Emergency computed tomography in the diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presents with a number of nonspecific symptoms that must be assessed rapidly to prevent life-threatening sequelae such as cerebral edema and respiratory failure. To define the utility of computed tomography (CT) in evaluating SVCS, we initiated a retrospective analysis of all emergent chest CT scans performed at our affiliated institutions to rule out SVCS. Twenty-eight emergent chest CT scans were analyzed. In all 23 cases confirmed to have SVCS (true-positives), CT depicted the nature and extent of the obstructing lesions. In 4 of 5 symptomatic cases (80%) proven not to have SVCS, CT imaged the abnormalities responsible for the misleading clinical appearance. CT also outlined the extent and course of superficial chest wall venous collaterals in all 23 true-positive cases and that of mediastinal collaterals in 18 cases. We also found 12 patients to have CT evidence of soft tissue edema of the upper thorax, an indicator of SVCS not previously detailed. A large number of related, unsuspected lesions were also identified. Our study supports the emergent use of chest CT as the imaging modality of choice in the work-up of patients presenting with the clinical suspicion of SVCS.     

肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或下腔静脉的救治体会

目的探讨肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或肝后段下腔静脉的救治。方法回顾分析我院2010年4月～2011年11月收治的10例手术治疗外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)临床资料,其中,男性8例,女性2例;年龄19～46岁,平均32岁。致伤原因:道路交通伤6例,重物砸伤1例,马踏伤1例,刀刺伤2例。均属Ⅴ级的严重肝破裂。血管损伤:下腔静脉破裂9例,肝右静脉主干破裂4例,肝左静脉破裂1例,门静脉主干破裂1例;10例均合并有右侧或(和)双侧肋骨骨折;9例有肺挫伤;入院时均呈休克表现。10例均在积极抗休克的同时急诊行手术治疗。结果治愈8例,死亡2例。全肝血流阻断下行下腔静脉破裂+肝破裂修补术2例,肝上下腔静脉局部血流阻断(用血管阻断钳)下腔静脉修补术1例,肝右静脉破裂修补术3例,肝后下腔静脉破裂修补术5例,不规则右肝切除术6例(其中Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段肝切除1例)。结论在严重的外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)救治过程中,需要多科积极配合,缩短术前准备时间,充分游离肝脏,合理阻断肝脏血流,正确的处理肝断面和大血管的损伤,可提高严重肝破裂的救治成功率。     

Preview method for electron-beam CT scanning of the coronary arteries

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a method that uses electron-beam computed tomography to obtain the most appropriate starting level for complete imaging of the coronary tree and to compare it with the existing method. A second aim was to evaluate the spatial location of the coronary arteries relative to different anatomic cardiac and chest landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred forty consecutive patients were randomly assigned to imaging with either a six-level preview (new) method or the traditional preview method. The accuracy of each preview method to encompass the coronary anatomy was compared. RESULTS: All coronary arteries were included in 3-mm scans obtained starting three levels above the origin of the left main coronary artery. The left anterior descending coronary artery extended 3-9 mm above the left main artery in 33 patients (14%). The coronary arteries were encompassed by scans depicting 72-105 mm; thus, with 3-mm sections, up to 35 scans are necessary to cover the entire coronary tree. No stable relationship between the coronary arteries and the pulmonary artery or carina could be found. CONCLUSION: The six-level preview method that identifies the left main coronary artery and begins 9 mm above this level is the most accurate method for depicting the coronary anatomy. No anatomic landmarks in the heart or chest can be used reliably to identify the position of the coronary arteries in individual patients.     

Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava secondary to incidental portal vein aneurysm

Aneurysm of the portal vein is a rare type of visceral aneurysm that is largely asymptomatic although some patients may develop symptoms or secondary complications. In this report, we present the first case in the literature of inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis arising as a consequence of portal vein aneurysm. A 95-year-old male with past medical history significant for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type II diabetes mellitus, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and gastroesophageal reflux presented to the emergency department with several days of altered mental status, disorganized behavior, visual hallucinations, and weight loss. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the patient''s abdomen and pelvis was performed to assess for infection or malignancy. The study revealed a large saccular aneurysm of the proximal portal vein arising near the portal confluence. Compression of the adjacent IVC was also seen which contained a hypoattenuating filling defect, probably representing thrombus. Incidental large hepatic cysts were seen, and a 6 mm pancreatic cyst was also identified which likely represented an intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm . He was determined not to be a surgical candidate due to age, comorbidities, and absence secondary symptoms. The patient was discharged on quetiapine and enoxaparin for management of agitation and IVC thrombosis, respectively. This case demonstrates the increasing rates of detection of portal vein aneurysm and the range of complications that may arise as a result.     

肝移植术后并发症与介入治疗 五、腔静脉、肝静脉梗阻

肝移植术后肝静脉、腔静脉梗阻的发生率很低,术后急性发生常与手术技术因素有关,较晚发生常因为吻合口内膜增生与纤维组织瘢痕生成所致.一般临床表现包括移植肝失功能、肝淤血、腹水、腹痛等.腔内球囊扩张术与支架植入安全、有效,可以获得长期的血管开通.球囊成形术技术成功率高,但容易再狭窄,对于成人或肝静脉具有成人腔径的儿童患者,支架效果更好.     

Asymptomatic membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava due to large intrahepatic collaterals

This paper presents a case of asymptomatic membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava with a rare hemodynamic pattern consisting of large intrahepatic venous connections between the right inframembranous and the middle supramembranous hepatic vein. These remarkably large collaterals obviated significant enlargement of the azygous venous system and the development of a Budd-Chiari syndrome.     

腔静脉滤器的临床应用:贵在恰当

分析临床应用腔静脉滤器的历史与现状,并对腔静脉滤器有可能被滥用的趋势,提出有必要重新审视滤器应用带来的利与弊,以及思考滤器植入的适应人群.该文对理想的腔静脉滤器应具备的条件,腔静脉滤器植入的适应证和植入后并发症的分析,认为可回收滤器的临床应用有逐步取代永久性滤器的趋势,也是未来腔静脉滤器的研究方向.     

Computed tomographic evaluation of compression of the superior vena cava and its tributaries

Observations on computed tomography (CT) of 15 patients with compression of the superior vena cava (SVC) and its tributaries are reported and compared with clinical, radiographic and surgical findings. The site of compression in 14 patients was accurately determined by CT, which could delineate the presence of intraluminal clot and extrinsic compression of venous structures, as well as associated mediastinal masses. Collateral superficial vessels were identified in nine patients with contrast-enhanced scans. Contrast-enhanced mediastinal and chest CT was shown to provide detailed anatomic and physiologic information about the etiology of SVC syndrome.     

CT Diagnosis of venous pseudotumors in the chest and abdomen

Appearances simulating neoplastic masses were found in five patients undergoing computed tomographic (CT) scanning of the chest and abdomen for a variety of indications. In each case the appearance was shown to be due to dilated collateral venous channels in association with portal hypertension or interruption of the inferior vena cava. The vascular origin of the masses was confirmed by CT scanning during intravenous bolus injection of contrast. Angiographic confirmation was obtained in three subjects. Enlarged collateral veins should be considered in the differential diagnosis of appearances suggesting mediastinal or abdominal lymphadenopathy at CT scanning.     

肝硬化患者16层螺旋CT肝内门静脉成像延迟时间的优化

目的探讨优化肝硬化患者16层螺旋CT肝内门静脉成像时间。方法70例正常人与65例肝硬化患者(Child A级30例,Child B级18例,Child C级17例)分别先采用Testbolus技术测定主动脉、门静脉及肝脏实质时间密度曲线,测定主动脉、门静脉及肝实质强化峰值时间;分别记录主动脉、门静脉及肝实质强化峰值时间及CT值。统计处理采用SPSS11.0统计软件包。结果正常人主动脉强化峰值时间与肝硬化患者主动脉强化峰值时间差值之间并无统计学差异(P=0.072),二者主动脉强化峰值之差值间也无统计学差异(P=0.14)。肝硬化患者平均门静脉峰值时间(42.2 s)明显长于正常人(34.5 s,P<0.05)。肝硬化患者门静脉强化峰值(49.9 HU)明显低于正常人(58.0 HU,P<0.05)。正常人与肝硬化患者肝实质强化峰值时间分别为53.9 s和62.5 s(P<0.05),而二者肝实质强化峰值分别为26.6 HU和24.5 HU(P<0.05)。Child B、C级肝硬化患者平均门静脉强化峰值时间(43.8 s)稍长于Child A级肝硬化患者(40.5 s),但二者之间并无统计学差异(P=0.163)。结论在注射速度相同(5 ml/s)的情况下肝硬化患者门静脉强化时间(42.3 s)明显长于正常人(34.4 s),Child B、C级肝硬化患者门静脉强化峰值时间(43.9 s)稍长于Child A级肝硬化患者(40.5 s),但二者之间并无统计学差异。     

螺旋CT上腔静脉造影的临床应用研究

目的探讨上腔静脉病变的螺旋CT上腔静脉造影(HCTP)的成像质量,并分析该技术在上腔静脉病变中的临床应用价值.资料与方法对22例上腔静脉异常患者应用HCTP检查,对比剂注射方案为经双侧肘前静脉以2 ml/s流率同时注射浓度为75 mgI/ml的非离子型对比剂,延迟25 s开始扫描.分析螺旋CT图像的上腔静脉强化程度、条状伪影、血流相关伪影及总体成像质量,评价HCTP的成像质量及对上腔静脉病变的显示能力和临床应用价值.结果所有22例患者成功完成了HCTP检查,所有病例的上腔静脉显示满意,仅2例出现头臂静脉的轻微的条状伪影,1例双上腔静脉畸形者出现奇静脉入口处假充盈缺损,2例MPR、MIP及SSD图像出现不同程度阶梯状伪影,但不足以影响诊断,19例二维与三维重建图像优质.22例患者中双上腔静脉畸形1例,上腔静脉阻塞21例,其中肺癌15例,淋巴瘤2例,右上肺癌术后复查1例,恶性胸腺瘤1例,静脉血栓1例,巨大升主动脉瘤压迫上腔静脉1例.HCTP准确显示了双上腔静脉畸形患者双侧上腔静脉的形态与流向,对上腔静脉阻塞的部位、程度、侧支循环及其病因显示清楚,所有病例诊断明确,临床符合率为100%,有效地指导了临床诊断和治疗.结论应用经双侧肘前静脉注射低浓度(75 mgI/ml)对比剂,并延迟25 s进行HCTP可获得优良的上腔静脉图像,可准确诊断各种上腔静脉异常,发现上腔静脉阻塞部位及其程度,显示侧支静脉,并可作出病因诊断,为临床诊断和治疗上腔静脉病变提供所需要的足够信息,有助于手术方案、介入治疗如支架放置、放疗方案的制定和疗效的评估,是目前上腔静脉最理想的无创性影像学检查方法之一.     

经股静脉肝内门腔分流术治疗门脉高压急性上消化道出血1例

我科收治1例因上腔静脉畸形,行经股静脉路径联合经皮门静脉逆行穿刺下腔静脉门腔分流术患者报道如下.临床资料患者,男,40岁.以“反复排黑便2d,伴呕血1次”为主诉入院.既往“慢性乙型病毒性肝炎”病史20余年,未规律服药治疗,4年前因“突发呕血、排黑便”就诊我院,根据CT及胃镜检查诊断“①食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血;②乙肝肝硬化失代偿期;③脾功能亢进(脾亢)”,予行“脾切除+贲门周围血管离断术”.体格检查:BP 100/46 mmHg,神志清楚,贫血面容,睑结膜苍白,双下肺闻及湿啰音,余查体未见明显阳性异常体征.入院后急症行胸部+上腹部CT平扫示:①双肺局限性肺气肿;②双肺炎症;③双侧胸腔积液;④上腔静脉走行异常,考虑先天变异;⑤考虑肝硬化,请结合临床;⑥脾脏切除术后改变;⑦考虑胰腺炎;⑧腹腔及腹膜后多发小淋巴结.     

经脾门静脉造影CT肝脏强化特性分析

目的　分析经脾门静脉造影CT肝实质灌注强化的特性。方法　以 3 0例经脾门静脉造影CT检查患者作为研究对象 ,测量扫描时间内肝实质CT值变化 ,并绘制其时间密度曲线 ,同时与肝内肿瘤的CT值变化进行比较。结果　 (1)在扫描时间内 ,肝实质被明显灌注强化 ,强化的峰值肝左叶为 (2 18.0± 5 3 .18)HU ,肝右叶为 (2 46.0± 60 .15 )HU ,两者比较有统计学显著性差异 (Ρ <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )肿瘤与其邻近的肝实质之间密度差为 (65 .3 0± 2 5 .6)HU。结论　经脾门静脉造影CT可使肝实质明显灌注强化 ,显著增加肝实质与肿瘤间的密度反差。     

3D CE-MRA在评价腹部静脉系统中的应用

目的探讨三维增强磁共振血管成像（3DCE—MRA）技术在腹部静脉系统中的应用价值。方法收集具有完整资料的16例病例，先行常规MRI检查，随后经静脉注射Gd—DTPA20—30mL后连续三次行3DCE—MRA采集数据，对静脉系统原始图像进行MIP重建。主要观察指标为下腔静脉、脾静脉、肝静脉、肠系膜上静脉、门静脉形态变化。结果16例患者中，门腔静脉正常者9例，3DCE—MRA清晰显示下腔静脉、肝静脉、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉、门静脉结构；门静脉高压3例，示脾静脉增宽迂曲，门静脉主干增宽及明显侧支循环形成；2例布加氏综合征；1例下腔静脉血栓形成；1例门静脉海绵样改变。结论3DCE—MRA是一种安全、敏感性高的血管造影技术，可提高腹部静脉系统疾病的术前诊断。     

螺旋CT门静脉造影的临床应用价值

目的　评价螺旋CT门静脉造影 (SCTP)的临床应用价值。方法　 110例不同种类肝脏疾病的螺旋CT增强扫描后 ,用最大密度投影 (MIP)重建出不同种类肝脏疾病SCTP血管三维图像。结果　SCTP直观评价门静脉和肝静脉的管径大小、走行情况及有无门静脉受侵或癌栓形成。对肝脏占位病变能准确定位和定性。SCTP显示肝硬化门脉分支级度与肝功Child -Pugh分级有一定的相关性。结论　SCTP具有较高的临床实用性 ,能满足临床诊断的需要     

下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞及其并发症

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器置入术(IVCF)预防肺动脉栓塞(PE)的疗效、相关并发症及处理.方法70例下肢深静脉血栓患者,溶(取)栓术前均行下腔静脉滤器置入术:永久性Trap Ease滤器(TEF)20枚,永久性Vena Tech滤器(VTF)31枚,可回收性OptEase~(TM)滤器(OEF)13枚,临时性TempoⅡ滤器8枚;71枚位置在肾静脉开口下方,1枚位置在肾静脉开口上方.结果 术后随访8～72个月.70例中,无一例出现PE,6例出现相关的并发症.结论 下腔静脉滤器置入可以有效预防肺梗死,但应严格掌握适应证.     

流变溶栓导管治疗门静脉阻塞的临床应用

目的　评价流变溶栓导管 (Hydrolyser)对门静脉阻塞再通治疗的临床疗效。方法　 7例原发性肝癌合并门静脉阻塞、消化道出血 ,经皮肝穿使用Hydrolyser导管溶栓、血管腔内成形术、内支架植入术进行门静脉开通治疗 ,观察门静脉再通、临床症状缓解和并发症发生情况。结果　 6例开通成功 ,1例因导丝无法通过门静脉阻塞段而失败 ,开通成功率 85 %。 5例对溶栓后残存的基础狭窄行血管腔内成形术 ,1例行内支架治疗。 6例门静脉开通后门静脉压明显下降 (Ρ <0 .0 1) ,消化道出血停止 ,无并发症发生 ,随访 5～ 10个月 ,除未开通门静脉 1例死亡外 ,余均生存并对其肝肿瘤进行了介入治疗 ,门静脉保持通畅或部分通畅。结论　Hydrol yser导管对清除门静脉阻塞的血栓安全有效 ,对瘤栓无效 ,为门静脉阻塞开通治疗提供了一种有效的新方法。     

螺旋CT门静脉成像增强方法的优化及临床应用

目的　优化螺旋CT门静脉成像 (SCTP)的增强方法 ,评价其临床应用价值。方法　 48例正常人分 3组 ,注射速度分别为 4ml/s、3ml/s及 2ml/s。经门静脉主干动态扫描 ,描绘门静脉主干、肝实质及二者密度差 (P -L差 )的时间 -密度曲线。选择 3 0例患者行SCTP ,分析不同疾患的SCTP表现 ,评价图像质量。结果　① 4ml/s组与 3ml/s组门静脉主干及P -L差峰值大于 2ml/s组(Ρ <0 .0 5 ) ,P -L差峰值分别为 110 .6HU、10 1.7HU、73 .3HU。② 4ml/s组、3ml/s组及 2ml/s组门静脉主干、肝实质及P -L差的达峰值时间有显著性差异 (Ρ <0 .0 0 1) ,其P -L差的达峰值时间分别为 3 9s、48s及 61s。③SCTP对门脉系统疾患显示满意 ,对肝内病灶定位准确。结论　剂量 1.5ml/kg ,注射速度 4ml/s或 3ml/s ,相应延时 3 0s及 3 6s时 ,SCTP是一种无创而可靠的门脉系统显示方法     

CT Findings of Intrarenal Yolk Sac Tumor with Tumor Thrombus Extending into the Inferior Vena Cava: A Case Report

Yolk sac tumor (YST) is a rare germ cell neoplasm of childhood that usually arises from the testis or ovary. The rare cases of YST in various extragonadal locations have been reported, but the primary intrarenal YST is even more uncommon. Here, we report a case of a primary intrarenal YST with tumor thrombus of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein in a 2-year-old boy, with an emphasis on the CT features. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an intrarenal YST with intravascular involvement.     

MSCT在小儿门静脉海绵样变术前及术后的应用价值

目的 探讨MSCT在小儿门静脉海绵样变(CTPV)术前诊断及术后疗效评价中的应用价值.方法 收集本院经手术证实为CTPV患儿11例,术前均行MSCT平扫与增强扫描,术后均行超声或MSCT检查.结果 11例患儿术前CT扫描均显示脾不同程度增大,平扫可见肝门区异常软组织团块影,增强扫描示门静脉主干狭窄消失,肝门部出现蚯蚓状血管团,肝内左侧分支和/或右侧分支被多发集聚的血管取代(Ⅱ型).11例患儿均行肠系膜上静脉-门静脉左支旁路分流术(Rex术)手术顺利,术后随访2～20个月,影像学检查示9例患儿吻合口通畅,2例患儿吻合口狭窄.结论 小儿CTPV的MSCT表现具有一定特征性,MSCT在小儿CTPV术前诊断及术后疗效评价中具有重要意义.