老年全麻患者围术期血清兴奋性氨基酸浓度的变化及临床意义

目的 观察老年全麻患者围术期血清兴奋性氨基酸(EAA)浓度的动态变化.方法 择期行非心脏手术气管内全麻患者41例.根据年龄不同分为老年组31例,年龄≥65岁;青年组10例,年龄25～45岁.所有患者术后均使用静脉镇痛.采用简易智力状态检查法(MMSE)分别评估患者麻醉前及术后24、48、72 h内的认知功能.于麻醉前(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)、72 h(T5)经颈内静脉采血2 ml.采用反相高效液相色谱荧光法(RP-HPLC)检测血清氨基酸浓度.结果 MMSE评分老年组术后24、48 h明显低于麻醉前和青年组(P<0.05).与T1时比较,T3、T1时老年组血清谷氨酸(Glu)、天冬氨酸(Asp),甘氨酸(Gly)浓度升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),T5时恢复.T1时老年组血清Glu、Asp、Gly浓度低于青年组,但差异无统计学意义;T3时老年组Glu、Asp、Gly明显高于青年组(P<0.05).结论 老年患者术后早期存在EAA水平升高,Glu可能参与术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的病理生理过程.老年患者全麻术后早期血清EAA水平较高可能是老年POCD发病率高的原因之一.     

全麻病人静脉注射瑞芬太尼的药代动力学

目的评价全麻下成年病人瑞芬太尼的药代动力学。方法择期手术成年病人10例, ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,在全麻平稳后静脉注射瑞芬太尼5μg·kg~(-1),分别在给药前即刻、给药后1、2、3、5、7、10、 15、20、25、30、45、60、90min 分别取动脉血1.5ml。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定法测定瑞芬太尼血药浓度。结果瑞芬太尼血药浓度-时间曲线变化符合二房室模型。分布半衰期(1.6±0.5)min,消除半衰期(22±10)min,血浆清除率(2.1±0.4)L/min 及表观分布容积(66±29)L。结论本研究瑞芬太尼的药代动力学参数中表观分布容积与国外研究结果存在明显不同,提示不同种族群体间的药代动力学变化可能存在差异。     

全麻老年患者围术期血浆β-淀粉样蛋白1-40的变化及其意义

目的观察全麻老年患者围术期血浆β-淀粉样蛋白1-40[Aβ(1-40)]水平的变化,探讨其与手术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的关系。方法40例择期开腹手术患者按照年龄分为两组:青年组(20例,年龄在20～50岁之间);老年组(20例,年龄≥65岁)。分别在手术前一天和手术后24 h进行简易智能量表(MMSE)评分。于手术前(T1)、手术开始后2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)、24 h(T4)采集静脉血标本,用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血浆Aβ(1-40)。结果与手术前相比,老年组手术后MMSE评分明显降低;青年组差异无统计学意义。老年组血浆Aβ(1-40)T1～T4各时点均高于青年组(P<0.05),且在T2～T4时均显著高于T1时(P<0.05)。结论老年人血浆Aβ(1-40)基础水平较高且手术开始后24 h持续维持于较高水平,可能是老年人POCD发生率高的原因之一。     

Perioperative complications in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing general anesthesia with ketamine

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with significant perioperative risk for major complications in children, including pulmonary hypertensive crisis and cardiac arrest. Uncertainty remains about the safety of ketamine anesthesia in this patient population. Aim: Retrospectively review the medical records of children with PAH to ascertain the nature and frequency of peri‐procedural complications and to determine whether ketamine administration was associated with peri‐procedural complications. Methods: Children with PAH (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance index ≥3 Wood units) who underwent general anesthesia for procedures during a 6‐year period (2002–2008) were enrolled. Details about the patient, PAH, procedure, anesthetic and postprocedural course were noted, including adverse events during or within 48 h of the procedure. Complication rates were reported per procedure. Association between ketamine and peri‐procedural complications was tested. Results: Sixty‐eight children (median age 7.3 year, median weight 22 kg) underwent 192 procedures. Severity of PAH was mild (23%), moderate (37%), and severe (40%). Procedures undertaken were major surgery (n = 20), minor surgery (n = 27), cardiac catheterization (n = 128) and nonsurgical procedures (n = 17). Ketamine was administered during 149 procedures. Twenty minor and nine major complications were noted. Incidence of cardiac arrest was 0.78% for cardiac catheterization procedures, 10% for major surgical procedures and 1.6% for all procedures. There was no procedure‐related mortality. Ketamine administration was not associated with increased complications. Conclusions: Ketamine appears to be a safe anesthetic option for children with PAH. We report rates for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mortality that are more favorable than those previously reported.     

A comparison of regional and general anesthesia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy

Purpose: The optimal anesthetic for use during carotid endarterectomy is controversial. Advocates of regional anesthesia suggest that it may reduce the incidence of perioperative complications in addition to decreasing operative time and hospital costs. To determine whether the anesthetic method correlated with the outcome of the operation, a retrospective review of 3975 carotid operations performed over a 32-year period was performed.Methods: The records of all patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy at our institution from 1962 to 1994 were retrospectively reviewed. Operations performed with the patient under regional anesthesia were compared with those performed with the patient under general anesthesia with respect to preoperative risk factors and perioperative complications.Results: Regional anesthesia was used in 3382 operations (85.1%). There were no significant differences in the age, gender ratio, or the rates of concomitant medical illnesses between the two patient populations. The frequency of perioperative stroke in the series was 2.2%; that of myocardial infarction, 1.7%; and that of perioperative death, 1.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction, or death on the basis of anesthetic technique. A trend toward higher frequencies of perioperative stroke (3.2% vs 2.0%) and perioperative death (2.0% vs 1.4%) in the general anesthesia group was noted. In examining operative indications, however, there was a significant increase in the percentage of patients receiving general anesthesia who had sustained preoperative strokes when compared with the regional anesthesia patients (36.1% vs 26.4%; p < 0.01). There was also a statistically significant higher frequency of contralateral total occlusion in the general anesthesia group (21.8% vs 15.4%; p = 0.001). The trend toward increased perioperative strokes in the general anesthesia group may be explicable either by the above differences in the patient populations or by actual differences based on anesthetic technique that favor regional anesthesia.Conclusions: In a retrospective review of a large series of carotid operations, regional anesthesia was shown to be applicable to the vast majority of patients with good clinical outcome. Although the advantages over general anesthesia are perhaps small, the versatility and safety of the technique is sufficient reason for vascular surgeons to include it in their armamentarium of surgical skills. Considering that carotid endarterectomy is a procedure in which complication rates are exceedingly low, a rigidly controlled, prospective randomized trial may be required to accurately assess these differences. (J Vasc Surg 1996;24;946-56.)     

Perioperative myocardial ischemia in cataract surgery patients: general versus local anesthesia

Patients having cataract surgery are usually elderly and have risk factors for ischemic heart disease. We sought to determine the incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients having cataract surgery and compare the influence of local anesthesia (LA) and general anesthesia (GA). Eighty-one patients undergoing cataract surgery with at least two risk factors for ischemic heart disease were monitored continuously for 24 h by using electrocardiogram leads II and V5 and a Holter recorder (Medilog 4500, Oxford Ltd, UK). Patients were randomly allocated to two groups, either LA (n = 39) or GA (n = 42). In the LA group, a peribulbar block was performed, whereas a similar block was performed in the GA group after tracheal intubation. The study demonstrated that cataract patients suffered from a frequent incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia (31%). There was no difference in the incidence rate between the groups: 12 of 39 in the LA group and 13 of 42 in the GA group (P: = NS). However, the number of ischemic episodes was significantly increased in the GA group (18 vs. 13 in the LA group) (P<0.05), and there were significantly more intraoperatively in the GA group (8 vs. 1) (P<0.01). All intraoperative ischemic events were associated with tachycardia (> or =20% of baseline), whereas postoperative ischemic changes were mostly independent of heart rate. Only one of the ischemic patients (in the GA group) was admitted as a result of intractable chest pain. There were significantly less intraoperative episodes in the LA group, suggesting that LA may be safer than GA in patients during this type of surgery.     

Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing transurethral surgery: a pilot study comparing general with spinal anaesthesia

We have studied the incidence and duration of perioperativemyocardial ischaemia using ambulatory ECG monitoring in 100patients undergoing transurethral surgery, who were allocatedrandomly to receive either general or spinal anaesthesia. Theoverall incidence of myocardial ischaemia increased from 18%to 26% between the preoperative and postoperative periods. Patientswith ischaemic heart disease had a significantly greater incidenceof myocardial ischaemia after operation than patients withoutknown ischaemic heart disease (P < 0.05). There was an increasein both the incidence and duration of myocardial ischaemia afteroperation with both anaesthetic techniques, but no significantdifference between the two.     

瑞芬太尼全麻在老年患者神经外科手术中的应用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼全麻在老年患者神经外科手术中的临床应用。方法神经外科手术老年患者50例,年龄65～80岁,随机均分为两组,术中全麻维持微泵静注芬太尼0.08μg·kg-1·min-1(F组)或瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1(R组)。记录诱导前(T0)、插管后1min(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、手术结束时(T3)的HR、MAP以及诱导时间、睁眼时间和拔管时间,记录术后呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐等不良反应情况。结果与F组比较,R组T1、T2时的HR明显减慢,MAP明显降低(P0.05);与T0时比较,F组T1、T2时HR明显增快,MAP明显升高(P0.05)。与F组比较,R组睁眼时间、拔管时间明显缩短(P0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼静脉全麻用于老年患者,血流动力学更稳定,苏醒时间更短。     

主动脉瓣狭窄患者行非心脏手术的围术期麻醉管理进展

主动脉瓣狭窄是一种主要由风湿热后遗症、先天性主动脉瓣结构异常、老年性主动脉瓣钙化等病因所致的一种瓣膜性心脏病(VHD),钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄是其主要形式。超声心动图是目前国际上评估和诊断主动脉瓣狭窄最常用的方法,成人正常主动脉瓣口面积(AVA)≥3.0 cm²,当AVA减小至正常的1/3或更多时才会阻塞主动脉瓣前向血流,大多数轻中度和一部分重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者在日常活动时没有临床症状。主动脉瓣狭窄的流行病学在地区、年龄、性别和种族等方面差异较大。主动脉瓣狭窄增加了非心脏手术围术期心血管并发症的风险,其风险的高低取决于VHD严重程度和非心脏手术类型,而未经治疗的重度主动脉瓣狭窄围术期死亡率较高。本文对主动脉瓣狭窄诊断、分级、分类、病理机制、治疗及非心脏手术围术期麻醉管理等方面的进展予以综述。     

Preoperative peribulbar block in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery under general anesthesia: a randomized double-blind study

Retinal detachment surgery is frequently associated with significant postoperative pain and emesis in adults. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled study we sought to demonstrate that 1% ropivacaine peribulbar (PB) block in conjunction with general anesthesia (GA) improves operative conditions and postoperative analgesia compared with GA combined with subcutaneous normal saline injection into the inferior eyelid. Thirty-one patients were included in each group. Anesthesia was performed with target-controlled infusion propofol and continuous remifentanil infusion adjusted to maintain bispectral index values between 40 and 50. Postoperative analgesia included fixed-dose IV infusion of propacetamol and IV injection of nefopam via a patient-controlled analgesia device. Tramadol was infused IV as rescue medication. Demographic data were comparable between the groups and bispectral index values were maintained at the objective target. In the PB group, fewer patients presented an oculocardiac reflex (6 versus 17; P < 0.01); bleeding interfering with the surgical field was reduced (1 versus 11 patients; P < 0.01); mean time to first nefopam request was longer (148 +/- 99 versus 46 +/- 58 min; P < 0.01); mean nefopam consumption was diminished during the first 6 h after tracheal extubation (18.9 +/- 13.9 versus 28.5 +/- 14.7 mg; P < 0.05); immediate postoperative pain scores were lower; and fewer patients required rescue medication (5 versus 23; P < 0.01). The two groups were similar with respect to the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Overall, PB block combined with GA improved operating conditions and postoperative analgesia in retinal detachment surgery.     

麻醉深度指数用于全麻手术期间麻醉深度监测的临床评价

目的 评价麻醉深度指数(CSI)监测麻醉深度的准确性及实用性.方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级患者40例随机均分为两组.采用咪唑安定、芬太尼、丙泊酚、维库溴铵诱导和维持.A组以CSI监测数据判断麻醉深度并调整用药,使CSI维持在50±5.B组根据经验用药.常规监测SBP、DBP、HR、ECG、SpO2、CSI,计算用药总量,记录苏醒时间;诱导期进行警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分,计算CSI对于OAA/S的等级相关系数.结果 麻醉期间,B组的SBP、DBP、HR、CSI波动明显大于A组(P<0.05);A组的苏醒时间明显短于B组,拔管后躁动、嗜睡、恶心、呕吐的病例数少于B组;A组无一例术中知晓,B组有1例发生术中知晓.CSI与OAA/S评分具有显著的等级相关性.结论 CSI可动态反映大脑生理功能的变化,有助于判断全麻深度,指导麻醉用药.     

Incidences and predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia

Background

Hypoxemia caused by difficulties in airway management presents a major cause for perioperative morbidity and mortality. The ability to predict difficult laryngoscopy more accurately would enable anesthesiologists to take specific precautions to reduce airway risks and prevent patient-threatening events.

Methods

Over a 6-year period of time, all anesthesia records with a documented direct laryngoscopic view were retrieved from the electronic data management system and statistically processed. The Cormack–Lehane four-point scale of grading laryngoscopy was used to assess visibility of the vocal cords.

Results

Of 102,306 cases, the overall rate of difficult laryngoscopy was 4.9 %. Male gender (6.5 %), Mallampati score III and IV (17.3 %), obesity with a BMI ≥35 kg/m² (6.1 %), as well as physical status ASA III or IV (6.2 %), were identified as risk factors for difficult laryngoscopy. Patients undergoing surgery in the departments of oromaxillofacial (8.9 %), ear nose throat surgery (ENT) (7.4 %), and cardiac surgery (7.0 %) showed the highest rates of difficult laryngoscopy.

Conclusions

The results indicate that the risk for difficult airway situations might substantially differ between surgical patient groups. In hospitals with departmental structures and spatially separated operating rooms, the deduction might be increased awareness and particular structural preparation for difficult airway situations in the respective subspecialties.     

General anesthesia for disabled patients undergoing dental treatment in a general hospital

BACKGROUND: General anesthesia for dental treatment in disabled patients may present particular problems, especially when it is done in a general hospital, compared with specialized dental hospitals. METHODS: We surveyed 24 patients who underwent dental treatment under general anesthesia in our institution during the last decade. RESULTS: Electrocardiography or chest x-ray photography was not obtained in 8 patients owing to lack of patients' cooperation. Slow induction with sevoflurane was selected in 5 patients, because intravenous cannulae could not be placed owing to their rejection. Nasotracheal intubation was performed in all patients, but no difficulty in intubation was documented. As postoperative complications, we observed convulsion in one patient and muscle rigidity in another, but no critical troubles related to circulatory or respiratory status. In patients who were treated for more than ten teeth, we observed differences in age, body weight, duration of anesthesia, maximum concentration of sevoflurane administered during anesthesia, and use of postoperative analgesics compared with the other patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found particular problems of anesthesia for disable patients undergoing dental treatment in a general hospital, and suggest that information on numbers of teeth to be treated is helpful.     

Perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty during lumbar regional anesthesia.

Perioperative myocardial ischemia predicts unfavorable outcomes and occurs in as many as 41% of patients with coronary artery disease or cardiac risk factors undergoing noncardiac surgery. To determine the prevalence of myocardial ischemia, we studied 52 consecutive unselected patients undergoing elective hip arthroplasty during lumbar regional anesthesia. Patients were continuously monitored for 6 days using a three-channel Holter monitor. Ninety-nine episodes of myocardial ischemia occurred in 16 patients (31%), six of whom were considered preoperatively to be at low risk for coronary artery disease. Forty-four percent of the ischemic episodes were preceded or accompanied by a heart rate greater than or equal to 100/min and 56% by a heart rate greater than or equal to 90 beats/min. Ninety-six percent of the ischemic episodes were clinically silent, and 82% were not related to patient care events. Thirteen episodes of myocardial ischemia occurred preoperatively, 1 intraoperatively, and 85 postoperatively. The incidence of postoperative ischemic episodes showed a circadian variation: 44% occurred between 6 AM and noon, 33% between noon and 6 PM, 17% between 6 PM and midnight, and 6% between midnight and 6 AM. Six adverse cardiac events occurred during hospitalization (three of the six among patients with perioperative ischemia) and an additional four events during a follow-up period of 12 months (all four events occurred among patients with perioperative ischemia). Patients with perioperative myocardial ischemia had a relative risk of 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.3-5.2) to develop an adverse cardiac event postoperatively.