脑卒中肩手综合征患者感觉障碍的定量分析

背景：脑卒中偏瘫后肩手综合征(shoulder-hand svndrome，SHS)患者感觉减退已被证实，而感觉障碍的评估多用问卷式调查或仅为粗略临床检查来完成，难以精确评估。目的：运用定量感觉检查技术(quantitative sensory testing，QST)检查脑卒中后肩手综合征观察组和脑卒中对照组各15例患者的温度觉及振动觉，并进行定量分析，以了解小纤维神经功能状态及其与肩手综合征的关系。设计：病例对照研究(case-control studv)。地点和对象：研究地点为中南大学湘雅三医院，对象涉及2000-06／2001-04湘雅三医院门诊及住院脑卒中后瘫痪病例。方法：用界限法分别检查观察组与对照组偏瘫侧上肢大鱼际掌侧温度觉阈值与拇指掌侧振动觉阈值。检查温度觉时，使用一个小的与检测区皮肤接触的热电极探头，探头温度以1℃／s速度递增(热觉、热痛觉)或递减(冷觉、冷痛觉)，直至受检者产生感觉的那一刻由受检者本人按下按钮停止刺激。得到一个温度觉阈值，探头温度恢复到预置温度准备下一次刺激。重复4次得到平均温度觉阈值。在检测振动觉时，振动器的刺激强度以0．1-12μm／s的速度递增，重复检测6次。主要观察指标：感觉障碍发生率，温度觉、痛觉及振动觉的数据。结果：SHS组中感觉障碍发生率为67％较对照组27％显著增高(P&;lt;0．05)。SHS组与对照组定量感觉比较，主要表现为冷觉阈值降低(分别为26．73&;#177;4．48，29．89&;#177;1．57，P&;lt;0．05)，热觉阈值增高(分别为36．83&;#177;1．90，35．40&;#177;0．89，P&;lt;0．05)。冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值与振动觉阈值之间的差异无显著性意义。冷痛觉阈值与冷觉阈值的差值(P&;lt;0．01)及热痛觉阈值与热觉阈值之间差值(P&;lt;0．01)差异有显著性意义。结论：脑卒中偏瘫后SHS患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏。C类和AB类神经纤维功能障碍可能在SHS发病中起重要作用。     

脑卒中肩手综合征患者感觉障碍的定量分析

背景脑卒中偏瘫后肩手综合征(shoulder-hand syndrome,SHS)患者感觉减退已被证实,而感觉障碍的评估多用问卷式调查或仅为粗略临床检查来完成,难以精确评估.目的运用定量感觉检查技术(quantitative sensorytesting,QST)检查脑卒中后肩手综合征观察组和脑卒中对照组各15例患者的温度觉及振动觉,并进行定量分析,以了解小纤维神经功能状态及其与肩手综合征的关系.设计病例对照研究(case-control study).地点和对象研究地点为中南大学湘雅三医院,对象涉及2000-06/2001-04湘雅三医院门诊及住院脑卒中后瘫痪病例.方法用界限法分别检查观察组与对照组偏瘫侧上肢大鱼际掌侧温度觉阈值与拇指掌侧振动觉阈值.检查温度觉时,使用一个小的与检测区皮肤接触的热电极探头,探头温度以1℃/s速度递增(热觉、热痛觉)或递减(冷觉、冷痛觉),直至受检者产生感觉的那一刻由受检者本人按下按钮停止刺激.得到一个温度觉阈值,探头温度恢复到预置温度准备下一次刺激.重复4次得到平均温度觉阈值.在检测振动觉时,振动器的刺激强度以0.1～12 μm/s的速度递增,重复检测6次.主要观察指标感觉障碍发生率,温度觉、痛觉及振动觉的数据.结果SHS组中感觉障碍发生率为67%较对照组27%显著增高(P＜0.05).SHS组与对照组定量感觉比较,主要表现为冷觉阈值降低(分别为26.73±4.48,29.89±1 57,P＜0.05),热觉阈值增高(分别为36.83±1.90,35.40±0.89,P＜0.05).冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值与振动觉阈值之间的差异无显著性意义.冷痛觉阈值与冷觉阈值的差值(P＜0.01)及热痛觉阈值与热觉阈值之间差值(P＜0.01)差异有显著性意义.结论脑卒中偏瘫后SHS患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高.主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏.C类和Aδ类神经纤维功能障碍可能在SHS发病中起重要作用.     

带状疱疹与带状疱疹后神经痛患者温度觉阈值变化及其意义

目的:分析躯干部位带状疱疹、带状疱疹后神经痛患者皮肤温度觉阈值的变化与差异,推测其感觉功能改变及疼痛的病理机制.方法:应用NA-Ⅱ温度觉定量分析仪测定躯干部位带状疱疹、带状疱疹后神经痛患者及对照组相应皮肤的温度觉阈值.结果:带状疱疹后神经痛患者较带状疱疹患者皮肤的冷觉、热觉、热痛觉阈值均升高,其中冷觉阈值升高最为明显.带状疱疹患者冷觉与热觉阈值之间相关性无统计学意义,而带状疱疹后神经痛患者冷觉与热觉阈值之间呈负相关.结论:病变发展过程中,Aδ,C类神经纤维损伤程度有所加重,并以传导冷觉的Aδ神经纤维受损更为严重,表现为带状疱疹后神经痛患者对冷觉、热觉和热痛觉耐受性高于带状疱疹患者,而且对温度觉或痛觉的辨别度减低.     

正常成人躯干皮肤温度觉阈值测定

目的测定成人躯干皮肤温度觉正常值。方法应用温度感觉分析仪对123名健康成人躯干双侧T3、T7、T11关键点皮肤进行检测。结果测得冷觉、热觉、冷痛觉、热痛觉感觉阈值。冷觉和热觉阈值标准差较热痛觉小;冷痛觉阈值跨度最大;热痛觉阈值随节段下降有增大趋势;中年组较青年组阈值有增大趋势。结论躯干皮肤温度觉和温痛觉阈值正常参考值应按不同节段、年龄分别建模。冷觉、热觉个体差异较小,冷痛觉、热痛觉个体差异较大。     

神经根型颈椎病的定量感觉测定

目的:运用定量感觉检查技术对神经根型颈椎病患者的温度觉进行定量分析,以了解神经根型颈椎病患者小纤维神经的功能状态。方法:神经根型颈椎病组为2005-01/04于卫生部北京医院疼痛诊疗中心就诊,并被明确诊断为神经根型颈椎病的患者20例,其中男8例,女12例;年龄33～70(49.8±11.5)岁。所选病例均为单侧上肢出现症状(左侧10例,右侧10例),且检查前1周未进行理疗或神经阻滞治疗。对照组选择同期在疼痛诊疗中心就诊的非颈椎病患者及志愿者20例,其中男8例,女12例;年龄23～75(49.7±14.7)岁。应用神经感觉定量分析仪界限法检查双上肢大鱼际掌侧冷感觉、热感觉、冷痛觉、热痛觉阈值。结果:20例神经根型颈椎病患者和20例对照者,均进入结果分析。①神经根型颈椎病组患侧冷感觉阈值低于健侧,热感觉阈值高于健侧[(29.00±1.26)℃,(30.00±1.06)℃;(35.04±0.87)℃,(34.14±0.99)℃,P<0.05]。冷痛觉和热痛觉阈值患侧与健侧比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②神经根型颈椎病组患侧与健侧阈值之差和对照组双侧阈值之差进行比较可见:冷感觉、热感觉、冷痛觉和热痛觉差异均有显著性[(-1.01±0.57)℃,(0.04±0.28)℃;(0.89±0.39)℃,(0.05±0.26)℃;(2.49±1.10)℃,(0.28±1.79)℃;(-1.62±0.86)℃,(0.17±1.10)℃,P<0.01]。颈椎病组患侧冷感觉和热痛觉阈值比健侧低,热感觉和冷痛觉阈值比健侧高。结论:神经根型颈椎病患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏,提示C类和Aδ类神经纤维出现功能障碍。     

神经根型颈椎病的定量感觉测定

目的：运用定量感觉检查技术对神经根型颈椎病患者的温度觉进行定量分析，以了解神经根型颈椎病患者小纤维神经的功能状态。 方法：神经根型颈椎病组为2005—01／04于卫生部北京医院疼痛诊疗中心就诊，并被明确诊断为神经根型颈椎病的患者20例，其中男8例，女12例；年龄33～70（49．8&;#177;11．5）岁。所选病例均为单侧上肢出现症状（左侧10例，右侧10例），且检查前1周未进行理疗或神经阻滞治疗。对照组选择同期在疼痛诊疗中心就诊的非颈椎病患者及志愿者20例，其中男8例，女12例；年龄23&;#177;75（49．7&;#177;14．7）岁。应用神经感觉定量分析仪界限法检查双上肢大鱼际掌侧冷感觉、热感觉．冷痛觉．热痛觉阈值。 结果：20例神经根型颈椎病患者和20例对照者，均进入结果分析。①神经根型颈椎病组患侧冷感觉阈值低于健侧，热感觉阈值高于健侧[（29．00&;#177;1．26）℃，（30．00&;#177;1．06）℃：（35．04&;#177;0．87）℃，（34．14&;#177;0．99）℃，P〈0．05]。冷痛觉和热痛觉阈值患侧与健侧比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。②神经根型颈椎病组患侧与健侧阚值之差和对照组双侧阈值之差进行比较可见：冷感觉．热感觉、冷痛觉和热痛觉差异均有显著性[（-1．01&;#177;o．57）℃，（0．04&;#177;0．28）℃；（0．89&;#177;0．39）℃，（0．05&;#177;0．26）℃；（2．49&;#177;1．10）℃，（0．28&;#177;1．79）℃；（-1．62&;#177;0．86）℃，（0．17&;#177;1．10）℃，P〈0．01]。颈椎病组患侧冷感觉和热痛觉阈值比健侧低，热感觉和冷痛觉阈值比健侧高。 结论：神经根型颈椎病患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏，提示C类和A8类神经纤维出现功能障碍。     

头痛患者的定量感觉研究

目的:探讨定量感觉检测(QST)对头痛患者的诊断意义。方法:用定量感觉检测仪对对照组40例及头痛组71例(A组继发性头痛36例,B组功能性头痛35例),用Limit法测定耳前面颊部及耳后乳突处的冷觉(CS)、温觉(WS)、冷痛觉(CP)、热痛觉(HP)阈值,比较并分析。结果:头痛A组有32例出现QST异常,表现为阈值增高,感觉减退;头痛B组32例异常,表现为阈值降低,感觉过敏。结论:继发性及功能性头痛者表现出相反的QST异常结果,对于阈值增高的头痛患者应高度警惕存在头颈部的器质性病变。     

正常人上肢不同部位的温度觉阈值20例观察

目的初步探讨正常人温度觉阈值的正常范围,以及各阈值与性别、部位之间的关系。方法用神经感觉分析仪(TSA-Ⅱ)的Limits法测定20例正常人上肢10个部位的冷觉、温觉、冷痛、热痛阈值并进行比较分析。结果各部位的冷觉、温觉个体差异不显著,冷痛觉和热痛觉的个体差异比较明显;男女之间在有些部位的温度觉阈值上有一定差异;左右侧在某些部位和某些温度觉方面有一定的差异。结论正常人的温度觉阈值与性别、部位有一定关系。     

牛痘疫苗接种家兔炎症皮肤提取物治疗脊髓损伤后神经病理性疼痛的定量感觉检查研究

目的:分析脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后神经病理性疼痛患者损伤平面的皮肤感觉阈值变化与差异,推测牛痘疫苗接种家兔炎症皮肤提取物(神经妥乐平)治疗SCI后神经病理性疼痛的作用机制。方法:39例SCI患者根据神经病理性疼痛的视觉模拟量表评分及使用神经妥乐平的不同情况分为轻、中、重3组,应用定量感觉检查(Quantitative sensory testing,QST)的方法,测试损伤平面皮肤的单丝触觉、冷觉阈值、热觉阈值以及冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值,并与20例正常健康者进行比较。结果:与正常健康者相比,SCI患者损伤平面的单丝触觉阈、热觉阈均明显提高,冷觉阈明显降低。与无明显疼痛者比较,中、重度神经病理性疼痛者的单丝触觉阈、冷痛阈和热痛阈值间的差异存在统计学意义;神经妥乐平治疗有效者与无效者比较,冷痛阈、热痛阈间差异均存在统计学意义。结论:神经妥乐平治疗SCI后的神经病理性疼痛具有其特定的解剖生理学基础。通过QST筛查,有利于对SCI后的神经病理性疼痛进行早期干预。     

糖尿病周围神经病变多种简易感觉检查方法的评价

目的:评价多种简易感觉检查方法(EST)诊断糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的真实性、可靠性。方法:对185例住院2型糖尿病患者进行神经传导速度(NCV)及EST检查,包括10g尼龙丝压力觉、40g针头刺痛觉、温度觉、振动感觉阈值检查。以NCV检查作为"金标准",分别比较各检查方法诊断DPN的约登指数及κ值。结果:各检查方法与NCV检查均呈正相关(P=0.000)。压力觉检查约登指数、κ值分别为44.67%、0.465;针头刺痛觉检查分别为40.66%、0.399;温度觉检查分别为26.13%、0.278;振动感觉阈值检查分别为19.29%、0.208;压力觉联合痛觉检查分别为47.76%、0.461;压力觉联合温度觉检查分别为54.70%、0.555;压力觉联合振动觉检查分别为46.89%、0.482;痛觉联合温度觉检查分别为41.16%、0.402;温度觉联合振动觉检查分别为30.48%、0.323;痛觉联合振动觉检查分别为38.72%、0.379。结论:10g尼龙丝压力觉联合温度觉检查真实性、可靠性最好,推荐作为2型糖尿病患者筛查DPN的常规检查方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.