GC-MS法测定塞来昔布中硫酸酯类基因毒性杂质

目的 建立GC-MS方法测定塞来昔布中硫酸酯类基因毒性杂质硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、硫酸二异丙酯的含量。方法 色谱柱为Agilent DB^-17MS (30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm);进样口温度为200℃;载气为高纯氦气,流速为1.5 m L·min^-1;进样方式为直接进样,进样体积为1μL;分流比为20∶1。离子源为EI源,离子源温度为260℃,电离能量70 e V;采集模式为选择性离子监测(SIM)。结果 硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、硫酸二异丙酯在0.06～3.0μg·m L^-1范围内线性关系良好(n=6),相关系数均大于0.998;硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、硫酸二异丙酯的平均回收率分别为99.81%、100.66%、100.34%,回收率的RSD分别为1.36%、0.81%、1.33%。加样对照溶液在24 h内稳定。结论 该方法高效、准确、灵敏度高,可以用于塞来昔布中基因毒性杂质硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、硫酸二异丙酯的测定。     

气相色谱法同时测定对乙酰氨基酚口服液体制剂中对乙酰氨基酚和苯甲酸钠的含量

目的建立气相色谱法用于测定对乙酰氨基酚口服液体制剂中对乙酰氨基酚和苯甲酸钠的含量。方法岛津GC-17AA气相色谱仪采用SE-54石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm,0.5μm）,检测器为氢焰检测器（FID）,高纯N₂为载气。氢焰检测器（FID）温度300℃,进样量为lμL,气体分流比为20:1;柱初始温度为50℃,程序升温以25℃·min^-1升温至120℃保持3 min,以8℃·min^-1升温至170℃保持10 min,以10℃·min^-1升温至250℃保持5 min。结果本次建立的用于测定对乙酰氨基酚和苯甲酸钠含量的气相色谱法,其线性范围分别为39.87～398.7 mg·L^-1（r=0.999 3）、2.006～6.018 mg·L^-1（r=0.999 1）;回归方程分别为A=3 552 039ρ+57 673、A=450 650ρ+41 921;平均回收率（n=9）分别为97.28%（RSD%=0.87%）、95.15%（RSD=1.32%）。结论本方法简便、快速、专属性强,可有效地控制口服液体制剂中对乙酰氨基酚、苯甲酸钠的含量。     

GC法测定维吾尔药红花籽和红花籽油中亚油酸的含量

目的:建立GC内标法测定维吾尔药红花籽及红花籽油中亚油酸的含量。方法:色谱柱:TM-WAX柱（30 m×0.53 mm,1.0μm）,流动相为氮气（纯度99.99%）,流速:0.5 ml·min^-1,分流比:5:1。柱温:185℃;进样口温度:250℃;FID检测器温度为280℃;流速:空气400 ml·min^-1,氢气60.0 ml·min^-1。结果:亚油酸进样量在0.199～3.970μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9（n=6）。红花籽油的平均加样回收率为100.5%,RSD为1.24%;红花籽的平均加样回收率为101.9%,RSD为1.21%。结论:测定方法准确可靠,重复性好,可用于维吾尔药红花籽及红花籽油的定量测定。     

HPLC法检测依折麦布中的有关物质

目的:建立采用高效液相色谱法测定依折麦布有关物质。方法:采用Agilent TC-C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0μm)色谱柱,以0.05 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈-四氢呋喃(60∶20∶20)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,检测波长232 nm,进样体积20μL。结果:依折麦布峰与各杂质峰分离良好;依折麦布峰与杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、杂质D、杂质E与杂质F的线性范围分别为0.409～4.090μg·mL^-1(r=0.995 0)、0.402～4.020μg·mL^-1(r=0.998 1)、0.408～4.080μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 1)、0.411～4.110μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 3)、0.4050～4.050μg·mL^-1(r=0.998 1)、0.541～5.41μg·mL^-1(r=0.998 5)、0.657～6.57μg...     

HPLC-ELSD测定枣仁安神胶囊中酸枣仁皂苷A的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法联合蒸发光检测器测定枣仁安神胶囊中酸枣仁皂苷A含量的方法,为该制剂质量标准提供依据。方法:采用HPLC-ELSD方法,固定相为Agilent TC（2）-C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.2%醋酸（68:32）,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温:30℃;ELSD检测雾化温度45℃,气体流速为1.6 L·min^-1。结果:酸枣仁皂苷A的线性范围为22.5～360.0μg·min^-1,r=0.999 5,平均回收率为99.8%,RSD=1.06%（n=6）。结论:本法简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,可作为枣仁安神胶囊的质量控制方法。     

离子色谱法测定硫酸阿米卡星及其制剂的有关物质

目的:建立离子色谱法测定硫酸阿米卡星及其制剂的有关物质。方法:采用YMC ODS-Aq C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱;流动相为1 000 mL无二氧化碳的去离子水中加20 mL三氟乙酸,300μL五氟丙酸,300μL七氟丁酸,50%(v/v)氢氧化钠溶液8 mL,用50%(v/v)氢氧化钠溶液调节pH为3.3,最后加乙腈10 mL;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱后溶液为42 mL·L^-1的50%(v/v)氢氧化钠溶液;柱后流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;柱温为35℃;检测器为脉冲安培电化学检测器,工作电极为金电极(直径3 mm),检测电位为糖四电位。结果:阿米卡星质量浓度在0.498 5～9.969 1μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,阿米卡星检测限为2.0 ng;各杂质与阿米卡星峰均能完全分离。8批次硫酸阿米卡星原料总杂含量为1.2%～1.7%,77批次硫酸阿米卡星注射液总杂含量为1.1%～2.3%;10批次注射用硫酸阿米卡星总杂含量为1.2%～2...     

气相色谱法测定注射用去水卫矛醇的含量及有关物质

目的:建立注射用卫矛醇含量及有关物质的气相色谱法。方法:采用Agilent DB-1（30 m×0.53 mm,1.5μm）;程序升温:起始温度为100℃,维持3 min,以10℃·min^-1升至200℃,维持5 min;进样口温度为250℃,检测器F1D温度为250℃;载气为氮气,流速为5 ml·min^-1。结果:去水卫矛醇与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,去水卫矛醇在0.010 05～1.005 mg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 1）,平均回收率为101.1%（RSD=1.12%,n=9）。结论:本方法操作简单,精密度好,结果准确可靠,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC测定平肝口服液中大黄素和单参素的含量

目的:建立平肝口服液中大黄素和单参素的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法进行含量测定。大黄素的色谱条件为色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:甲醇-水（80∶20）;检测波长:287 nm;流速:1.0 ml·min^-1;柱温:25℃;进样量:20μl。丹参素的色谱条件为色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse SB-C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:甲醇-1%醋酸溶液（2∶98）;检测波长:280 nm;流速1.0 ml·min^-1;柱温:30℃;进样量:20μl。结果:大黄素在26.75⁴28.00μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为102.7%,RSD为0.76%（n=6）。丹参素钠在10.17¹62.77μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.5%,RSD为1.47%（n=6）。结论:该方法结果准确,重复性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

GC法同时测定芎菊上清片中4种挥发性成分的含量

目的:建立同时分析测定芎菊上清片中4个活性成分（α-松油醇、薄荷酮、薄荷脑和胡薄荷酮）的方法。方法:采用GC法,色谱柱为DB-1701毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.3 mm×0.25μm）,柱温采用程序升温(80℃保持1 min,以5℃·min^-1的速率升温至120℃,保持5 min,再以50℃·min^-1的速率升温至220℃,保持2 min),进样口温度200℃,FID检测器,检测器温度230℃。结果:α-松油醇、薄荷酮、薄荷脑和胡薄荷酮线性范围分别为0.01⁰.55 mg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.10⁰.50 mg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.01⁰.50 mg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.01⁰.51 mg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率（n=6）分别为97.6%、98.2%、95.7%、96.1%,其RSD分别为1.5%、1.4%、1.6%、1.6%。结论:该方法操作简单,重复性好,可有效控制芎菊上清片的质量。     

葡萄糖酸钙注射液含量测定质量标准提高的研究

目的:建立全新的HPLC方法,同时测定葡萄糖酸钙注射液中葡萄糖酸钙、葡萄糖二酸钙的含量。方法:采用Shodex sugar色谱柱(8.0 mm×300 mm, 5μm),以纯水(pH=3.0)为流动相,流速0.8 mL·min^-1,柱温为35℃;示差折光检测器,检测器温度为40℃,外标法定量。结果:葡萄糖酸钙(1.2～2.8 mg·mL^-1)、葡萄糖二酸钙(60～140μg·mL^-1),葡萄糖酸钙与葡萄糖二酸钙浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;葡萄糖酸钙和葡萄糖二酸钙的平均回收率分别为98.9%和98.9%,RSD分别为0.30%和0.69%。测定样品两批,葡萄糖酸钙含量分别为102.5%、99.5%,葡萄糖二酸钙含量分别为103.2%、100.4%。结论:本法可同时测定葡萄糖酸钙与葡萄糖二酸钙的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.