     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床对照研究

目的　探讨肺表面活性物质 (PS)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征 (NRDS)的有效性及临床价值。方法　采用气管内滴注单剂PS治疗NRDS患儿 2 5例 ,并与同期未用PS治疗的 2 5例NRDS患儿进行前瞻性临床对照研究。结果　治疗组在应用PS后 2～ 3h皮肤颜色转红 ,经皮血氧饱和度逐渐升高。 6h后动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、动脉 /肺泡血氧分压比值 (a/APO2 )及呼吸机有效指数 (VEI)分别由 ( 48± 14)mmHg( 1mmHg =0 .133kPa)、0 .14± 0 .0 6及 ( 0 .16± 0 .0 9)ml/ (mmHg·kg)上升到 ( 6 5±2 9)mmHg、0 .2 4± 0 .15及 ( 0 .2 9± 0 .16 )ml/ (mmHg·kg) ;而氧合指数 (OI)、吸入氧浓度 (FiO2 )及平均气道压 (MAP)由 11.6± 5 .7、0 .5 9± 0 .13及 ( 15 .6± 3.1)cmH2 O( 1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa)逐渐降低至 6 .3±3 .4、0 .47± 0 .10及 ( 13 .5± 2 .4)cmH2 O。经广义线性模型方差分析 ,主效应、分组因素及时间因素对两组PaO2 、a/APO2 、OI、FiO2 、MAP及VEI的值具有明显影响。而分组与时间因素的交互作用无显著影响。治疗组机械通气及氧疗时间较对照组明显缩短 ,二者差异有显著性。结论　PS能有效地改善NRDS患儿肺顺应性及氧合功能 ,缩短需要机械通气及氧疗时间。     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿肺透明膜病文献的Meta分析

目的　综合比较高频振荡通气 (HFOV)与传统机械通气 (CMV)对新生儿肺透明膜病的治疗作用及其潜在危害性。方法　通过数据库检索出符合纳入分析条件的相关文献 12篇 ,采用Meta分析方法进行定性、定量综合分析 ,得出合并OR值及其 95 %可信区间。结果　与CMV相比 ,HFOV能明显改善肺透明膜病患儿的呼吸功能 (P <0 0 0 5 )以及降低慢性肺部疾病的发生率 (P <0 0 1) ,但增加新生儿颅内出血的危险性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;在两种通气方式引起的气漏方面 ,无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　应用HFOV治疗新生儿肺透明膜病的效果优于CMV ,并可减少慢性肺部疾病的发生 ,但应注意其它并发症的出现。     

高频振荡通气对新生儿呼吸衰竭氧合改善的临床研究

目的探讨高频振荡通气(HFOV)治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法采用HFOV结合肺复张策略,实现经皮氧饱和度≥0.9。结果 20例患儿在施行HFOV治疗48h后,吸入氧体积分数由(0.72±0.17)降至(0.37±0.17),差异有统计学意义(H=17.820,P<0.05);氧合指数(OI)由(11.94±4.50)降至(2.73±2.24),差异有统计学意义(F=9.662,P<0.05);振荡压力幅度由(31.67±5.92)cmH2O逐渐降至(22.00±5.66)cmH2O,差异有统计学意义(F=3.954,P<0.05);平均气道压由(10.44±1.88)cmH2O降至(8.75±1.39)cmH2O,但差异无统计学意义(F=1.030,P>0.05)。治疗过程中,患儿的心率、血压无明显变化。结论 HFOV治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭安全有效。     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿重症呼吸衰竭18例临床观察

新生儿呼吸衰竭是新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)中最常见的疾病之一,高频振荡通气(HFOV)治疗作为一种新的机械通气方法用于治疗常频辅助通气(CMV)失败的新生儿重症呼吸衰竭取得了较好的效果.现就我院18例新生儿呼吸衰竭患儿使用HFOV治疗后,其肺部氧合功能改善情况分析如下.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.