全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术三角吻合中应用强化护理措施的效果

目的探讨强化护理措施应用于全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术三角吻合中的效果。方法选择行全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术三角吻合的患者104例,随机数字表将其分为研究组与对照组各52例。对照组采取常规护理配合方案,研究组在对照组的基础上应用强化护理配合。结果研究组手术时间、术中出血量、三角吻合时间均低于对照组(P0.05);2组淋巴结清扫数量对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组下床时间、首次排气时间及住院时间均低于对照组(P0.05);2组半流质进食时间对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论强化护理措施在全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术三角吻合术中可以有效降低术中出血量,缩短手术时间与术后恢复速度,适于临床推广。     

2种术式行远端胃癌根治术术后情况及围手术期护理效果的比较

目的：观察远端胃癌患者在常规开腹及腹腔镜辅助2种术式行远端胃癌根治术（毕Ⅱ式）的术后情况,探讨2种术式的围手术期护理效果。方法回顾性分析2010年6月～2013年6月于我院实施远端胃癌根治术（毕Ⅱ式）的168例患者的临床资料,按手术方式的不同将上述患者分为开腹组97例和腔镜组71例,比较2组患者的术后情况及围手术期护理情况。结果腔镜组患者的手术时间长于开腹组,而术中出血量、切口长度、肛门排气恢复时间、首次下床活动时间、住院时间、住院治疗总费用均少于开腹组,术后出血、十二指肠残端瘘、吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄等严重并发症的发生率与开腹组相当,而腹腔感染、切口感染、肺部及尿路感染的发生率要低于开腹组,术后疼痛评分及术后护理时间均小于开腹组,比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论腹腔镜辅助实施远端胃癌根治术（毕Ⅱ式）安全有效,能减少术中出血,减轻术后疼痛,加快术后胃肠功能恢复,减少术后并发症,减少住院时间与住院费用,减少围手术期护理工作量。     

加速康复外科理念在腹腔镜结直肠肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)理念联合腹腔镜在结直肠肿瘤围术期中应用的可行性,并探讨其效果。方法回顾性分析68例已行结直肠癌根治术患者的临床资料,按照围术期治疗方法的不同处理分为传统组和ERAS+腹腔镜组。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数量、术后经口进食时间、术后下床活动时间、首次排气排便时间、体质量下降幅度、术后血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白含量、术后并发症发生率、术后住院时间以及住院费用等指标。结果与传统治疗方法比较,应用ERAS理念结合腹腔镜治疗方法可以减少术中出血量,缩短术后半流质进食时间、术后下床活动时间和首次排气排便时间,降低术后体质量下降幅度和术后血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白含量的下降幅度,减少术后并发症发生率、术后住院时间以及住院费。结论应用ERAS理念结合腹腔镜在结直肠肿瘤围术期中的应用可以促进患者康复、减少住院费用,值得临床推广应用。     

加速康复外科理念在小儿腹腔镜阑尾切除围术期护理中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)理念在小儿腹腔镜阑尾切除术围手术期护理中的应用效果。方法选取2017年6月—2018年12月在本科行腹腔镜阑尾切除术的小儿患者120例为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和ERAS组,各60例。对照组采用常规护理方法(常规组),ERAS组实施加速康复外科理念护理干预。对比两组患者术后肛门首次排气时间、术后首次进食时间、术后疼痛评分、首次下床活动时间、住院时间、住院费用和并发症发生情况。结果 ERAS组术后肛门首次排气时间、首次进食时间、首次下床活动时间均早于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);ERAS组术后疼痛缓解优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ERAS组住院时间、住院费用均低于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);ERAS组术后并发症发生率为3.33%,低于对照组的11.67%,无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在小儿腹腔镜阑尾切除术围手术期应用加速康复外科(ERAS)理念,可以促进术后胃肠功能恢复,缩短住院时间,减少住院费用,且术后并发症少,值得在小儿外科腹腔镜手术护理中推广应用。     

腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术治疗进展期胃癌临床疗效比较

目的:比较进展期胃癌患者实施腹腔镜胃癌根治术与开腹胃癌根治术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2014年10月~2016年10月收治的76例进展期胃癌患者临床资料,按手术方式分为对照组和观察组各38例。对照组采用开腹胃癌根治术治疗,观察组采用腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗。比较两组患者手术情况及术后并发症发生情况。结果:观察组患者手术时间高于对照组(P<0.05),术中出血量、排气时间、下床时间、首次进食时间、住院时间、并发症发生率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 :腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗进展期胃癌具有安全、有效、微创的效果,且并发症发生率低,效果显著。     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术165例效果观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术患者治疗效果及围术期护理方法.方法:将330例胃癌患者分为实验组和对照组各165例,实验组行腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术,对照组行开腹远端胃癌根治术,均给予精心围术期护理.比较分析两组术后恢复情况及疼痛程度.结果:实验组术后疼痛程度、下床活动时间、进食时间、肛门排气、排便时间、拔除胃管时间、平均住院时间及并发症发生率与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论:腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症发生率低等优点,加强围术期护理有利于患者康复.     

综合康复护理干预在结、直肠癌患者护理中的应用

目的：探讨综合康复护理干预在结、直肠癌护理中的作用。方法选取120例于我院实施手术的结直肠癌患者,将其随机分为观察组和对照组,各60例,其中围手术期对照组予以常规护理,观察组予以综合康复护理,比较两组患者的尿管留置时间、腹腔引流留置时间、肛门首次排气时间、进食时间、下床时间、平均住院时间、平均治疗费用及并发症情况。结果观察组患者术后尿管留置时间、腹腔引流留置时间、肛门首次排气时间、进食时间、下床时间、平均住院时间、平均治疗费用均低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;观察组肺部感染及下肢静脉血栓发生率均低于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论综合康复护理干预可以改善结直肠癌患者围手术期康复情况,减少并发症的发生,值得在临床上推广。     

腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术后机体功能恢复的优势研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术后机体功能恢复的优势.方法:将2006年11月至2010年2月收治的术前判断可行根治手术的远端胃癌患者120例随机分为腹腔镜组和开腹组,术后记录两组患者的下床活动时间、肛门排气时间、胃管拔除时间、进食流质时间和术后住院时间,并于术前1 d、术后第2天、术后第6天和术后第12天采用流式细胞仪检测两组患者外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+及NK细胞活性.结果:58例行腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术,60例行传统开腹远端胃癌根治术,腹腔镜组中患者下床活动时间、肛门排气时间、胃管拔除时间、进食流质时间和术后住院天数均短于开腹手术组(P<0.05):腹腔镜组患者术后6 d CD4+/CD8+及NK细胞活性可恢复至接近术前水平,而开腹组需术后12d才能恢复接近术前水平.结论:腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术对机体胃肠功能和免疫功能的恢复均优于开腹手术.     

ERAS理念在腹腔镜下结肠癌切除术围术期中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科理念(ERAS)应用于腹腔镜下结肠癌切除术围手术期的可行性。方法 60例行腹腔镜下结肠癌切除术患者,随机分为ERAS组和对照组,每组30例。ERAS组采用快速康复方案处理,对照组采用传统围手术期方式处理。对比观察两组术后并发症、术后恢复以及住院费用的差异。结果 ERAS组术后恶心、呕吐的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。但两组术后腹胀、吻合口瘘的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ERAS组术后进食时间、首次肛门排气时间均早于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ERAS组住院时间及住院费用均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ERAS理念应用于腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术围手术期和传统治疗方式比较,患者术后不良反应更小,恢复更快,住院费用更少。     

加速康复外科理念在机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治手术后护理中的应用

目的 观察加速康复外科理念(ERAS)在机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者术后护理中的应用效果。方法 选择行达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的患者80例为研究对象。根据术后护理方法不同分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组基于ERAS给予护理。观察并比较2组患者疗效及并发症发生情况。结果 2组患者术中出血量、手术时间及术后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者术后首次下床时间、首次进水时间、肛门排气时间、引流管拔除时间及住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ERAS应用于机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的术后护理高效且安全。     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.