熊果酸衍生物构效关系研究进展

综述了近年来对熊果酸的结构修饰及其衍生物构效关系的研究进展。熊果酸是一种广泛存在于天然植物中的五环三萜类化合物,具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、抗炎、抗HIV等药理活性,故而受到研究人员的广泛关注。对熊果酸进行结构修饰及构效关系探索,以获得高效低毒的候选化合物,已成为该化合物的研究热点之一。     

顺铂和卡铂对胃癌细胞系的毒性作用比较

目的：体外比较顺铂和卡铂对胃癌细胞系的毒性作用,为临床化疗提供参考。方法：采用二甲基噻唑基四氮唑试验（MTT）在不同的培养时间,用不同浓度的药物,通过其细胞抑制率和半数抑制率（IC50）比较两种药物的细胞毒性。结果：不同培养时间的肿瘤细胞抑制率顺铂明显高于卡铂（P＜0．05）,顺铂的IC50也远小于卡铂。结论：顺铂对胃癌细胞系的体外细胞毒性作用大于卡铂。     

(定量)构效关系预测利伐沙班有机杂质遗传毒性

目的 通过对利伐沙班原料中有机杂质进行遗传毒性预测,并以杂质遗传毒性进行分类,为实际生产中质量保障体系的建立提供依据。方法 分析利伐沙班的合成工艺,结合实际生产中有可能采用的生产工艺,推测有机杂质,按照国际认可的指导原则,采用基于专家规则和基于统计学规则的2个互补的（定量）构效关系评估[（quantitative） structure-activity relationships, （Q）SAR]预测软件,对18个有机杂质进行遗传毒性预测分析,并依据预测结果按照其致突变性和致癌性进行分类。结果 在18个有机杂质中,需要按遗传毒性杂质控制的杂质有5个,可以按非遗传毒性杂质控制的杂质有13个。结论 采用（Q）SAR评估有关物质的遗传毒性,可实现快速确定杂质毒性特征的目的。预测结果提示利伐沙班应针对具有遗传毒性警示结构的5个杂质建立有效的质量控制体系。     

Star-Shaped Tetraspermine Enhances Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of T-Oligo in Prostate Cancer Cells

Purpose

An oligonucleotide termed ‘T-oligo’ having sequence homology with telomere overhang has shown cytotoxicity in multiple cancers. We have demonstrated that T-oligo can induce apoptosis in androgen independent prostate cancer cell line DU-145. In this report, we evaluate the use of star-shaped tetraspermine (SSTS) for delivery of T-oligo.

Methods

SSTS was synthesized from spermine and its intrinsic cytotoxicity towards DU-145 cells was compared with spermine and branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI). Atomistic molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were conducted to understand binding and complexation of spermine and SSTS with T-oligo. Complexation was also determined using gel electrophoresis and SYBR gold assay. Complexes were characterized for size, cellular uptake and antiproliferative effect.

Results

SSTS exhibited significantly lower toxicity than spermine and bPEI. Its affinity towards T-oligo was significantly higher than spermine as determined by experimental studies and confirmed by MD simulations and it formed stable complexes (TONPs) with T-oligo. TONPs facilitated cellular uptake and nuclear accumulation of T-oligo and their cytotoxic potential was observed at concentration several folds lower than that required for T-oligo alone.

Conclusion

SSTS significantly enhanced therapeutic benefits associated with the use of T-oligo and can be developed as a delivery vehicle for its in-vivo therapeutic applications.

     

Structure-activity Relationships of Some Novel Coronary Dilator Derivatives of Palmitoyl Carnitine in the Rat Isolated Heart

The structure-activity relationships of some novel coronary dilator derivatives of palmitoyl carnitine in the rat isolated perfused heart are described. It has been shown previously that esterification of palmitoyl carnitine changes the activity of the compound from a coronary constrictor to a coronary dilator. In this study, it was found that the ester group is not a necessary requirement for coronary dilator activity, but only the absence of the negatively charged carboxylic acid group of palmitoyl carnitine, as compounds containing an ethyl group in place of the ester group were also active coronary dilators. Furthermore, substituting the methyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom of the molecule profoundly altered coronary dilator activity. A quaternary ammonium group was a necessary requirement for potent coronary dilator activity.     

金粉蕨素体外诱导人宫颈癌HeLa 细胞凋亡的机制

目的：探讨金粉蕨素（ONY）体外诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的作用及其分子机制。方法体外培养人宫颈癌HeLa、CaSki、SiHa、ME180细胞,采用MTT法检测ONY对人宫颈癌HeLa、CaSki、SiHa、ME180细胞生长抑制率的影响;Hoechst33258染色检测ONY对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的形态学变化;流式细胞术（FCM）检测ONY对HeLa细胞凋亡率的影响;DNA琼脂糖电泳检测HeLa细胞凋亡的DNA条带;Western blot分析凋亡相关蛋白表达变化。结果 ONY对人宫颈癌HeLa、CaSki、SiHa、ME180细胞生长有较强的抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖性,以HeLa细胞对ONY最为敏感,作用24 h的IC50值为10.48μg·mL-1。经ONY作用于HeLa细胞24 h后,细胞出现典型的凋亡形态学改变,表现出典型的凋亡特征的亚二倍体峰,且呈剂量依赖性,同时出现典型的凋亡DNA条带;同时,cytochrome c、caspase-9和caspase-3蛋白表达增加,bcl-2蛋白表达下调,而bax蛋白表达不变, Bcl-2/Bax比值下调（P〈0.05）。结论 ONY可能通过调控线粒体途径相关蛋白抑制宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖并诱导其凋亡。     

替诺福韦阳离子脂质体的制备及其对人体肝细胞SMMC-7721摄取和细胞毒性研究

目的:研究替诺福韦阳离子脂质体的制备及其促进肝实质细胞摄取的情况和细胞毒性作用。方法:采用叔丁醇冻干法制备替诺福韦阳离子脂质体,测定其包封率及理化性质;以SMMC-7721细胞为模型,研究脂质体对肝实质细胞摄取替诺福韦的促进作用,MTT法检测不同条件下载药脂质体对细胞的毒性情况。结果:制备的脂质体包封率为(88.3±1.6)%,粒径为(278.4±67.6)nm,Zeta电势为(31±5)mV;经半乳糖基及PEG修饰的脂质体较游离药物进入肝实质细胞的浓度明显升高,且时间延长;当替诺福韦脂质体、脂质浓度分别为7.5、30μg·mL-1时,细胞存活率在80%以上,毒性较小。结论:所制备的阳离子脂质体具有显著增加细胞摄取替诺福韦和保护替诺福韦的作用,有望成为抗病毒药物如替诺福韦等的高效传递系统。     

布洛芬原料药及部分杂质的细胞毒性研究

摘 要 目的：评价布洛芬原料药及6种杂质的细胞毒性。方法: 不同浓度的布洛芬原料药及6种杂质作用于小鼠成纤维细胞（L929）72 h后,显微镜观察细胞毒性。结果: 在布洛芬原料药中,杂质B的细胞毒性最弱,为轻微毒性;杂质N、D、J、V细胞毒性均呈中度毒性,杂质E的细胞毒性呈现重度细胞毒性。结论:在该原料药中,同等浓度条件下,杂质E的毒性最强,应对其在布洛芬制剂中的含量进行严格地控制。     

人乳头瘤病毒检测在宫颈癌筛查中的作用

目的：了解生殖道人乳头瘤病毒高危型（HPV16／18）感染与宫颈病变、宫颈癌的关系,以便早期发现和治疗宫颈上皮内瘤样变（CIN）和原位癌。方法：利用膜式液基薄层细胞学（TCT）技术筛查与病理学诊断相结合,以宫颈炎为对照组,对宫颈炎和高危患者（如ASCUS、CIN、宫颈原位癌）共685例进行HPVl6／18型荧光定量PCR检测。结果：高危患者中HPV16／18感染率为64．2％（124／193）,其中宫颈癌、CINⅢ和CINⅡ的HPV16／18感染率为97．2％（69／71）,CINⅠ感染率为52．0％（26／50）,ASCUS感染率为40．3％（29／72）,宫颈炎对照组感染率为11．2％（55／492）,宫颈炎和高危患者两组结果比较有统计学差异（P〈O．005）,高危患者中〈40岁感染率为69．0％（40／58）,≥40岁感染率为62．2％（84／135）,两组结果比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：高危型HPV16／18感染与宫颈病变,特别是宫颈癌、宫颈癌前病变的发生有明显的相关性,并且病变越重,HPV的感染率越高。提示宫颈癌的防治重点应放在高危型HPV感染者,并且宫颈病变的发生与年龄无相关性。     

Cytotoxicity,Cytogenotoxicity and Allergenicity Tests on Certain Pyrethroids

ABSTRACT

Pyrethroids are potent synthetic insecticides which have been increasingly employed in recent years. Such compounds have been shown to bind covalently to hepatic proteins. Covalent binding is often associated with toxic effects. Possible cytotoxic, cytogenotoxic and allergenic effects could be due to covalent binding of these compounds and/or their metabolites to endogenous macromolecules. In the present paper we examine possible cytotoxic effects of certain pyrethroids on human lymphocytes and L 1210 lymphoblastoid mouse cells, cytogenotoxic effects with micronuclei test and allergenic effects with Magnusson and mast cell degranulation tests.

Under our experimental conditions, the tested compounds showed neither acute cytotoxic nor cytogenotoxic effects, though, Cismethrin presented slight antimitotic effects statistically different to those with the control.

Slight allergenic character of Cismethrin, Bioresmethrin and Deltamethrin was revealed by Magnusson and mast cell degranulation tests.     

Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3H)-one and Tetrahydropyridazine-3,6-dione Derivatives of Fatty Acids

Herein we report saturated and unsaturated fatty acid derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one and tetrahydropyridazine-3,6-dione as new potential anticancer agents. All the synthesised compounds were characterised by IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectral data. The relative sensitivity of three cancer cell lines varied depending on the nature of the compound. Among the most effective anticancer compounds studied, 3b and 6b displayed remarkable anticancer activity against the MDA-MB-231 and KCL-22 lines, respectively. On the other hand, compound 3c was found to be most sensitive to nearly all the tested cell lines, MDA-MB-231, KCL-22, and HeLa.     

Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Induced by the Pesticide Profenofos on Cultured Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Profenofos is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide and acaricide used widely for agricultural and household purposes. The aim of this investigation was to determine its toxicity profile in vitro, using lymphocytes from peripheral blood samples of healthy human donors. We found the IC₅₀ of profenofos to be 3.5 μM as measured by Trypan blue dye exclusion method. Chromosomal analyses of the metaphase plates of the samples treated with sublethal concentrations of profenofos revealed satellite associations and chromatid breaks and gaps, indicating its effect on chromosomes. The results were further supported by comet assay, where single-strand breaks in DNA were observed as comet tail lengths. The results were statistically significant (p < 0.01, ANOVA). Hence, it may be proposed that in vitro assays like the comet assay and chromosomal aberrations test, which indicate genetic damage, could be used to study the effect of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning in humans.     

Cytotoxicity of mebendazole against established cell lines from the human,rat, and mouse liver

The direct cytotoxicity of mebendazole (MBZ) was investigated by using cell lines derived from human, mouse and rat liver. It was demonstrated that Chang liver cells (derived from human liver) were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of MBZ than the other two cell lines. Longer incubation of the cells with MBZ resulted in stronger toxicity, and the cytotoxicity was dependent on the MBZ concentration above a certain threshold value (0.25–0.50 mg/l in a 42-h culture). Inhibition of the proliferation of Chang liver cells by MBZ was detected at a concentration of 0.008 mg/l, a lower concentration than that having a cytotoxic effect. The other two cell lines were less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of MBZ. Proliferation of human mononuclear cells following stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was inhibited by MBZ, and this inhibition was more extensive than that of cells stimulated with whole formalin-treatedPseudomonas aeruginosa. It is suggested that dividing cells may be more sensitive to MBZ cytotoxicity. This anti-proliferative effect may be related to its clinically known side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression.     

前列腺干细胞抗原在前列腺癌中的表达及与血清PSA的关系

目的探讨前列腺干细胞抗原（PSCA）作为肿瘤标志物早期诊断前列腺癌（PCa）的可能性。并对前列腺癌患者的前列腺特异抗原（PSA）进行了检测,探讨两者之间的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学和逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）分别检测外周血与不同前列腺组织中PSCA的表达。结果 PSCA在BPH、PCa组织中的表达水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,在PCa组织中PSCA的阳性率随着病理分级及临床分期的增高而增加（P〈0.05）。PSCA在PSA小于或大于10ng/ml的PCa患者组织中的表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 PSCA基因mRNA表达与PCa患者的分化程度和临床分期均有明显相关性。提示有可能作为一个指标对PCa患者进行早期诊断。     

苯胺衍生物对肝细胞毒性构效关系的量子化学研究

应用ＣＮＤＯ／２量子化学方法计算２８个苯胺衍生物分子的电子结构,探讨了药物分子的电子结构对肝细胞毒性三项指标的关系,结果得到了三个反映苯胺衍生物对肝细胞毒性的定量构效关系（ＱＳＡＲ）的回归方程：ｐＴＣ５０＝５．４１７＋０．６７９ＥＨＯＭＯ;ｐＳＤＨ＝－５．３８９－１．３５３ＳＱＲ－０．３４６ＥＨＯＭＯ;ｐＬＤＨ＝－６．０９４－１．５５６ＳＱＲ－０．３０６ＥＨＯＭＯ。根据所得的ＱＳＡＲ方程可预测化合     

Discovery and Potency Optimization of 2‐Amino‐5‐arylmethyl‐1,3‐thiazole Derivatives as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Prostate Cancer

A new chemical series was identified via high‐throughput screening as having antiproliferative activity on DU‐145 human prostate carcinoma cell line (hit compound potency – 2.9 μM). Medicinal chemistry optimization of two peripheral diversity vectors of the hit molecule, independently, led to SAR generalizations and identification of the ‘best’ moieties. The latter were merged in a single compound that exhibited an over 100‐fold better potency than the hit compound. For the most potent compounds it was confirmed that the observed antiproliferative potency was not associated with the compounds' non‐specific cytotoxicity.     

Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of New Cryptophycin Analogues

Two analogues of cryptophycin were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their in‐vitro cytotoxicities against several solid tumors and leukemia cell lines. The results revealed that both analogues exhibited a broad range of cytotoxic activity with observed IC₅₀ values in the μM‐range, and compound 4 was more effective than compound 3 in most assays studied.     

差异基因前列腺癌抗原-1的表达的研究

目的 筛选并分析前列腺癌与前列腺增生组织中差异基因前列腺癌抗原-1(PCA-1)的表达及其临床意义.方法 应用含有465个基因的寡聚合苷酸芯片,检测前列腺癌和前列腺增生(BPH)组织中差异表达的基因.用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,检测45例前列腺癌组织、10例前列腺高分级上皮样内瘤样病变组织(HG-PIN)、43例BPH组织和其它肿瘤组织标本中PCA-1 mRNA的表达.结果 前列腺癌和BPH组织中表达差异的有显著性的基因共37个,前列腺癌上调20个,下调17个.前列腺癌与HG-PIN组织标本中PCA-1 mRNA的阳性表达率分别为88.9%和60.0%,BPH以及其它肿瘤组织中均未见PCA-1基因mRNA的表达.PCA-1 mRNA表达与前列腺癌的临床病理参数之间无明显相关关系,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PCA-1表达与前列腺癌的临床病理参数无关,有可能作为特异性的肿瘤标志物对前列腺癌进行早期诊断.