侧脑室注射氨基酸神经递质对烧伤兔血浆皮质酮浓度的影响

我们曾报道了烧伤应激时下丘脑促肾上腺皮质素释放激素(CRH)神经元对神经递质的敏感性减弱,或是在糖皮质激素分泌亢进的情况下,掩盖了脑内注入神经递质所起的作用。前文(解放军医学杂志1985;10∶14)仅观察了乙酰胆碱、去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺等几种经典的神经递质的作用,而本研究氨基酸神经递质在烧伤时对皮质酮分泌的影响。籍以了解下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴在烧伤应激中的反应状态。 本工作选择家兔为实验对象。动物体重为     

硒对大鼠为期53天低量γ-线照射的防护作用(论著)

目的：为了解小剂量电离辐射条件下，机体硒的需要量是否有变化，以及补给硒是否有防护电离损伤的效果。方法：用ＳＤ雄性大鼠，喂饲ＡＩＮ７６饲料。予６０Ｃｏ照射，剂量率为４．８６×１０－２Ｇｙ／ｈ，每日照射２小时，每周照射５天，累积剂量为３．６９Ｇｙ。结果：照射组动物体重增长低于不照射组（Ｐ＜０．０５），全血硒含量亦较不照射动物明显减少。每日每鼠补给硒２３μｇ（体重≤３００ｇ）或４５．６μｇ（体重＞３００ｇ）的照射动物体重增长与不照射动物无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。补给硒的后期照射与未照射动物之间全血硒的含量未见明显差异。照射后补硒动物的精子畸形率明显低于未补硒的照射动物，并与血硒含量呈明显负相关。结论：在本实验小剂量γ－线照射期间，补给硒对电离辐射损伤有防护作用。     

严重烧伤脓毒症骨骼肌蛋白分解代谢的机制及意义

对严重烧伤脓毒症状态下的骨骼肌高分解代谢 ,目前尚无一种有效的防治措施。单纯增加热卡和蛋白供给并不能较好地改善负氮平衡。生长激素等治疗 ,尽管可减少骨骼肌蛋白降解 ,但同时有很多副作用。泛素 蛋白酶体途径研究的进展 ,使作者对骨骼肌蛋白消耗的分子机制有了较好的了解 ,它是严重烧伤脓毒症时骨骼肌蛋白降解的重要途径之一。内毒素、TNF、糖皮质激素等介质是直接或间接导致骨骼肌蛋白降解的重要诱导或调节因子。抑制炎性介质NF κB途径可有效降低严重烧伤、脓毒症状态下骨骼肌蛋白降解率。早期切除烧伤的焦痂 ,泛素转录、蛋白表达下降 ,骨骼肌蛋白降解减少。应用泛素 蛋白酶体抑制剂可减少实验动物骨骼肌蛋白降解率。初步的研究结果表明 ,防治严重烧伤脓毒症状态下的骨骼肌蛋白高分解的有效方法 ,首先是消除其根源 ,防治脓毒症 ,即治病 ;其次是针对泛素 蛋白酶体途径的作用机制和调节机制进行调控 ,这将是降低严重烧伤脓毒症状态下骨骼肌蛋白降解的有效措施     

应用基准剂量法评估MNT-016的亚慢性毒性

目的 研究大鼠灌胃MNT-016重复染毒90 d的毒性反应,为其毒性评价提供参考资料.方法 设玉米油为对照溶剂,MNT-016以5、20、80 mg/kg连续90 d灌胃给予SD大鼠,进行临床症状、体质量、血液学、血液生化学及病理组织学等检查;观察动物出现的毒性效应,获得未观察到有害作用剂量(NOAEL);通过基准剂量法求得基准剂量的可信限下限值(BMDL).结果 与溶剂对照组相比,雄性动物AST、TBIL、DBIL、Crea呈剂量依赖性升高,TG、CHOL呈降低趋势;高剂量组雄性动物体质量(解剖前)、心脏、肝脏、胸腺、附睾质量显著降低,脑系数、肺脏系数显著升高;雌性动物体质量(解剖前)及胸腺质量显著降低,肺脏系数显著升高.高剂量组可致肝细胞空泡变性、肾小管嗜碱性病变,中、低剂量组可致肝细胞空泡变性、个别肾小管萎缩,雄性动物病变发生率更高.结论 MNT-016的NOAEL值雄性动物小于5 mg/kg体质量,雌性动物为5 mg/kg体质量.BMDL值雄性动物为2.65 mg/kg,比相应NOAEL更准确;雌性动物为9.04 mg/kg,略大于相应的NOAEL.     

低剂量辐射对松果腺调节肾上腺皮质功能的影响

近年来 ,低水平辐射对神经内分泌系统的影响已有大量报道。以往的实验研究证明 ,低剂量辐射可引起下丘脑 垂体 肾上腺皮质轴功能下调。松果腺是重要的神经内分泌器官 ,具有多种生理功能 ,它通过下丘脑 垂体 肾上腺皮质轴调节肾上腺皮质功能。本实验采用 75ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射 ,研究松果腺对肾上腺皮质的调节作用。一、材料和方法1 实验动物 :雄性昆明小鼠 ,体重 (2 0± 2 )ｇ ,由本校实验动物部提供。按不同时间间隔 ,随机分对照组和照射组。2 动物照射 :用Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ深部Ｘ射线治疗机全身照射小鼠 ,电压 2 0 0ｋＶ ,电流 1 0ｍＡ…     

海水对兔眼视网膜形态学的影响

目的观察海水进入兔眼玻璃体后不同时间视网膜组织的形态学改变。方法25只健康成年新西兰白兔按伤后30min、2h、6h、12h和24h随机均分为5组,以每组动物右眼为实验眼,左眼为自身对照眼。实验眼玻璃体中注射0.5ml实验用人工海水,对照眼注入0.5ml平衡盐溶液。分别在伤后30min、2h、6h、12h和24h用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察视网膜的组织形态学变化。结果对照组兔眼视网膜组织结构层次清楚,染色均匀,细胞形态规整,未见明显病理改变。实验眼30min组视网膜神经节细胞层稍水肿,2h组神经纤维水肿明显,视网膜内节线粒体肿胀,空泡变性。6h时内核层细胞数开始减少,12h组视网膜神经节细胞层和内核层出现细胞核碎裂、边集,细胞数目明显减少。光感受器细胞内线粒体空泡变,核膜皱缩,内陷,内外节空泡变明显增多。结论海水进入兔眼玻璃体早期即可引起视网膜组织形态学发生改变,随着时间的延长,组织损伤逐渐加重。6~12h即发生不可逆性改变。     

放烧复合伤小鼠骨髓基质细胞的变化及其对粒系祖细胞增殖的影响

放烧复合伤是战时核爆炸与平时核事故所致的主要伤类之一。放烧复合伤时造血组织损伤明显。它不仅累及造血实质细胞,支持造血的微环境也发生了明显的改变。本文研究放射损伤复合烧伤后骨髓基质祖细胞的改变及骨髓基质细胞对粒系祖细胞增殖的影响。一、材料和方法1实验动物、致伤方法和分组昆明品系健康小鼠,体重20～24ｇ。单放组:60Ｃｏγ射线一次全身照射6Ｇｙ,距离15ｍ,剂量率04Ｇｙ/ｍｉｎ;单烧组:3%凝固汽油烧7ｓ,致成15%Ⅲ度烧伤;放烧组:按以上条件先照射后烧伤;对照组:正常动物。所有动物致伤后腹腔注射生理盐水2ｍｌ。每组动物不少于…     

湿润烧伤膏、磺胺嘧啶银霜及热烘暴露疗法对烧伤创面绿脓杆菌感染的控制效果比较

本试验研究湿润烧伤膏、磺胺嘧啶银及单纯热烘干燥暴露疗法对烧伤创面绿脓杆菌感染的控制作用的比较。采用纯种大白鼠120只,背部烫伤三度后用4×10~8的绿脓杆菌污染,动物被随机分成4组,其中一组不作任何处理作为对照,一组单纯用热烘机保持创面干燥暴露,一组外用国产湿润烧伤膏,一组外用1％磺胺嘧啶银冷霜。每组分配动物30只,分笼喂养,各组于治疗后均于1、3、5、7、9天分别活杀动物,采取活检标本和心血,分别测定痂下组织细菌计数、病理切片检查和心血培养。结果显示外用湿润烧伤膏组和外用磺胺嘧啶银组,无论在痂下组织细菌计数方面还是在血培养阳性率和病理检查阳性率方面都明显低于对照组,而单纯热烘干燥疗法无论在痂下组织细菌计数、血培养阳性率及病理检查阳性率方面均与对照组无明显的差异。故可以认为湿润烧伤膏、磺胺嘧啶银对烧伤创面绿脓杆菌侵袭性感染有控制作用,而单纯的热烘干燥暴露疗法则无明显的控制作用。另外本实验还表明,通过痂下组织细菌计数与病理切片的比较研究,证明两种方法有直线关系,病理切片的阳性率随着痂下组织细菌计数的增加而增加,两者呈正相关,两种方法对诊断烧伤感染的诊断率无明显的差异,从而提示痂下组织细菌定量计数在诊断烧伤感染方面仍具有一定的价值。     

兔烧伤合并海水浸泡血流动力学变化

目的 建立兔烧伤合并海水浸泡的实验模型，观察实验动物血液动力学变化。方法 实验动物烧伤后随机分为单纯烧伤组（B组,n=6）和烧伤合并海水浸泡组（B＋I组，n=12)。烧伤合并海水浸泡组烧伤后置于人工配制的海水中，监测血液动力学指标变化，直至动物死亡。单纯烧伤组置于干燥处同时监测相同指标。结果 烧伤合并海水浸泡组血液动力学指标紊乱明显重于单纯烧伤组，死亡率明显高于单纯烧伤组，平均存活时间为6.9h。有严重的体温过低。结论 烧伤合并海水浸泡可引起机体的严重的病理生理变化，血液动力学变化明显重于单纯烧伤组，表明海水浸泡使烧伤休克加重，导致实验动物存活时间显著缩短。     

论烧伤创面治疗原则

本文通过实验研究资料和临床应用体会,较详细地阐述了《烧伤湿润暴露疗法》治疗烧伤的疗效特点,证实了:常规的烧伤创面干性治疗原则及方法与烧伤发病规律相违背,而烧伤湿润暴露疗法是目前符合烧伤发病规律的较有效的治疗技术。组织学的研究证实:用干燥暴露疗法治疗的创面组织镜下观察到肉芽组织萎瘪,有分叶核白细胞渗出,胶原纤维嗜伊红,肉芽组织呈一派无生机组织现象。采用烧伤湿润暴露疗法治疗的创面组织富于生机,镜下见成纤维细胞增生活跃,血管丰富。采用羊膜覆盖疗法与烧伤湿润暴露疗法的对比研究证实:烧伤湿润暴露疗法可使浅Ⅲ度创面表皮化愈合;而羊膜覆盖疗法仅有2—3层上皮细胞覆盖创面。细菌学研究证实:MEBT创面下活组织细胞计数最高含量为10~4/g,与空白对照组,P值<0.001。与SD银对比,P值>0.05。病理学的研究证实:MEBT可使深Ⅱ度损伤全真皮层恢复,无疤痕组织。干燥疗法疤痕组织愈合。通过光学显微镜观察到:使用MEBT治疗前皮下毛囊汗腺周围有较多炎性细胞浸润,并形成局灶性,使用MEBT治疗后,表皮恢复正常,真皮层为新生毛细血管及成纤维细胞。电子显微镜观察到:MEBT治疗前,细胞核周围有较多之圆形空泡,核不规整,核仁不见或不规则;真皮层弹力纤维紊乱,粗细不一,腺内空泡样变。MEBT治疗后,棘细胞层细     

The relationship between adrenal gland morphometric changes and postmortem interval in rats: a stereological study

The importance of determining time of death is crucial to forensic cases. The ability to use adrenal gland volume changes and adrenal medulla chromaffin cell counts to obtain the postmortem interval was examined in this study. A total of 15 rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and divided into three groups. The left adrenal glands were quickly excised in the first group at 0 h, in the second group at 12 h and in the third group at 24 h. Subsequently, the samples were fixed in 10% formalin solution and embedded in paraffin according to standard procedures. Ten to fifteen sections were obtained from each left adrenal gland by taking 30 μm thick sections; then, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The adrenal cortex and medullar volumes were calculated by Cavalieri's principle, which is a stereological method. The adrenal medullary chromaffin cell count was evaluated by the optical fractionator method. The total volume of the adrenal gland was determined as 4.82±1 mm(3) at 0 h, 6.32±0.28 mm(3) at 12 h and 8.35±1.73 mm(3) at 24 h. Increases in the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and the total volume of the adrenal gland at 12 and 24 h postmortem compared with at 0 h were statistically significant (p<0.05). The difference between the groups in terms of the total number chromaffin cells was statistically significant (p<0.05). In this preliminary study, we evaluated the total volume of the adrenal gland and the number of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. We concluded that these parameters could be used reliably in determining the postmortem interval.     

Normal adrenal gland: in vivo observations, and high-resolution in vitro chemical shift MR imaging-histologic correlation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether adrenal cortical lipid affects signal intensity on magnetic resonance (MR) images and to evaluate contrast between cortex and medulla. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From their clinical database, the authors selected 37 MR imaging studies of patients with adrenal adenomas. Two independent readers compared in-phase and fat-suppressed T1-weighted images, looking for visible lipid-induced signal intensity loss in the adrenal gland. Six adrenal gland specimens obtained after radical nephrectomy were also studied with high-resolution MR imaging, including in-phase, opposed-phase, and fat-suppressed T1-weighted images, and T2-weighted images. Adjacent histologic sections were stained with oil red O for neutral fats and with hematoxylin-eosin, and they were also viewed with polarization light microscopy. The relative amount of lipid was graded as mild, moderate, or intense, and the appearance of the cortex and medulla was compared with that on the MR images. RESULTS: On the 37 clinical MR studies, there was no visible signal intensity loss within the limbs of the ipsilateral adrenal glands. T2-weighted images of the adrenal specimens showed a thin high-intensity band, corresponding to the appearance of medulla on histologic slices. This could not be seen on any of the T1-weighted images. Region-of-interest measurements were nearly identical for in-phase and opposed-phase images. Histologic analysis showed abundant cortical lipid. CONCLUSION: Adrenal corticomedullary contrast can be depicted on high-resolution T2-weighted images but not on any T1-weighted images. There is abundant cortical lipid in adrenal specimens, but comparison of in-phase with opposed-phase MR images does not depict it.     

烧伤对犬外周血粒-单系祖细胞的影响

在25％体表面积Ⅲ°烧伤狗的动物模型上对外周血粒-单系祖细胞(CFU-GM),白细胞,红细胞压积、血红蛋白及血小板数量进行了动态观察。发现伤后外周血成熟粒细胞持续在高水平,而CFU-GM第一周下降、第二周明显升高,表明在创伤和盛染的情况下,骨髓造血干细胞向粒-单系统的分化增强,并增加了向外周血的释放。     

提高对肾上腺疾病的认识

肾上腺是人体重要的内分泌器官 ,可发生多种疾病。近年来由于生化检测技术、影像学检查技术水平的提高和广泛应用 ,以及手术治疗病例的增多 ,对肾上腺疾病的认识有了明显的提高。肾上腺意外瘤已是常见疾病 ,原发性醛固酮增多症也常合并血管并发症。血浆ACTH水平的测定对肾上腺皮质疾病的鉴别诊断有重要价值     

Clinical and surgical aspects of adrenal causes of hypertension

Hypertension arising from the adrenal gland can originate from the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma) or the adrenocorticoid-secreting portion of the adrenal cortex (primary aldosteronism) or the glucocorticoid-secreting segment of the cortex (Cushing’s syndrome). The biochemical and imaging diagnostic techniques are discussed along with the chemotherapeutic and surgical approaches to the treatment of these endocrine abnormalities.     

Selenium-75-19-selenocholesterol-a new adrenal scanning agent with high concentration in the adrenal medulla.

A tissue distribution study with 75Se-19-selenocholesterol in rats, rabbits, and dogs showed high adrenal concentrations and good adrenal images. In the dog, higher concentrations were obtained in the adrenal medulla than in the cortex at Days 1 and 7 after dosing. Extraction and thin-layer chromatography of the adrenal lipid in dogs given this compound showed that 75Se in the adrenal is still attached to the steroid moiety. A reduction in production costs is expected from its longer shelf life. Selenium-75-19-selenocholesterol is being evaluated in humans not only for routine use as a adrenal cortex scanning agent, but also for the detection of pheochromocytomas and other sympathetic tissue tumors, especially neuroblastomas.     

The pathology of the adrenal glands in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Summary The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is at present based on unknown pathogenetical mechanisms but in industrial nations is the most common cause of death in infancy after the perinatal period. Studies of a large number of adrenal glands in this syndrome have not been reported. Therefore, we evaluated 146 SIDS cases (85 males, 61 females, aged 14–465 days) and 24 control cases (17 males, 7 females, aged 18–623 days) by light microscopy, morphometry and immunocytochemistry (anti-chromogranin A and anti-S 100 protein). Our data revealed a normal maturation of the adrenal glands in SIDS cases. Necroses, extensive hemorrhages or inflammation were not found. A focal lipid depletion of the zona fasciculata was seen in 92% of the adrenal glands of the SIDS and control cases. We found a siderosis (in 33% of the SIDS cases and 4% of the control cases) and calcium deposits (13% and 12% respectively) due to hyperemic involution of the fetal zone. The medulla, including the sustentacular cells (S 100 protein-positive cells) and chromaffin cells (chromogranin A-positive cells) was unchanged. Our results indicate that the few morphological alterations of the adrenal glands in SIDS cases are the effect of the underlying disease and not the cause of the sudden death.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. J. Kracht on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Ectopic localisation of adrenal cortex

We present a case of concurrence of ectopic adrenal cortex with a renal cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of the accessory adrenal tissue was made by CT-guided biopsy. With this case report, we draw attention to a specific differential diagnostic problem, policy and to the MR characteristics of ectopic adrenal cortex. Received: 10 August 1999; Revised: 21 October 1999; Accepted: 27 October 1999     

Differential diagnosis of adrenal masses using out-of-phase FLASH imaging. A preliminary report.

The purpose of this report was to suggest the ability to differentiate adrenal masses by out-of-phase FLASH imaging. The images were obtained with breath-holding at TR/TE 100/12 ms, flip angle 20 degrees. The material included adrenal adenoma (n = 16), nodular hyperplasia (n = 1), pheochromocytoma (n = 5), and adrenal metastatic tumors (n = 7). The signal intensity ratios of the adrenal mass/the diaphragmatic crus, back muscle, and renal cortex were obtained. The mean values of the ratios of adenomas or nodular hyperplasia were significantly different from pheochromocytomas or metastases. Although the number of adrenal masses was fairly small, the ratios of adrenal mass/diaphragmatic crus could distinguish them with no overlapping case. All 17 masses with the ratio of 1.16 or less were adenomas or nodular hyperplasia, whereas all 12 masses with a ratio greater than 1.23 were pheochromocytomas or metastases. This result suggests the ability of out-of-phase FLASH imaging to differentiate adrenal masses.     

Clinical significance of the solitary functioning adrenal gland

To assess the compensatory functional and anatomic changes in the remaining adrenal cortex after unilateral adrenalectomy or in the unaffected adrenal in patients with unilateral adrenal destruction by neoplasm, 17 patients with a single, functioning adrenal gland and normal indices of adrenocortical function, nine after adrenalectomy and eight with a unilateral, destructive adrenal lesion were studied with 131I-6 beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59) scintigraphy and computed tomography. Adrenal masses with a mean (+/- s.d.) diameter of 2.8 +/- 1.0 cm; (range 1-4 cm; 95% confidence interval (Cl), 2.5-3.1 cm) were identified by computed tomography in seven of nine patients in the remaining adrenal cortex at variable times (6.1 +/- 5.9 y; range 0.5-19 y) after unilateral adrenalectomy. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) NP-59 uptake was elevated (p less than 0.01) in both adrenalectomy and adrenal destruction groups, mean uptake (+/- s.e.m.) was 0.32% +/- 0.04% administered dose (95% Cl, 0.24%-0.4% administered dose) as compared to normal (0.16% +/- 0.05% administered dose, 95% Cl, 0.06%-0.26% administered dose). The remaining adrenal cortex may be anatomically abnormal after unilateral adrenalectomy and demonstrate compensatory, increased NP-59 uptake in the presence of overall, normal adrenocortical function.