99mTc-apcitide scintigraphy in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Aim  Detection of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients presenting with clinical symptoms suggesting DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) with ^99mTc-apcitide, a synthetic polypeptide, binding to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors expressed on activated platelets is the objective of the study. Materials and methods  Nineteen patients (11 males, eight females) received within 24h after admission to the hospital a mean of 841MBq (range 667 to 1,080) ^99mTc-apcitide i.v. followed by planar recordings 10, 60, and 120min after injection. Images were compared to the results of compression ultrasonography and/or phlebography. Patients with clinically suspected PE underwent spiral computed tomography or lung perfusion scans. Results   ^99mTc-apcitide scintigraphy showed acute clot formation in 14 out of 16 patients where the other imaging modalities suggested DVT. Positive scintigraphic results were seen up to 17days after the onset of clinical symptoms. In three out of three patients without any proof of DVT, ^99mTc-apcitide scintigraphy was truly negative. Glycoprotein receptor imaging showed only one segmental PE in six patients with imaging-proven subsegmental (N = 3) or segmental PE (N = 3). Conclusion   ^99mTc-apcitide scintigraphy may be an easy and promising tool for the detection of acute clot formation in patients with DVT up to 17days after the onset of clinical symptoms with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 100%. However, it failed to demonstrate PE in 83% of examined patients with proven PE.     

Suspected pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis: A comprehensive MDCT diagnosis in the acute clinical setting

Both pulmonary arterial and peripheral venous sides of venous thromboembolism (VTE) can now be efficiently and safely investigated by multi-detector CT (MDCT) at the same time by a combined CT angiography/CT venography protocol. In the emergency setting, the use of such a single test for patients suspected of suffering from VTE on a clinical grounds may considerably shorten and simplify diagnostic algorithms. The selection of patients to be submitted to MDCT must follow well-established clinical prediction rules in order to avoid generalized referral to CT on a generic clinical suspicion basis and excessive population exposure to increased ionizing radiation dose, especially in young patients. Clinical and anatomical wide-panoramic capabilities of MDCT allow identification of underlying disease that may explain patients' symptoms in a large number of cases in which VTE is not manifest. The analysis of MDCT additional findings on cardiopulmonary status and total thrombus burden can lead to better prognostic stratification of patients and influence therapeutic options. Some controversial points such as optimal examination parameters, clinical significance of subsegmentary emboli, CT pitfalls and/or possible falsely positive diagnoses, and outcome of untreated patients in which VTE has been excluded by MDCT without additional testing, must of course be taken into careful consideration before the definite role of comprehensive MDCT VTE "one-stop-shop" diagnosis in everyday clinical practice can be ascertained.     

超声对下肢深静脉血栓形成致肺栓塞的研究

目的 利用快速、便捷、无创的超声技术研究下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺栓塞的关系。方法 对临床综合诊断肺栓塞24例患者行经胸超声心动图和下肢血管超声检查。结果 超声心动图发现肺栓塞直接征象5例。发现间接征象10例，主要表现为典型右心负荷过重合并肺动脉高压。血管超声发现下肢深静脉血栓14例。结论 超声检查是肺栓塞影像学诊断的首选方法，而且对下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断更是快速、无创、准确的首选方法，对临床诊断具有很大的帮助。     

CT lower extremity venography in suspected pulmonary embolism in the ED

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the added benefit of computed tomography lower extremity venography (CTLV)—performed following CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)—in the emergency department (ED) patient suspected of pulmonary embolism (PE). A retrospective review of 427 consecutive patients having both CTPA and CTLV performed to evaluate patients suspected of PE at two community hospitals was conducted. Three-month follow-up was performed on all patients to ensure that no case of PE or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was missed. Forty patients were positive for PE, and 11 were positive for DVT. There were 6 CTPA studies read as indeterminate for PE and 11 CTLV studies indeterminate for DVT. Only 1 patient was positive for DVT, who did not have a concurrent PE identified by CTPA. The estimated charges for detecting the single case of isolated DVT was US $206,400. In our ED setting, the additional benefit of adding CTLV to the standard ED work-up of PE was minimal.     

99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-rhenium sulfur aerosol compared as adjuncts to perfusion scintigraphy in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

Two radiopharmaceuticals, ^99mTc-DTPA (D) and ^99mTc-rhenium sulfur (R) were evaluated with a nebulizer delivering submicronic particles. Seventy-seven patients were examined (42 D, 35 R). For all patients, the examination began with a ventilation study. Immediately after the last ventilation view, ^99mTc MAA was injected. Aerosol performance was assessed in 37 D and 17 R. Nebulization yield was 8.98% for D and 9.31% for R. A lung clearance study was performed in 12 patients for D and in 12 different patients for R. The lung clearance was 0.22%/min for R and 2.35%/min for D. The quality of ventilation and the quantification of bronchial and gastric activity were evaluated; the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. It may be concluded that radioaerosols allow good quality images to be obtained. The yield of the nebulizer is adequate, so that nebulization of 20 mCi delivers approximately 2 mCi of aerosol activity to the lung. When pulmonary embolism is being investigated, R, due to its slower lung clearance, would appear to be preferable to D for patients suspected of increased bronchoalveolar permeability, especially if the time between nebulization and recording is greater than 10 min.     

Quantification of regional pulmonary flow with 9mTc-MAA SPECT and cine phase contrast MR imaging

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between left and right pulmonary arterial flow measured by cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (cine PCMRI) and the distribution of perfusion on 99mTc-MAA SPECT and to determine whether the regional pulmonary flow quantification was feasible with the combined use of these techniques. Twenty patients with different pulmonary diseases were evaluated. Left and right lung counts on 99mTc-MAA SPECT images were separately summed and the left-to-total count ratio was calculated. The left-to-total pulmonary flow ratio was calculated from the left and right main pulmonary flows measured with cine PCMRI. We evaluated the correlation and agreement between the ratio determined with 99mTc-MAA SPECT and cine PCMRI by linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman analysis. The left-to-total ratios obtained by 99mTc-MAA and cine PCMRI were 52.0 +/- 22.1% and 52.2 +/- 20.8%, respectively, and showed a strong correlation (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). The mean difference between the two methods in the ratio was 0.25 +/- 2.3% with a 95% confidence interval from -0.84 to 1.34. The results showed that the regional pulmonary flow was calculated with both the left and right pulmonary flow measured with cine PCMRI and the ratio of regional distribution on 99Tc-MAA SPECT images.     

Return to normal of 99mTc-plasmin test after deep venous thrombosis and its relationship to vessel wall fibrinolysis

Fourteen patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and a positive ^99mTc-plasmin test were followed up to determine how soon a negative test was obtained. Localization and extension of the thrombi were determined by phlebography. Plasminogen activator activity in vein walls and local fibrinolytic activity after venous occlusion were measured in order to find out what the prerequisites for impaired thrombolysis are. The time required to obtain a negative ^99mTc-plasmin test showed considerable variation, ranging from less than 1 week to more than 6 months. The ^99mTc-plasmin test had returned to normal in 64% of the patients after 6 months. No relationship was found between vessel wall fibrinolysis and time to normalization. Instead, we found an association between the time to normalization of the ^99mTc-plasmin test and the size of the thrombus, according to phlebography, as well as between the time to normalization of the ^99mTc-plasmin test and the extension of leg points with a positive ^99mTc-plasmin test at admission. The finding of abnormal ^99mTc-plasmin test at admission. The finding of abnomral ^99mTc-plasmin test results more than 6 months after acute DVT is of practical importance and warrants caution when evaluating patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of acute recurrent DVT.     

MRA of the lower extremities in patients with pulmonary embolism using a blood pool contrast agent: initial experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of blood pool contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to visualize the arterial and venous vessel tree and to detect deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine consecutive patients with pulmonary embolism (mean age = 46 +/- 9) were randomized to various doses of NC100150 (between 0.75 and 6 mg of Fe/kg of body weight). A T1-weighted (T1W) 3D gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequence (TE = 2.0 msec, TR = 5.0 msec) was used. Two observers blinded to the dose of contrast agent assessed image quality, contrast attenuation, and appearance of thrombi. RESULTS: Qualitative assessment of overall MRA image quality and semiquantitative vessel scoring revealed good to excellent delineation of venous and arterial vessel segments independent of the dose of NC100150. However, quantitative region of interest analysis revealed a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the high-dose group than in the mid- and low-dose groups of NC100150 (P < 0.01). Between dose groups, the SNR was independent of vessel type (artery or vein) and vessel segment localization (proximal or distal). All seven venous thrombi (mean length = 7.2 +/- 0.95 cm) were characterized by a very low signal intensity (SI), which was only 16.6 +/- 7% of the SI in adjacent venous segments (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: High-quality MR angiograms of the lower extremities can be obtained using low concentrations of NC100150 in combination with a strong T1W 3D GRE sequence. The obvious delineation of venous thrombi suggests that this technique may be potentially used as a noninvasive "one-stop shopping" tool in the evaluation of thromboembolic disease.     

肺栓塞的CT诊断及与深静脉血栓形成临床类型的相关性研究

目的:通过22例患者的CT诊断,探讨肺栓塞的影像学特征和病变特点,以及下肢深静脉血栓形成临床类型与肺栓塞发生之间内在的相关性,总结其发病规律,为合理应用预防和治疗措施提供依据。方法:肺部检查应用多层螺旋CT机,采用轴位像扫描,扫描层面从肺尖至肺底,均行强化,了解肺栓塞发生部位及特点。应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查患肢深部和浅部静脉,主要观察静脉腔内有无血流、管壁结构及血栓状况。统计下肢深静脉血栓形成患者临床发病类型。结果:双侧肺栓塞者17例,右侧肺栓塞者4例,左侧肺栓塞者1例。病变累及部位涵盖主肺动脉至亚段动脉等各级肺动脉,肺栓塞直接征象以充盈缺损和附壁血栓最多见,间接征象以肺纹理稀疏、胸腔积液和肺梗死病灶出现率最高。肢体静脉彩色超声检出静脉血栓病变部位58处,股腘静脉血栓病变发生率为70.69%。临床类型属中央型者4例,混合型者13例,周围型者5例。结论:下肢深静脉血栓形成混合型病变发展血栓蔓延,新鲜血栓松软不稳定且与静脉壁附着不紧密而极易脱落造成肺栓塞。病变部位静脉管腔不完全闭塞及溶栓治疗过程,对肺栓塞的发生有一定影响。     

CT venography vs ultrasound in the diagnosis of thromboembolic disease in patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism

To assess the reliability of indirect computed tomography venography (CTV) in the detection of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism (PE). 235 consecutive patients with suspicion of PE underwent an imaging protocol composed of a CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), a CTV and an ultrasound study of the deep venous system, which was considered the “gold standard.” Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for CTV. ith CTV, 30 (12.8%) cases of DVT were detected, 9 (3.8%) of them without pulmonary embolism in CTPA, increasing the diagnosis of thromboembolic disease in 3.8%. However, six of these nine diagnoses were false positives, and CTV missed six cases of DVT. CTV rendered a sensitivity of 58.8%, specificity of 95.0%, a positive predictive value of 66.7%, and a negative predictive value of 93.2%. In patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism, ultrasound is preferred to CTV for the detection of DVT.     

介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床应用

目的 评价介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析经介入性溶栓治疗33例下肢DVT患者,其中10例患者仅行下腔静脉滤器植入术,术后溶栓抗凝治疗.23例患者行下腔静脉滤器植入术和同期患侧股髂静脉开通术.结果 随访33例患者均未出现大出血和致死性肺动脉栓塞等严重并发症,23例患者下肢DVT完全溶解,10例部分溶解.结论 介入性综合治疗下肢DVT是一种安全可行、疗效好的方法.     

彩色多普勒超声联合D-二聚体对周围型下肢深静脉血栓筛查的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDUL)联合D-二聚体检测对周围型下肢深静脉血栓的筛查价值。方法对1821例下肢深静脉血栓的高危患者行下肢深静脉CDUL检查及D-二聚体的检测。分别计算CDUL、血浆D-二聚体浓度水平检测以及二者联合对高危人群中周围型下肢深静脉血栓形成的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值以及Kappa值。结果CDUL诊断周围型下肢深静脉血栓形成的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Kappa值为95.8%、94.5%、88.2%、98.1%、0.881。血浆D-二聚体浓度检测诊断周围型下肢深静脉血栓形成的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Kappa值为85.2%、95.6%、89.3%、93.8%、0.818。二者联合诊断周围型下肢深静脉血栓形成的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Kappa值为98.0%、100.0%、100.0%、99.1%、0.986。CDUL联合D-二聚体检测与单独行D-二聚体检测及CDUL检查的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论CDUL检查联合血清D-二聚体检测对筛查周围型下肢深静脉血栓有较高的诊断准确率,具有较高的临床价值。     

经颈静脉导管血管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨经颈静脉途径血管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶栓,治疗下肢深静脉血栓的可行性与疗效.方法 18例下肢深静脉血栓患者(治疗组)采用经颈静脉穿刺后,置管造影并植入滤器,留置导管持续血管内溶栓同时联合足背静脉溶栓;而同期有16例患者(对照组)仅行足背静脉溶栓.结果 治疗组溶栓时间为(6.6±2.3)d,对照组为(8.2 ±1.4)d;所用尿激酶总量治疗组为(552±224)万u,对照组为(700±166)万u.联合溶栓能显著减少溶栓时间与尿激酶用量(P＜0.05).治疗组溶栓前后大、小腿周径分别减小(4.6 ±2.1)cm、(4.0±2.1)cm,对照组分别为(3.2±1.7)cm、(2.7±1.5)cm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组完全溶通率为66.7%.对照组完全溶通率为31.3%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组4例患者在血栓完全溶通后从原穿刺处将滤器取出.结论 经颈静脉途径导管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶柃治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全、效果好,完全溶通后可从原穿刺处回收滤器.     

应用彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓形成的临床意义

目的分析下肢静脉血栓形成的彩色多普勒超声影像学特征,评价其临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析67例经彩色多普勒超声检查的下肢静脉血栓患者的临床及影像学资料。结果 67例患者中,彩色多普勒超声诊断急性血栓34例,亚急性血栓23例,慢性血栓10例,各期血栓超声影像学表现均具有一定的特征性。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓具有安全、无创、准确性高、可多次复查等优点,对于确定治疗方案及预后具有重要的临床意义。     

严重多发伤合并下肢深静脉血栓33例的诊断及治疗

目的探讨严重多发伤患者合并下肢深静脉血栓的发病率、诊断和治疗情况。方法收集2013年3月~2014年3月我院创伤外科收治的30例严重多发伤合并下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的病例资料进行统计分析,其中男性28例,女性5例;平均年龄(41.2±11.1)岁。分析静脉血栓的发病率、危险因素、辅助诊断、预防及治疗现状等。结果多发伤下肢深静脉血栓的发生率为4.2%(33/785);33例经术前血管超声筛查确诊为下肢深静脉血栓;血浆D-二聚体浓度在下肢静脉血栓为阳性和阴性的严重多发伤患者中没有统计学差异;所有择期手术的下肢深静脉血栓患者术前均行下腔静脉滤网置入术。结论严重多发伤患者下肢深静脉血栓的发病率高于普通住院患者,血管超声是筛查和诊断下肢深静脉血栓的重要手段,D-二聚体对多发伤患者血栓形成诊断价值有限。     

Venous thromboembolism: additional diagnostic value and radiation dose of pelvic CT venography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

Purpose

To assess the additional diagnostic value of indirect CT venography (CTV) of the pelvis and upper thighs performed after pulmonary CT angiography (CTA) for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Materials and methods

In a retrospective analysis, the radiology information system entries between January 2003 and December 2007 were searched for patients who received pulmonary CTA and additional CTV of the pelvis and upper thighs. Of those patients, the radiology reports were reviewed for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the pelvic veins and veins of the upper thighs. In cases with an isolated pelvic thrombosis at CTV (i.e. which only had a thrombosis in the pelvic veins but not in the veins of the upper thigh) ultrasound reports were reviewed for the presence of DVT of the legs. The estimated radiation dose was calculated for pulmonary CTA and for CTV of the pelvis.

Results

In the defined period 3670 patients were referred to our institution for exclusion of PE. Of those, 642 patients (353 men, 289 women; mean age, 65 ± 15 years, age range 18–98 years) underwent combined pulmonary CTA and CTV. Among them, PE was found in 227 patients (35.4%). In patients without PE CTV was negative in all cases. In patients with PE, CTV demonstrated pelvic thrombosis in 24 patients (3.7%) and thrombosis of the upper thighs in 43 patients (6.6%). Of those patients 14 (2.1%) had DVT in the pelvis and upper thighs. In 10 patients (1.5%) CTV showed an isolated pelvic thrombosis. Of those patients ultrasound reports were available in 7 patients, which revealed DVT of the leg veins in 5 cases (1%). Thus, the estimated prevalence of isolated pelvic thrombosis detected only by pelvic CTV ranges between 1–5/642 patients (0.1–0.7%). Radiation dose ranges between 4.8 and 9.7 mSv for additional CTV of the pelvis.

Conclusion

CTV of the pelvis performed after pulmonary CTA is of neglectable additional diagnostic value for the detection of VTE, because the additional radiation dose is high and isolated pelvic DVT is very rare. Venous imaging of the legs (preferably by radiation-free ultrasound) is sufficient for the diagnosis of underlying DVT in patients with suspected PE.     

综合介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成临床研究

目的探讨综合介入法治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床应用价值。方法73例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者随机分为A、B两组,A组用下腔静脉滤器置入 血管内接触溶栓治疗;B组用下腔静脉滤器置入 血管内接触溶栓 碎栓 PTA治疗。结果A组总有效率为5 7.89% (2 2 /38) ,其中治愈率0 % ,显效率2 1.0 5 % (8/38) ,好转率36 .84 % (14 /38) ;B组总有效率为10 0 % (35 /35 ) ,其中治愈率5 4 .2 9% (19/35 ) ,显效率4 0 % (14 /35 ) ,好转率5 .71% (2 /35 )。两组比较有显著性差异,B组总有效率明显优于A组。无严重并发症发生。结论综合介入法治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成是安全有效的方法。     

Detection of deep venous thrombosis: Prospective comparison of MR imaging and sonography

Seventy-five patients (41 women and 34 men, 20-85 years old) with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were examined with MR imaging and sonography. In 26 patients, the final diagnosis was acute femoropopliteal DVT. The sensitivity of MR imaging for detecting this disease was 100% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 87-100%; the specificity was 100% with a CI of 92-100%; and the accuracy was 96% with a CI of 89-99%. The correspond- ing sensitivity of sonography was 77% with a CI of 53-92%; the specificity was 98% with a CI of 89-100%; and the accuracy was 83% with a CI of 72-90%. In four of the 75 patients, MR images revealed thrombus of the pelvis (n=1) or calf (n=3) without femoropopliteal involvement. The estimated prevalence of isolated calf and/or pelvic DVT was 5% with a CI of 1-13%. MR imaging is significantly more sensitive (P=.02) and accurate (P < .01) than sonography in the detection of lower extremity DVT, but there was no difference in the specificity of MR imaging and that of sonography (P=.31).     

合并下肢深静脉血栓的盆腔恶性肿瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的:提高对盆腔恶性肿瘤最初表现为深静脉血栓(DVT)的认识.方法:报告2例盆腔恶性肿瘤开始误诊为深静脉血栓的病例,1例为黏液性脂肪肉瘤,1例为中分化腺癌,经股动脉插管皮下埋置式化疗泵行动脉介入化疗3疗程后手术切除.结果:化疗后肿瘤缩小,血供减少,边界清楚,行肿瘤切除术.随访3～9个月无复发及远处转移. 结论: 盆腔恶性肿瘤最初可表现或误诊为深静脉血栓,对此我们怀疑深静脉血栓时应警惕是否有恶性肿瘤存在.皮下埋置式化疗泵行动脉介入化疗治疗盆腔恶性肿瘤是一种较好的方法.     

介入导管动脉溶栓治疗下肢重症深静脉血栓形成疗效评价

目的　评价经动脉途径应用溶栓药治疗下肢重症深静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法　采用Seldinger法 ,经健侧股动脉置管到患侧动脉周围加压滴注溶栓药。 结果　治疗组治愈率为 87% ,对照组为 3 0 % ,明显优于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。治疗前后肢围的比较 ,明显优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。治疗时机既适用于早期又适用于晚期重症者。消肿时间治疗组均≤ 7d ,与对照组差异有显著性。结论　介入疗法动脉内应用溶栓药物可有效治疗下肢重症深静脉血栓形成 ,疗效显著 ,值得临床推广。