EGFP标记的人肺癌裸鼠原位移植模型的建立

背景与目的 小鼠活体分子成像模型可以连续实时监测活体肿瘤的变化.本研究拟通过外科原位移植法建立表达绿色荧光蛋白的肺癌裸鼠原位移植模型并探讨其肿瘤生物学特性,从而建立一个良好的肺癌动物实验研究平台.方法 利用逆转录病毒转染法将增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因导人人肺癌大细胞系NCI-H460,采用外科原位移植法建立肺癌原位移植模型.定期通过小动物活体荧光成像系统观察肿瘤生长,利用相关性检验分析荧光面积和肿瘤体积之间的相关关系,并观察原位移植术后裸鼠的生存期和肿瘤转移情况.结果 模型建立后1周通过皮瓣在荧光体视镜下可观察到肺部肿瘤的绿色荧光,成瘤率为100%.荷瘤裸小鼠平均生存期为34.2天.解剖裸鼠观察到肿瘤侵及对侧肺、纵隔及肺门淋巴结、胸膜和膈肌,转移率分别为87.596、75%、25%和12.5%.肿瘤体积和荧光面积具有相关性(r=0.873,P=0.001).结论 外科原位移植法建立的表达EGFP的裸鼠肺癌原位模型是肺癌临床前研究的理想的实验工具.应用小动物活体荧光成像系统能够定量客观评价肿瘤在动物体内的生长、侵袭和转移,该模型可应用于肺癌的基础研究和新药开发.     

Orthotopic implantation of human colon carcinomas into nude mice provides a valuable model for the biology and therapy of metastasis

Summary Human colon carcinomas (HCC) are heterogeneous for a varriety of biological properties that include invasion and metastasis. The presence of a small subpopulation of cells with a highly metastatic phenotype has important clinical implications for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. For this reason, it is important to develop animal models for the selection and isolation of metastatic variants from human colon concers and for testing the metastatic potential of these cells. We have implanted cells from more than 100 HCC (obtained from surgical specimens) into different organs of nude mice. Regardless of their malignant potential in the patient, the HCC did not metastasize unless they were implanted orthotopically. Only when they were injected into the cecum or spleen of nude mice did they yield hepatic metastases. These metastases consisted of highly metastatic cells. The invasive phenotype was influenced by the organ environment. HCC cells in the subcutis did not produce degradative enzymes and the cells did not metastasize. In contrast, HCC cells in the cecum did both. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the orthotopic implantation of HCC cells can yield metastatic subpopulations of cells suitable for the study of metastasis.     

Orthotopic Models are Necessary to Predict Therapy of Transplantable Tumors in Mice

Rapid evaluation of new cytotoxic agents and biological response modifiers for therapy of cancer and elucidation of their mechanisms of action require the use of relevant animal models. It is well established that the faithful reproduction of the tumor microenvironment that allows the emergence of subpopulations of tumor cells with the biological and metastatic properties observed in clinical cancer occurs with orthotopic tumor models (transplantable and transgenic). This review summarizes the evidence that phenotypic properties of metastatic cells are governed by the expression of genes that are regulated by interaction with the relevant organ environment. While ectopic models of cancer allow rapid screening of new compounds and transgenic models afford opportunities to study early cellular and molecular events in tumor progression and metastasis, orthotopic transplantation of tumor cells remains an affordable, reproducible and reliable methodology for the study of organ-specific determinants of the biology and therapy of cancer. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A GFP-labeled Human Colon Cancer Metastasis Model Featuring Surgical Orthotopic Implantation

Colorectal cancer has become a major disease threatening human health. To establish animal models thatexhibit the characteristics of human colorectal cancer will not only help to study the mechanisms underlying thegenesis and development effectively, but also provide ideal carriers for the screening of medicines and examiningtheir therapeutic effects. In this study, we established a stable, colon cancer nude mouse model highly expressinggreen fluorescent protein (GFP) for spontaneous metastasis after surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI). GFPlabeledcolon cancer models for metastasis after SOI were successfully established in all of 15 nude mice and therewere no surgery-related complications or deaths. In week 3, primary tumors expressing GFP were observed inall model animals under fluoroscopy and two metastatic tumors were monitored by fluorescent imaging at thesame time. The tumor volumes progressively increased with time. Seven out of 15 tumor transplanted mice diedand the major causes of death were intestinal obstruction and cachexia resulting from malignant tumor growth.Eight model animals survived at the end of the experiment, 6 of which had metastases (6 cases to mesentericlymph nodes, 4 hepatic, 2 pancreatic and 1 mediastinal lymph node). Our results indicate that our GFP-labeledcolon cancer orthotopic transplantation model is useful with a high success rate; the transplanted tumors exhibitsimilar biological properties to human colorectal cancer, and can be used for real-time, in vivo, non-invasive anddynamic observation and analysis of the growth and metastasis of tumor cells.     

Establishment of a Fluorescent Implantation Metastasis Model of Bladder Cancer and Real-time Microscopic Detection in Nude Mice

Objective: To establish a fluorescent implantation metastasis model of bladder carcinoma with high metastaticpotential in nude mice and observe development and metastasis. Methods: Human bladder cancer EJ cells withhigh invasive ability were screened and transfected with GFP plasmid to screen stable enhanced GFP-expressingclones instilled into the bladders of nude mice. Subsequent growth, invasion, and metastasis of the implantedtumors were observed and evaluated with a whole-body fluorescence optical imaging system. Results: Thetransfected bladder cancer EJ cells stably and efficiently expressed EGFP. The growth, invasion and metastasisof the implant bladder tumor were readily observed and accurately evaluated by fluorescent microscopy. Inthe bladders of nude mice, the rates of EGFP expression detected by flow cytometry at weeks 1-4 were 22.6%,46.7%, 62.3% and 72.7%, respectively, with clear increase over time. Conclusion: GFP-labeled bladder cancerEJ cells display green fluorescence under fluorescent microscopy and show stable GFP expression. The model willprovide a simple and reliable means for studying the mechanism of implantation metastasis of human bladdercancers in vivo.     

食管癌原位模型的建立

目的：建立食管癌原位模型。方法将人食管癌原代肿瘤组织缝合于裸鼠食管表面,以完成食管癌原位模型的建立,并以该模型考察紫杉醇对食管癌的治疗情况。结果食管癌原位模型成功建立,成瘤率100%。紫杉醇的抑瘤率达73%。结论该模型可以良好模拟食管癌患者的进食困难等主要临床症状;紫杉醇对该模型具有显著抑制肿瘤生长作用。     

Adjuvant treatment with tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R reduces recurrence and increases survival after liver metastasis resection in an orthotopic nude mouse model

Colon cancer liver metastasis is often the lethal aspect of this disease. Well-isolated metastases are candidates for surgical resection, but recurrence is common. Better adjuvant treatment is therefore needed to reduce or prevent recurrence. In the present study, HT-29 human colon cancer cells expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) were used to establish liver metastases in nude mice. Mice with a single liver metastasis were randomized into bright-light surgery (BLS) or the combination of BLS and adjuvant treatment with tumor-targeting S. typhimurium A1-R. Residual tumor fluorescence after BLS was clearly visualized at high magnification by fluorescence imaging. Adjuvant treatment with S. typhimurium A1-R was highly effective to increase survival and disease-free survival after BLS of liver metastasis. The results suggest the future clinical potential of adjuvant S. typhimurium A1-R treatment after liver metastasis resection.     

Stromal Metalloproteinase-9 Is Essential to Angiogenesis and Progressive Growth of Orthotopic Human Pancreatic Cancer in Parabiont Nude Mice

We determined whether host matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 is essential to angiogenesis and to the growth of L3.6pl human pancreatic cancer cells implanted into the pancreas of wild-type (MMP-9^+/+) and knockout (MMP-9^-/-) nude mice. Four weeks after tumor cell injection, pancreatic tumors in MMP-9^+/+ mice were large, had many blood vessels, and contained many macrophages expressing MMP-9. In contrast, pancreatic tumors in MMP-9^-/- mice were significantly smaller, had few blood vessels, and had few macrophages. Next, we parabiosed MMP-9^+/+ mice with MMP-9^+/+ mice, MMP-9^-/- mice with MMP-9^-/- mice, and MMP-9^+/+ mice with MMP-9^-/- mice. Two weeks after parabiosis, we implanted L3.6pl cells into the pancreas of the recipient mouse in each pair. Four weeks later, the mice were necropsied. The parabiosis experiment revealed a direct correlation between intratumoral MMP-9^+/+ expressing macrophages, angiogenesis, and progressive tumor growth. Because the expression of MMP-9 by L3.6pl tumor cells was similar in all parabionts, the data clearly demonstrate a major role for host-derived MMP-9 in angiogenesis and in the growth of human pancreatic cancer in the pancreas of nude mice.     

Circulating Tumor Cells are Associated with Bone Metastasis of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, predominantly due to the difficulty of early diagnosis and its high metastatic potential. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are responsible for cancer metastatic relapse, and CTCs have attracted interest in cancer metastasis detection and quantification. In present study, we collected blood samples from 67 patients with bone metastasis, and 30 patients without such metastasis, and searched for CTCs. Then the association of CTC numbers with bone metastasis and other clinico-pothological variants was analyzed. Results demonstrated that when 5 or 1 was taken as a threshhold for the CTC number, there were significantly higher positivity of CTCs in the bonemetastasis group than in the non-metastasis group. While the increase in CTC number was not significantly associated with any other clinicopathological factor, including age, gender, pathological type, intrapulmonary metastasis and lymph node metastasis, the CTC number in patients with positivity of the last above mentioned variants was obviously higher than in patients with negativity of the two variants. Taken together, the CTC number appears to be significantly associated with the bone metastasis from lung cancer.     

基质金属蛋白酶9表达与胃癌血管生成及转移的关系

[目的]探讨基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)对胃癌血管生成和转移的作用及意义.[方法]应用SP法,对63例胃癌手术切除标本进行抗人MMP-9单克隆抗体和抗因子Ⅷ相关抗原抗体(FⅧAg)免疫组织化学染色,检测和分析癌区组织、癌旁区组织、手术切缘区正常组织各区域MMP-9表达和MVD.[结果]癌区组织MMP-9高表达率(59%)显著高于癌旁区组织(22%,P＜0.01),癌旁区组织MMP-9低表达率(49%)明显高于切缘区正常组织(21%,P＜0.01);癌区的MVD表达显著高于癌旁区及正常区组织表达(P＜0.01).MMP-9的表达情况与肿瘤血管形成的程度显著相关,无论在癌区、癌旁区组织MMP-9高表达的MVD值明显高于MMP-9低表达者(P＜0.05).淋巴结转移、肝转移的癌区组织MMP-9高表达及其MVD显著高于无相应转移者.[结论] MMP-9在胃癌的血管形成中起重要作用,其可通过促进胃癌血管形成而影响胃癌的转移.     

Effect of 5-Fluorouracil and UFT on Experimental Liver Metastasis Model of Colorectal Cancer Using Mouse Colon 26 Cells

Effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and UFT on an experimental liver metastasis model were compared at equi-effective dosage levels against subcutaneous tumor of mouse colon 26. 5-FU at the dosage level of 40 mg/kg suppressed the subcutaneous tumor growth by 70.0% and 45.0% on day 13 and day 18, respectively, and UFT at 20 mg/kg provided almost equal suppression (63.0% and 48.0%). In the liver metastasis model, 5-FU at 40 mg/kg showed more potent prevention of the formation of metastatic foci (94.9%) than did UFT (60.4%) at 20 mg/kg. 5-FU at 40 mg/kg produced a much higher peak serum level of 5-FU than did UFT at 20 mg/kg and also showed a much higher AUC (area under the curve) level in the portal blood. These results suggest that oral administration of 5-FU might be useful in prevention of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.     

乳腺癌转移相关基因表达蛋白组织微阵列的研究

[目的]分析c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE在乳腺癌组织中的表达以及这些蛋白表达之间的相关性及与患者预后的关系。[方法]有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌病例100例,制作成组织芯片,进行c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE免疫组化染色,根据染色指数对乳腺癌原发灶和转移灶进行统计学分析,分析这些指标间相关性及与患者预后的关系。[结果]100例乳腺癌标本中,转移灶c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE的表达均高于原发灶肿瘤组织的表达(P<0.05)。这三者之间染色指数,统计学分析显示彼此之间具有相关性。c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE与患者之间的预后之间没有明确的相关性。[结论]c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE相关基因在调控乳腺癌转移上具有协同作用,c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE蛋白增加,促进了肿瘤的转移和浸润。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂与大肠癌肝转移的研究进展

基质金属蛋白酶可降解细胞外基质和基底膜，在大肠癌肝转移中起关键作用。以其作为治疗靶点可有效控制大肠癌的生长和转移，目前已开发数种基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂处于临床前及临床试验阶段。     

A Novel Experimental Mouse Model of Peritoneal Dissemination of Human Gastric Cancer Cells: Different Mechanisms in Peritoneal Dissemination and Hematogenous Metastasis

We established a new cell line, AZ-P7a, with high peritoneal-metastatic potential in nude mice. AZ-P7a cells were derived from the human gastric carcinoma line AZ-521, which has low capacity for peritoneal dissemination. AZ-P7a cells developed peritoneal metastasis in 11/14 (78.6%) mice, whereas the parental AZ-521 cells developed metastasis in 2/6 (33.3%) mice. The metastatic foci in the peritoneum showed essentially the same histological appearance as those induced by parental cells. The tumorigenicity and the motile activity of AZ-P7a cells were stronger than those of the parental AZ-521 cells; in contrast, adhesion to the extracellular matrix and the production of vascular endothelial growth factor by AZ-P7a cells were decreased. In fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, AZ-P7a cells expressed significantly greater levels of integrins α2, α3, α5, α6 and αvβ5, as compared with AZ-521 cells. However, α1, α4, αvβ3, hCD44H, hCD44v3, hCD44v6 and hCD44v10 were not expressed in either cell line. AZ-P7a cells developed no liver metastasis when administered by the intrasplenic injection method, though the highly liver metastatic cell line AZ-H5c showed the same rate of peritoneal dissemination as that exhibited by AZ-P7a cells after intraabdominal injection. These findings suggested that the mechanism of peritoneal dissemination differed from that of hematogenous metastasis. Moreover, the latter appears to be controlled by more complex mechanisms than the former. Thus, this cell line might be useful for investigating the mechanism of peritoneal dissemination of human gastric cancer.     

Interaction between Colon Cancer Cells and Human Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Promotes Liver Metastasis of Tumor Cells

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of co-culture between colon cancer cells(SW1116)and human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (HLSECs)on cancer cell metastasis, and to provide a novel model for studying the mechanism of colon cancer liver metastasis.METHODS HLSECs and SW1116 were co-cultured for 21 rounds in vitro. Transwell migration,gelatin-zymography,CCK-8 proliferation and colony formation assays were used to examine the invasion, proliferation, and colony forming ability of cancer cells.Assays were carried out to examine tumor growth ability and liver metastasis. The associated molecular change was examined by western blotting.RESULTS After 21 selection rounds, colon cancer cells SW1116P21 displayed a clear boundary. Compared with the SW1116 cells,SW1116P21 cells had a greater invasive ability, cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar.A gelatin-zymography assay showed that the ability of SW1116P21 cells to secrete matrixmetaIloproteinase-2/9 was significantly greater than that ofSW1116 cells. Additionally, the capacity for subcutaneous tumorformation of SW1116P21 was significantly increased. It was found that mice injected with SW1116P21 cells developed significantly morevisually observable liver nodules than mice injected with SW1116cells.Western blotting showed increased vimentin expression anddecreased E-cadherin expression in the SW1116P21 cells, comparedwith the SW1116 cells.CONCLUSION The interaction between SW1116 and HLSECs maypromote tumor cell invasion, proliferation and colony formation in vitro, and tumor formation and liver metastasis in vivo. Anepithelial-mesenchymal transition occurs in SW1116P21 cells, whichcontributes to the change in the characteristics of tumor cells.     

Rationale and methods for the use of nude mice to study the biology and therapy of human cancer metastasis

Summary Human neoplasms are biologically heterogeneous. The extensive cellular diversity found in malignant neoplasms is generated by the rapid emergence of clonal subpopulations of tumor cells with different properties that include invasion, metastasis and responsiveness to treatment. Studies in rodent systems have indicated that cancer metastases can be clonal in their origin and that different metastases can originate from different progenitor cells from the primary tumor. This metastatic heterogeneity of tumor cells has many ramifications for studies of tumor biology, in general, and studies of therapy, in particular.The heterogeneous nature of metastatic human neoplasms can now be studied under defined conditions in healthy athymic nude mice. The neoplasms must be free of mouse pathogens and the mice must be kept in specific-pathogen-free conditions. Careful consideration must be given to the intimate tumor-host relationship for each tumor system studied, because the metastatic potential of human neoplasms can vary with the site of implantation into nude mice.Several methods for studying the biology of human neoplasms in the nude mouse are described as well as techniques to assure the success of these studies. The data show that the healthy young nude mouse can be a useful in vivo model for ascertaining the metastatic potential of human neoplasms, for selecting and maintaining cell variants of high metastatic potential from heterogeneous human tumors, and for studying therapeutic agents directed against metastatic cells proliferating in visceral organs.     

结直肠癌腹膜转移伴卵巢转移的治疗现状与挑战

腹膜是结直肠癌转移的好发部位。出现腹膜转移的女性结直肠癌患者常伴有卵巢转移。通常认为出现腹膜转移和卵巢转移的女性结直肠癌进展迅速且预后极差,目前仍无有效的治疗手段。虽然结直肠癌患者接受化疗及靶向药物后可显著改善预后,但同时伴有腹膜转移和卵巢转移的女性结直肠癌患者却无法明显获益。许多研究证实肿瘤细胞减灭术（CRS） 联合腹腔内热灌注化疗（HIPEC）可延长这类患者的生存期,改善生活质量。本文综述了结直肠癌腹膜转移和卵巢转移患者的诊治现状和相关进展。     

TSA联合基因工程腺病毒H101治疗食管癌皮下移植瘤的研究

目的 研究曲古霉素A(TSA)对基因工程腺病毒H101杀伤食管癌EC9706细胞作用的影响,探讨HDAC抑制剂在腺病毒载体基因治疗中应用的可能性和作用机制.方法1)先成瘤后治疗组,构建裸鼠食管癌移植瘤模型,待肿瘤长至肉眼可见的肿块(约8mm ×7mm)后分组.TSA治疗组:每只每次瘤内注射1.0 μmol/L TSA;...     

Age and Survival of Cervical Cancer Patients with Bone Metastasis

Background: To determine survival times of cervical cancer patients with bone metastasis related to theeffect of age at the time of cervical cancer diagnosis, we performed the retrospectively analytical study. Methods:A total of 68 cervical cancer patients with bone metastasis were treated at a single hospital, during January1998 to December 2010. Fifty-two medical records were identified and collected, the remaining sixteen medicalrecords were not found. Main outcome measures were patient characteristics, clinical information, duration fromcervical cancer diagnosis to bone metastasis diagnosis, survival time after bone metastasis and overall survivaltime. Results: Among fifty-two cervical cancer patients with bone metastasis, there were 13 patients who wereless than 45 years old, and 39 patients were 45 years old or more at the time of cervical cancer diagnosis. Theyounger group had less median overall survival than the older group, with a statistically significant difference(21 months, 95% CI 19.93-22.06; 34 months, 95% CI 23.27-44.72, p = 0.021). However, they were comparablein the duration from cervical cancer diagnosis to bone metastasis diagnosis and the survival time after bonemetastasis. Conclusion: Young patients with bone metastasis aged less than 45 years old at the time of cervicalcancer diagnosis have a poorer prognosis than the elderly patients. Impact: To improve survival and quality oflife, more intensive and novel multimodal treatments at the time of cervical cancer diagnosis should be consideredin patients less than forty-five years, who can tolerate the side effects better.     

GBAS Regulates the Proliferation and Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Combining with eEF1A1

BackgroundThe glioblastoma-amplified sequence (GBAS) is a newly identified gene that is amplified in approximately 40% of glioblastomas. This article probes into the expression, prognostic significance, and possible pathways of GBAS in ovarian cancer (OC).MethodImmunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the expression level of GBAS in OC and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Glioblastoma-amplified sequence shRNA was designed to transfect into OC cell lines to silence GBAS expression, then detect the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration ability of the cell. Furthermore, an in vitro tumor formation experiment in mice was constructed to prove the effect of GBAS expression on the growth of OC in vivo. To further study the regulation mechanism of GBAS, we performed co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and shotgun LC-MS mass spectrometry identification.ResultsImmunohistochemistry indicated that GBAS was markedly overexpressed in OC compared with normal ovarian tissue and was associated with lymph node metastasis. Inhibition of GBAS expression can significantly reduce OC cell proliferation, colony formation, promote cell apoptosis, and reduce the ability of cell migration and invasion. In vivo tumor formation experiments showed that the size and weight of tumors in mice after GBAS expression knockdown was significantly smaller. Glioblastoma-amplified sequence may be combined with elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (eEF1A1) to achieve its regulation in OC. Bioinformatics analysis data indicate that GBAS may be a key regulator of mitochondria-associated pathways, therefore controlling cancer progression. MicroRNA-27b, MicroRNA-23a, and MicroRNA-590 may directly targeting GBAS affects the biological behavior of OC cells.ConclusionThe glioblastoma-amplified sequence may regulate the proliferation and metastasis of OC cells by combining with eEF1A1.