A Survey of the Awareness, Knowledge and Behavior of Hair Dye Use in a Korean Population with Gray Hair

Background

Gray hair naturally develops in the process of human aging. Many people with gray hair periodically dye their hair. Hair dyeing products are widely used and they can cause adverse effects. Therefore, the user''s knowledge and recognition about hair dyeing and related side effects are important.

Objective

The goal of this study was to lay the foundation for understanding, preventing and treating side effects caused by hair coloring products.

Methods

We conducted a questionnaire survey for adult males and females aged over 20 who had gray hair. A total of 500 subjects were included in this study and statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Large numbers of the people who had experience with hair dye (233 out of 319 people, 73.0%) did not know about the exact brand name of the hair dye product that they were using. Of 319 hair dye users, 23.8% (76 out of 319) people stated that they experienced side effects. Despite the occurrence of side effects from hair dyeing products, it seems they did not realize the seriousness of the side effects or the need for treatment.

Conclusion

It is advisable to introduce a system that enables users to become aware of the ingredients and side effects of hair coloring products and give opportunities for users to become aware of the side effects of hair coloring through education, publicity and publication of an informational booklet.     

Expression Pattern and Role of Klotho in Human Hair Follicles

BackgroundKlotho protein plays a pivotal role in aging regulation. However, it is unclear whether klotho is expressed in human hair follicles and is correlated with hair growth.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the expression pattern and role of klotho in human hair follicles.MethodsWe examined the klotho expression patterns in human hair follicles from young and aged donors. Furthermore, we examined the functional roles of klotho on human hair growth using klotho siRNA and klotho recombinant protein.ResultsInterestingly, klotho was expressed in human hair follicles at both gene and protein levels. In hair follicles, prominent klotho expression was mainly observed in the outermost regions of the outer root sheath and hair bulb matrix cells. Quantification of klotho protein expression in young and aged donors showed that klotho expression decreased with aging. In human hair follicle organ culture, klotho silencing promoted premature catagen induction and inhibited human hair growth. Otherwise, klotho protein prolonged human hair growth.ConclusionThese results indicate that klotho might be an important regulatory factor for human hair growth and hair cycle change.     

Female Pattern Hair Loss: a clinical and pathophysiological review

Female Pattern Hair Loss or female androgenetic alopecia is the main cause of hairloss in adult women and has a major impact on patients'' quality of life. It evolvesfrom the progressive miniaturization of follicles that lead to a subsequent decreaseof the hair density, leading to a non-scarring diffuse alopecia, with characteristicclinical, dermoscopic and histological patterns. In spite of the high frequency ofthe disease and the relevance of its psychological impact, its pathogenesis is notyet fully understood, being influenced by genetic, hormonal and environmentalfactors. In addition, response to treatment is variable. In this article, authorsdiscuss the main clinical, epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects of femalepattern hair loss.     

89例常见秃发的毛发结构检查分析

目的:探讨毛发结构异常与常见秃发类型的相关性。方法:收集89例常见秃发患者的头发每人次100根,于光镜及电镜下观察其结构是否异常。结果:经统计斑秃(AA)的生长期脱发是以感叹号样发为主,伴断发时可见有羽状脆发、偶见粗细段发、结节状脆发或伴有毛小皮损伤;男性型秃发(MPA)、女性型秃发(FPA)的休止期脱发是以杵(棒)状发为主;另外女性秃发患者经常伴有管状发鞘(毛管型)。26例进行治疗前后的毛发结构检查,经有效治疗后所有秃发病例感叹号样发减少,而杵状发都不同程度增加。结论:毛发的结构异常与常见秃发类型相关。毛发结构检查的静态及动态观察,对秃发的诊断、疗效判断具有重要临床意义。     

The Relationship between Epidemiologic Factors and Usage Pattern of Hair Care Products in Korea

BackgroundFor hair care products that are used almost everyday, it is important to estimate the cumulative dosage of long-term exposure and to assess the effects on the human body. Little data are available to evaluate actual daily usage in Asian populations.ObjectiveReliable exposure data for hair care products is essential to conduct safety assessments.MethodsWe evaluated the actual usage pattern and amounts by checking the daily log over a 2-week period, to obtain all the data regarding the participants'' hair care preferences. And, statistical analyses were conducted to analyze the daily use amount (g/d) and daily usage per hair length (g/cm/d), and other variables by sex, age group, and hair oiliness.ResultsThroughout this study, we found that female users consumed significantly larger daily amounts of shampoo and rinse. Male groups used more hair gel and spray than female groups. Interestingly, all the hair care products studied scored higher levels of usage among men when calibrated per unit length. Koreans tend to use lesser amount of rinse although their hairs are usually thicker than the Western hairs.ConclusionThis study provides exposure information for commonly used hair care products, which will be useful for risk assessment purposes.     

Alternative Method for Creating Fine Hairs with Hair Removal Laser in Hair Transplantation for Hairline Correction

Background

Foremost fine hairs in the frontal hairline region are critical in hair transplantation for hairline correction (HTHC) in women. However, there are few studies on a nonsurgical revisionary method for improving an unnatural foremost hairline with thick donor hairs resulting from a previous HTHC.

Objective

To investigate the efficacy and safety of using a hair removal laser (HRL) system to create fine hairs in Asian women with thick donor hairs.

Methods

Through a retrospective chart review, the HRL parameters, hair diameter (measured with a micrometer before and after the procedures), subjective results after the procedures, adverse effects, and the number of procedures were investigated. The reduction rate of the hair diameter was calculated.

Results

Twenty-four women who received long-pulse Neodymium-Doped:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet therapy after HTHC were included. The parameters were as follows: delivered laser energy, 35~36 J/cm²; pulse duration, 6 ms; and spot size, 10 mm. The mean number of laser sessions was 2.6. The mean hair diameter significantly decreased from 80.0±11.5 µm to 58.4±13.2 µm (p=0.00). The mean rate of hair diameter reduction was -25.7% (range, -44.6% to 5.7%). The number of laser sessions and the hair diameter after the procedures showed a negative correlation (r=-0.410, p=0.046). Most of the patients (87.5%) reported subjective improvement of their hairlines. Most complications were transient and mild.

Conclusion

HRL can be an alternative method for creating fine hairs and revising foremost hairline in Asian women with thick donor hairs.     

自体显微毛发移植治疗永久性秃发146例

目的观察自体显微毛发移植治疗永久性秃发的效果。方法应用毛发移植术对146例秃顶患者进行手术治疗。结果术后平均3个月生长出新发,移植毛发成活率大于90%,经过1～2次毛发移植手术,秃发区头发密度、发型等较为理想。结论应用自体显微毛发移植治疗永久性秃发的手术效果满意。     

毛发移植术治疗秃发疗效分析

目的应用自体毛发移植术对秃发进行治疗并观察中、远期疗效。方法选择本院2000年2月~2005年7月的638例患者,其中雄激素源性秃发522例,瘢痕性秃发116例,均采用自体毛发移植术治疗,并定期随访。结果移植毛囊成活率分别为96.83%(男性雄激素源型秃发),95.73%(女性雄激素源型秃发),90.52%(瘢痕性秃发)。随访6~68个月未见移植毛发再次脱落。医生满意度为95.14%(607/638),患者满意度为97.49%(622/638)。结论毛发移植技术是一项安全、可靠、有效的治疗方法。可用于雄激素源性秃发和瘢痕性秃发的治疗,远期疗效较好。     

Hair Shaft Damage from Heat and Drying Time of Hair Dryer

Background

Hair dryers are commonly used and can cause hair damage such as roughness, dryness and loss of hair color. It is important to understand the best way to dry hair without causing damage.

Objective

The study assessed changes in the ultra-structure, morphology, moisture content, and color of hair after repeated shampooing and drying with a hair dryer at a range of temperatures.

Methods

A standardized drying time was used to completely dry each hair tress, and each tress was treated a total of 30 times. Air flow was set on the hair dryer. The tresses were divided into the following five test groups: (a) no treatment, (b) drying without using a hair dryer (room temperature, 20℃), (c) drying with a hair dryer for 60 seconds at a distance of 15 cm (47℃), (d) drying with a hair dryer for 30 seconds at a distance of 10 cm (61℃), (e) drying with a hair dryer for 15 seconds at a distance of 5 cm (95℃). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and lipid TEM were performed. Water content was analyzed by a halogen moisture analyzer and hair color was measured with a spectrophotometer.

Results

Hair surfaces tended to become more damaged as the temperature increased. No cortex damage was ever noted, suggesting that the surface of hair might play a role as a barrier to prevent cortex damage. Cell membrane complex was damaged only in the naturally dried group without hair dryer. Moisture content decreased in all treated groups compared to the untreated control group. However, the differences in moisture content among the groups were not statistically significant. Drying under the ambient and 95℃ conditions appeared to change hair color, especially into lightness, after just 10 treatments.

Conclusion

Although using a hair dryer causes more surface damage than natural drying, using a hair dryer at a distance of 15 cm with continuous motion causes less damage than drying hair naturally.     

Trichoscopic Findings of Hair Loss in Koreans

Background

Trichoscopic findings of hair loss have been well described for the differential diagnosis of alopecia; however, critical findings were not thoroughly investigated or compared among all ethnic groups, including Asians.

Objective

We aimed to find any characteristic trichoscopic findings in Korean alopecia patients and to verify whether those findings are closely related to previously reported observations.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty-seven patients with hair loss of various causes and 160 normal scalps were analyzed. Trichoscopic examination was performed with a polarized-light handheld dermoscope.

Results

A total of 35 patterns of trichoscopic features were represented, and certain features were significantly common or observed exclusively in a particular type of alopecia as follows: yellow dots, exclamation mark hairs, and proximal tapering hairs (alopecia areata), trichoptilosis and pointed hairs (trichotillomania), corkscrew hairs, septate hyphae hairs, and comma hairs (tinea capitis), diffuse white area, fibrotic white dots, and tufting hairs (primary cicatricial alopecia), hair diameter diversity and peripilar sign (androgenetic alopecia), and short nonvellus hairs (telogen effluvium).

Conclusion

The characteristic trichoscopic features for the differential diagnosis of alopecia in Koreans, shown as follicular, perifollicular, and hair shaft patterns, are similar to those of Caucasians; however, the frequencies of the pigment patterns are different between Koreans and Caucasians because of the contrast effect of the skin and hair color. Therefore, racial difference should be considered in the trichoscopic evaluation for differential diagnosis.     

半导体激光脱毛的临床疗效及安全性评价

目的评价半导体激光脱毛的疗效及安全性。方法使用808 nm半导体激光脱毛机对132例患者共169个部位进行了脱毛,并对经过3次及3次以上的90例117个部位的脱毛效果及安全性进行评价。结果共有90例患者117个部位接受了3次及3次以上的治疗,腋窝、上肢、下肢的1次治疗平均脱毛率达30%以上,2次治疗平均脱毛率达50%以上,3次治疗平均脱毛率达70%以上;唇部1次治疗平均脱毛率达15.6%,2次治疗平均脱毛率达29.8%,3次治疗平均脱毛率达36.8%。无1例出现水疱、紫癜、色素沉着及瘢痕。结论半导体激光脱毛是一种安全有效的脱毛方法。     

裸鼠重建毛囊的组织学研究

目的 观察毛乳头细胞诱导毛囊再生民政部和毛囊重建情况。方法 采用器官型培养技术和裸鼠移植技术,将培养的毛囊毛乳头细胞、真皮鞘细胞和头皮（或包皮）真皮成纤维细胞分别制成胶原凝胶,再接种于毛囊上皮上段、下段和球部细胞,进行体外增习移植试验,结果 在毛囊毛乳头细胞与毛囊各段上皮细胞的器官型培养中均可见毛囊样结构形成;毛囊真皮鞘细胞凝胶上培养的毛球部细胞也重建出毛囊样结构。移植到裸鼠皮下后则可见较为完整的     

Trichopsychodermatology: The Psychiatric and Psychosocial Aspects of Hair Disorders

Medical conditions involving hair are typically managed by a dermatologist. However, a significant psychosocial association has been found both in the development of hair conditions through primary pathologic involvement and as secondary comorbidity. Trichopsychodermatology is an emerging field aiming to better understand the psychiatric and psychosocial impacts of disorders involving hair. Trichotillomania or hair‐pulling disorder, alopecia areata, telegenic effluvium, anagen effluvium, and cicatricial alopecia represent common conditions within trichopsychodermatology. A lack in awareness, knowledge, and training of the field exists, which can act as a barrier for improving patient outcomes. This review provides a holistic understanding of specific psychotrichologic conditions that healthcare providers may encounter in order to facilitate the process of developing high‐quality future therapeutic interventions.     

Risks posed by various components of hair dyes

Summary In this study, I calculated the risks presented by the use of several chemicals that are or were used in hair dyes and for which a good animal bioassay is available. The risks were calculated using the carcinogenic potency measure used in the National Cancer Institute bioassays concerning the exposure of rats and mice to these chemicals. The procedure used was that previously discussed by Zeise et al.; it is similar to, but logically more complete, than those normally used by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EDA). The expected value of the risk for the worst dye that has now been discontinued is as high as that of smoking 6 cigarettes in a lifetime; the 95th pecentile gives a risk equivalent to that of smoking 120 cigarettes in a lifetime or 2 per year. Even when the upper limits of carcinogenic potency of the untested chemicals are employed using correlations with toxicity, the estimated risk remains small.     

毛囊色素

毛发的颜色主要取决于毛囊色素(优黑素/褐黑素)的合成与表达,黑素颗粒由黑素细胞合成,并向皮质及角质形成细胞转运,最终沉积于毛干内,上述过程主要包括了毛囊黑素细胞的发育,黑素颗粒在毛囊中的合成和转运,黑素细胞的调控,黑素颗粒在毛干上的沉积以及毛囊色素单元的老化。     

Relationship of Hair Regrowth Pattern in Alopecia Areata Patches According to DIMT Classification with Treatment Modalities and Patch Size: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis

BackgroundThe morphology of hair regrowth in alopecia areata (AA) patches could be classified into four types, namely diffuse, irregular, marginal, and targetoid patterns, according to the DIMT classification. However, factors affecting hair regrowth patterns have not been investigated.ObjectiveWe investigated whether the DIMT-classified hair regrowth patterns of AA patches are associated with treatment modality and patch size.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 152 AA patches with hair regrowth.ResultsThe associations between the diffuse pattern and patch size >2 cm (p=0.006; odds ratio [OR]: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17~0.74), between the irregular pattern and triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection (p<0.001; OR: 274.87, 95% CI: 25.75~2,933.56), between the marginal pattern and systemic and topical corticosteroid (p=0.018; OR: 4.89, 95% CI: 1.31~18.27), and between the targetoid pattern and patch size >2 cm (p=0.028; OR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.10~5.68) were statistically significant.ConclusionTreatment modalities and patch size are the factors affecting hair regrowth patterns in AA patches.