颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞TCD颅内血流动力学改变

目的:应用颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞(TCD)对颅内血管血流动力学改变进行分析。方法:30例颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的患者,用TCD对颅内血流动力学改变进行评价。结果:严重颈动脉狭窄患侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均流速和搏动指数均低于对照组的正常人,颈动脉闭塞患者最低(p<0.05)。侧支循环开放情况,前交通动脉开放占58.14%,后交通动脉开放占48.84%,颈内外动脉开放占44.19%。结论:严重颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞后同侧半球血流量下降,侧支循环开放。TCD为本病提供全面客观依据。     

颈总动脉狭窄闭塞性病变时脑血流动力学改变及侧支循环途径

目的 探讨颈总动脉(CCA)严重狭窄或闭塞患者的脑血流动力学改变及侧支循环途径.方法 对67例CCA严重狭窄或闭塞患者(患者组)和60例无颅内及颈动脉狭窄性病变患者(对照组)行经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉连续波多普勒超声(CWD)检测.结果 35例狭窄患者中.15例(43%)栓出CCA局限性严重狭窄血流.32例闭塞患者未探及到病变侧CCA血流信号.患者组病变远端的颈内动脉和大脑中动脉血流波形异常,表现为收缩峰圆钝、峰时延长.其血流速度和搏动指数明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).TCD和CWD检测显示,患者组中79%的患者椎动脉-颈外动脉侧支循环开放,91%的患者Willis环侧支循环开放,均未见眼动脉侧支开放的血流表现.结论 TCD和CWD有助于了解CCA严重狭窄或闭塞的血流动力学改变和侧支循环途径,为临床确定诊断和更深入研究缺血性脑血管病的发病机制提供重要的客观依据.     

CDFI与TCD联合评价单侧严重颈动脉狭窄或闭塞对颅内循环的影响

目的 联合应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)评估单侧严重颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞对颅内循环的影响.方法 对可疑缺血性脑血管病变患者1126例,其中67例CDFI诊断一侧颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者.采用TCD技术检测其颅内动脉的流速及Willis环和眼动脉侧支开放情况.结果 CDFI显示狭窄处峰值血流速度及舒张期血流速度明显增快.TCD显示:①病变侧的大脑中动脉流速明显低于健侧;②Willis环代偿组患侧MCA流速明显高于颈内外侧支代偿组;③ACoA与中风的发生负相关.结论 TCD、CDFI的联合应用可以全面观察整个颈动脉系统的血液动力学改变,为下一步的治疗提供可靠的依据.     

CT血管造影、经颅多普勒和彩超联合应用于TIA患者血管病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颅内外血管病变.方法 对45例患者进行头颈64排CT血管造影(CTA)及经颅多普勒(TCD)和颈动脉彩超检查,观察其异常情况.结果 CTA检查45例TIA患者中40.例颅内外共116支动脉狭窄或闭塞,总异常率为88.9%,颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞61.1%高于颅外动脉38.9%,颅外动脉狭窄中以颈内动脉(ICA)颅外段狭窄最多44.4%,颅内动脉狭窄中以ICA颅内段狭窄最多32.3%,频发(发作频率≥2/d)及短时程(发作持续时间在1h以内)患者重度狭窄及闭塞发生率(74.2%)高于非频发组及长时程(发作持续时间≥1 h),均P<0.05.有统计学意义;TCD异常75.6%,占CTA异常的94.4%,TCD血流速度增快85支,较CTA65支多;颈动脉超声检查结果16例颈部动脉狭窄或闭塞,共35支动脉狭窄或闭塞,其中椎动脉狭窄或闭塞7支.彩色多普勒超声检查对颈动脉狭窄或闭塞检出率低于CTA,对椎动脉的狭窄或闭塞检出率远低于CTA.结论 TIA患者颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞及斑块发生率高,CTA检查显示动脉狭窄或闭塞异常率为88.9%,颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞高于颅外动脉,频发及短时程患者重度狭窄及闭塞发生率高于非频发组,有统计学意义.     

老年人颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的颅内血流变化

目的 分析老年人颈内动脉严重狭窄与闭塞后的颅内血流变化。方法 采用双功能彩色多普勒超声和经颅多普勒超声,检测34例颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者颈内动脉病变程度、颅内血流变化、侧支循环类型以及患侧大脑中动脉的血流速度、搏动指数的变化,并与20例正常人进行对照。结果 彩色多普勒超声检测单侧颈内动脉严重狭窄16例,单侧闭塞18例。颈内动脉狭窄残余管径0．4—1．7mm。经颅多普勒超声检测有3种类型侧支循环,前交通开放占85％,后交通开放为55％,颈内-颈外侧支开放占33％。患侧和健侧大脑中动脉的血流速度、搏动指数比较值存在显著性差异（P〈0．001）。结论 颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞后,颅内血流明显减低并出现侧支循环,侧支循环的评价对选择治疗方法、判断预后有重要意义。     

经颅多普勒超声评价单侧颈动脉狭窄或闭塞对颅内循环的影响及与中风的关系

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)评估严重颈动脉狭窄或闭塞对颅内循环的影响及与中风的关系.方法 对67例一侧颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者,采用TCD技术检测颅内动脉的流速及Willis环和眼动脉侧支开放情况,并分析其与中风的相关性.结果 TCD显示①病变侧的大脑中动脉流速明显低于健侧.②Willis环代偿组患侧MCcA流速明显高于颈内外侧支代偿组.③有Willis环代偿组梗塞的发生明显减低.④ACoA与中风的发生负相关.结论 TCD可以评价颈动脉狭窄或闭塞对颅内循环的影响,为预测中风的发生提供理论依据.     

CDFI和TCD联合应用对单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者颅内外动脉血流改变的综合评价（附53例报告）

目的联合应用颈动脉超声（CDFI）和经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的颅内外动脉血流改变的综合评价。方法回顾性分析53例经DSA证实的单侧颈内动脉狭窄〉70％或闭塞患者的CDFI和TCD联合检测结果。结果（1）CDFI显示：颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞段以及其近段、远段的血流速度、阻力指数均异常,部分患者对侧颈内动脉、同侧颈外动脉以及双侧椎动脉血流速度代偿性增高;（2）TCD显示：患侧与对侧的sPvMcA值分别为（55．42±28．06）cm／s和（99．35±38．25）cm／s,PI值分别为0．62±0．17和0．96±0．21,患侧与对侧的SPVMCA值和P1值均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。前交通动脉（ACoA）开放占50．94％（27／53）,后交通动脉（PCOA）开放占41．51％（22／53）,颈内一外动脉侧支开放占37．74％（20／53）。结论联合应用CDFI与TCD可以全面地观察颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞后整个颈动脉系统和后循环系统的血流动力学改变,为单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的临床治疗和预后提供可靠依据。     

单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者的颅内侧支循环代偿与脑缺血发生的相关性

目的探讨单侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞患者颅内侧支循环代偿与脑缺血发生的关系。方法对82例颈动脉彩超发现单侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞患者,根据临床有无前循环脑缺血症状和神经功能障碍定位体征分为无症状组(38例)和有症状组(44例)。采用经颅多普勒(TCD)检测82例患者侧支循环开放情况及大脑中动脉的平均血流速度。结果无症状组均出现侧支循环开放(100%),无症状组侧支循环开放率高于有症状组(80%),以2个或3个侧支联合开放为主。无症状组的前交通动脉(ACOA)开放率明显高于有症状组(P<0.05);无症状组中ACOA开放率明显高于后交通动脉(PCOA),眼动脉(OA)侧支开放(P<0.05)。无症状组患者大脑中动脉平均血流速度明显高于有症状组。结论单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者颅内侧支循环代偿与脑缺血的发生密切相关,联合代偿对颈内动脉闭塞患者颅内供血的代偿与临床预后至关重要,ACOA的开放是颈内动脉闭塞患者最主要的代偿途径。     

颈动脉血管超声及头颈CTA在脑梗死并颈动脉狭窄患者血流动力学状态评估中的应用观察

目的探究颈动脉血管超声及头颈电子计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)在脑梗死并颈动脉狭窄患者血流动力学状态评估中的应用。方法回顾性分析52例于我院接受颈动脉血管超声检查提示存在颈动脉狭窄的脑梗死患者临床资料,超声检查3d内均完成头颈CTA及CT灌注扫描检查(CTP),另选择30例健康体检者为对照组,进行CTA及CTP检查,分析患者和健康体检者检查结果及不同颈动脉狭窄患者血流动力学指标差异。结果52例患者经颈动脉血管超声、头颈CTA共检查119支颈内动脉,对应显示46支和43支颈内动脉正常,73支和76支颈内动脉狭窄,颈动脉狭窄对应包括轻度11支和16支、中度13支和11支、重度29支和25支、闭塞20支和24支,颈动脉血管超声与头颈TCA评价颈动脉狭窄程度的一致性评价Kappa=0.788,具有极高一致性(P<0.05);颈动脉血管超声显示,轻、中、重度狭窄及闭塞患者颈内动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期末流速(EDV)水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),重度狭窄和闭塞患者大脑中动脉搏动指数(PI)、平均血流速度(Vm)水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05);脑梗死并颈动脉狭窄患者颈内动脉PSV、EDV水平由低到高依次为轻度、中度、重度狭窄和闭塞(P<0.05),重度狭窄及闭塞患者大脑中动脉PI、Vm水平显著低于轻度和中度狭窄患者(P<0.05),重度狭窄及闭塞患者侧肢循环开放率大于轻、中度狭窄患者(P<0.05),闭塞患者侧肢循环开放率大于重度狭窄患者(P<0.05);对照组和轻度、中度狭窄患者额叶、颞叶、基底节区脑血流动力学参数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);重度狭窄、闭塞患者额叶、颞叶、基底节区脑血流量低于对照组体检者及轻度、中度狭窄患者(P<0.05),脑血容量、平均通过时间、达峰时间高于对照组体检者及轻度、中度狭窄患者(P<0.05)。结论颈动脉血管超声配合头颈CTA及CTP检查能够了解脑梗死伴颈动脉狭窄患者血流动力学状态,评价患者颈动脉狭窄程度,为临床诊疗提供有效的影像学信息。     

大脑中动脉中重度狭窄或闭塞性病变患者同侧颅外颈动脉血流动力学的分析

目的:观察大脑中动脉中重度狭窄或闭塞的患者同侧颅外颈动脉的血流动力学,探讨颅外颈动脉血流动力学改变对预测大脑中动脉狭窄的价值,以提高检出率和准确性。方法:对经TCD检测、磁共振血管成像(MRA)证实存在单侧大脑中动脉中重度狭窄或闭塞的83例患者进行多普勒超声颅外颈动脉检查,分析其颅内外血流动力学参数的相关性。结果:大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者其患侧颈总动脉(CCA)、颈内动脉颅外段(ICA)呈低流速高阻力血流信号改变。颈内动脉颅外段阻力指数PI(ICA)、颈内动脉颅外段舒张末期平均流速Vm(ICA)有一定意义,颈动脉阻力指数(PI)差值、颈内动脉颅外段舒张末期血液流速Vd(ICA)可较敏感地评估MCA狭窄,其中CCA的PI差值为0.13、ICA的PI差值为0.15、Vd(ICA)为13.8 cm/s时是诊断大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞最佳界值,获得最大约登指数分别为0.709、0.710、0.601,敏感度分别为80.49%、78.05%、80.49%,特异度分别为90.48%、92.86%、78.57%,阳性预测值分别为89.20%、91.42%、78.57%,阴性预测值分别为82.60%、81.25%、80.48%。结论:大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者其患侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉颅外段呈低流速高阻力血流信号改变,综合颈动脉阻力指数差值、Vd(ICA)、PI(ICA)、Vm(ICA)可对大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞进行评估,为及早诊断提供依据。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.