紧张和职业紧张

本文概述了紧张，职业紧张及其影响因素，对紧张（stress)的研究虽已有多年，就其定义至今仍无共识，作者认为紧张的定义应当努力体现心理状态的变化。在本文中综合提出了紧张和职业紧张的概念，概述了导致紧张的三种模式，与职业紧张有关的三类主要症状，精疲力竭的三个主要表现，以及影响职业紧张的主要因素等。概述将为开展紧张和职业紧张的研究提供参考。     

Sacral stress fractures

Stress fractures result from skeletal failure resulting from submaximal repetitive forces over time. Sacral stress fractures may represent an underdiagnosed cause of low back and buttock pain. They occur primarily in two populations, young active persons and elderly osteoporotic women, usually corresponding to fatigue and insufficiency-type fractures, respectively. The clinical presentation of these fractures is similar, but the medical and rehabilitation management of these patient populations differs and is tailored to the specific underlying etiology. In both types of fractures, appropriate conservative measures generally result in good functional outcomes. This paper provides an overview of the anatomical considerations, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnostic imaging findings, appropriate laboratory studies, medical management, and rehabilitation management of patients with sacral stress fractures.