特发性肺纤维化的研究新进展

特发性肺纤维化（idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF）是指原因不明,病理改变以普通型间质性肺炎（usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP）为特征的一种慢性间质性肺疾病。主要表现为弥漫性肺泡炎、肺泡单位结构紊乱和肺间质纤维化,其病理改变以大量的成纤维细胞聚集、细胞外基质沉积并伴有炎症和组织损伤所致的结构破坏为特征。     

低氧诱导肺间质纤维化的相关机制

肺间质纤维化（pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,PIF）是一种组织学和／或影像学表现为寻常型间质性肺炎,呈慢性进行性加重的间质性肺疾病。目前其病因不明、发病机制尚不清楚,主要累及肺间质、肺泡和／或细支气管。肺间质纤维化主要病理改变为肺组织局灶性纤维细胞增殖、     

特发性间质性肺炎

特发性间质性肺炎（IIP）是一组原因不明的异质性弥漫性间质性肺病（ILD），病变不仅侵犯肺间质，肺实质也明显受累，故美国胸科协会（ATS）／欧洲呼吸协会（ERS）于2002年颁布的国际多学科共识将其称为弥漫性实质性肺疾病（DPLD）。其特征为不同类型和程度的炎症及纤维化所构成的损害。肺实质是指各级支气管及肺泡结构，肺泡主要指肺泡腔及肺泡上皮细胞。肺间质是指肺泡上皮基底膜与毛细血管内皮基底膜之间的潜在间隙，其中充填着弹力纤维、胶原纤维、网状纤维、无定形细胞外基质及少量细胞，是肺的重要支撑组织。IIP主要损伤部位为肺间质，但也累及肺泡腔、肺泡上皮、外周气道、小血管及其内皮细胞。     

肺部影像、肺功能、支气管肺泡灌洗对特发性肺间质纤维化的诊断价值

特发性肺间质纤维化（idiopathic pulmonary interstital fibrosis，IPF）：是指原因不明并以普通型间质性肺炎为特征病理改变的一种慢性间质性肺疾病。目前诊断分外科肺活检资料的诊断和无外科肺活检资料的临床诊断。外科为有创诊断很难被患者接受。易造成气胸和出血等并发症。而我们采用肺部影像学及肺功能，支气管肺泡灌洗的方法操作简单，安全无创，并发症少，结合患者的临床表现可获得对IPF的早期准确的诊断，指导治疗。     

外科肺活检在特发性间质性肺炎诊断中的应用

特发性间质性肺炎（idiopathic interstitial pneumonia，IIP）是一组原因不明的弥漫性实质性肺疾病（DPLD），包括7种临床病理类型，发病频率分别是（临床诊断／病理诊断）：特发性肺纤维化（IPF）／普通型间质性肺炎（UIP）、非特异性间质性肺炎（NSIP）／NSIP、隐源性机化性肺炎（COP）／机化性肺炎（OP）、急性间质性肺炎（AIP）／弥漫性肺泡损伤（DAD）、呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺疾病（RB—ILD）／呼吸性细支气管炎（RB）、脱屑性间质性肺炎（DIP）／DIP、淋巴细胞间质性肺炎（LIP）／LIP。IIP上述临床病理类型的确诊需要肺活检病理，在很多情况下往往需要外科肺活检。小开胸肺活检的诊断率高，     

老年人特发性肺纤维化的正确诊断寓于鉴别诊断之中

特发性肺纤维化（idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF）是一种病因未知的、局限于肺的特殊的慢性纤维化性间质性肺炎,外科肺活检证实其组织学为寻常型间质性肺炎（usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP）,它是特发性间质性肺炎（idiopathic interstitial pneumonia,IIP）中最常见的类型,占IIP的60%～70%。     

老年支气管哮喘和气胸

自发性气胸是由于肺实质或脏层胸膜破裂而引起的胸膜腔内空气积聚。如肺泡破裂，气体进入围绕肺泡的间质，沿支气管周围间质进入纵隔，则形成纵隔气肿。通常自发性气胸分为两类：原发性自发性气胸（ＰＳＰ），发生于无显著基础肺疾病者，和继发性自发性气胸（ＳＳＰ），并...     

特发性间质性肺炎的现代诊治

特发性间质性肺炎（Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias，IIPs）是一组发生在肺实质的不同形式和程度的炎症和纤维化所导致的异质性非特异性疾病，包括特发性肺间质纤维化（idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis，IPF）及其以外的其它间质性肺炎，发病原因不明，是间质性肺疾病（interstitial lung disease，ILD）或称弥漫性肺实质病变（diffuse parenchymal lung disease，DPLD）中最常见和最重要的疾病。     

间质性肺疾病的治疗及适应证选择

间质性肺疾病（ILD）是一组以肺泡单位的炎症和间质纤维化为基本病变的肺部疾病的总称,又称为弥漫性实质性肺疾病（DPLD）。现在我们所认为ILD是指以肺泡上皮细胞和肺泡炎为起始发病部位,随病变进展累及肺间质、细支气管、肺泡实质、血管、淋巴管和胸膜等,     

特发性间质性肺炎的临床分析与护理对策

特发性间质性肺炎（idiopathic interstitial pneumonia，IIP），是以肺泡壁为主要病变的慢性炎症性间质性肺疾病，主要表现为弥漫性肺泡炎、肺泡单位结构紊乱和肺纤维化。由于细支气管领域和肺泡壁纤维化使肺的顺应性降低导致肺容量的减少和限制性通气功能障碍。此外，细支气管的炎性变化以及肺血管的闭塞性引起通气血流比例的失调和弥散功能的降低，最终发生低氧血症及呼吸衰竭。[第一段]     

肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术后再灌注肺水肿的进展

肺血栓栓塞症是一种常见、多发且病死率和致残率高的疾病。大多数急性肺动脉血栓栓塞经及时的溶栓抗凝等治疗和 (或 )自身的纤溶系统能将血栓不同程度地溶解 ,另有0 1%～ 0 2 %的患者因血栓在急性期未能溶解或栓塞反复发生进而发展成慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压。慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压溶栓无效 ,抗凝、扩血管治疗效果不佳 ,其病理过程多呈进行性加重或稳定一段时间后再次加重 ,自然预后差。肺动脉平均压 >3 0ｍｍＨｇ(1ｍｍＨｇ =0 13 3ｋＰａ)的慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压患者 5年生存率为 3 0 % ,肺动脉平均压 >5 0ｍｍＨｇ者仅为 10 %。肺动脉血…     

Chronic pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension

Incomplete resolution of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently observed after acute PE and may rarely result in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is largely unknown. Evidence underlines the concept of a dual pulmonary vascular compartment model consisting of increased pulmonary vascular resistance by both large vessel obstruction and distal small vessel obliteration, the latter initiated by pathological vascular remodeling. Up to 40% of patients with established CTEPH have no prior history of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. CTEPH is associated with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Therefore, the diagnostic approach of CTEPH aims at assessing the location and extent of the embolic obstruction, establishing the operability and prognosis of the patients and ruling out other variations of pulmonary hypertension with distinct indicated treatment. Heart catheterization for invasive pressure measurements and pulmonary catheter angiography is obligatory for the final diagnosis. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice. In certain patients with persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension after surgery or with inoperable disease, pharmacotherapy might be beneficial.     

Retrograde pulmonary perfusion improves results in pulmonary embolectomy for massive pulmonary embolism

Mortality rates for pulmonary embolectomy in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism have decreased in recent years. However, they still range from 30% to 45% when the surgery is performed on critically ill patients, and the rates reach 60% in patients who have experienced cardiac arrest before the procedure. The causes of death in these patients are generally attributed to right heart failure due to persistent pulmonary hypertension, intractable pulmonary edema, and massive parenchymal and intrabronchial hemorrhage. Clinical and experimental findings indicate that venous air embolism causes severe or even lethal damage to the pulmonary microvasculature and the lung parenchyma consequent to the release of endothelium-derived cytokines. These findings are similar to those observed when severely compromised patients undergo pulmonary embolectomy-air entrapped in the pulmonary artery during embolectomy can lead to fatal outcomes.Besides enabling the removal of residual thrombotic material from the peripheral branches of the pulmonary artery, retrograde pulmonary perfusion fills the pulmonary artery with blood and prevents pulmonary air embolism. In this retrospective study, we analyzed a series of 21 consecutive critically ill patients in whom we applied retrograde pulmonary perfusion while performing standard pulmonary embolectomy. No patient died or experienced major postoperative complications. We believe that the use of retrograde pulmonary perfusion decreases morbidity and mortality rates associated with pulmonary embolectomy in critically ill patients.     

Residual pulmonary thromboemboli after acute pulmonary embolism

BackgroundAfter an acute pulmonary embolism (PE), the complete resolution of thromboemboli may not be routinely achieved. The rate of persistence may depend on the time and the diagnostic technique used for evaluation.Patients and methodsPatients were diagnosed with acute PE by means of computed tomography angiography (CTA). While they were receiving anticoagulant therapy, a second CTA was used to explore the rate of persistence of residual thromboemboli. During the initial episode, the plasma levels of Troponin I and natriuretic peptide, patient demographics, and hemodynamic and gas exchange data were evaluated as risk factors for persistence of pulmonary thromboemboli.ResultsIn this study 166 patients were diagnosed. A second CTA was not made in 46 (28%) patients for different reasons. In 120 (72%) patients a second CTA was made 4.5 [SD2.34] months after the initial episode (range 2–12 months). Complete clearance of thrombi occurred in 89 (74%, 95% CI 65–81) patients. Residual thrombi remained in 31 (26%, 95% CI 18–34) patients. In 6%, 13% and 81% of the patients the size of the residual thrombi was greater, similar to and smaller than initially diagnosed, respectively.The risk factors for residual thrombi included the thrombotic burden (OR 1.95), the alveolar to arterial difference of oxygen (OR 1.64), and the clinical antecedents of venous thromboembolic disease (OR 0.65).ConclusionsAfter 4.5 months of anticoagulant therapy, residual pulmonary thromboemboli persisted in 26% of the patients. The risk factors for residual thromboemboli include a greater initial thrombotic burden, a deeper gas exchange disturbation and a history of previous venous thromboembolism.     

Acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction]

32 cases of pulmonary embolism were reported, 18 cases had been autopsied (massive pulmonary embolism 9 cases. moderate pulmonary embolism 23 cases). The incidence risk factors pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism were presented. The relation between pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction and treatment of massive pulmonary infarction were discussed.     

Reperfusion pulmonary edema after pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy

Pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy (PAT) is a potentially curative procedure in chronic, major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. However, postoperative reperfusion pulmonary edema (RPE) has been a serious complication, often requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. This entity has been described only anecdotally in the past. To characterize it more fully, we retrospectively analyzed the course and potential determinants of RPE after thromboendarterectomy in 22 patients who had PAT at our institution from 1969 through 1984. Particular attention was directed to clinical data, thrombus location, areas operated, postoperative roentgenograms, and preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic data. In all patients but 1, RPE developed within 72 h after surgery, corresponding to anatomic locations distal to vessels subjected to PAT. Regions of lung not reperfused at surgery were uniformly spared. Pulmonary capillary wedge and/or left atrial pressures preoperatively and postoperatively were not elevated. None of the preoperative data predicted which patients would develop more persistent RPE. These observations suggest that the phenomenon of RPE is a peculiar, focal form of pulmonary edema, the basis for which remains to be defined.     

Nitroglycerin-responsive pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an uncommon disease found predominantly in pediatric patients. It can produce severe chronic pulmonary injury that results in chronic hypoxemia, pulmonary insufficiency, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis, leading to irreversible pulmonary hypertension and death. We studied the pulmonary hemodynamics in an 9-yr-old boy with IPH to determine if pulmonary hypertension contributed to exacerbations of this disease. Our results showed that this patient demonstrated pulmonary hypertension during acute exacerbations. Initially, the elevated pulmonary artery pressure responded both to oxygen and to a pulmonary vasodilator in the form of nitroglycerin. However, this improvement was not sustained. We conclude that pulmonary hypertension is probably a result of chronic hypoxemia experienced by patients with pulmonary hemosiderosis. Further investigation is warranted to assess whether or not intervention aimed at reducing pulmonary artery pressure in IPH improves outcome.