HPLC法同时测定气管炎丸中6个活性成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定气管炎丸中绿原酸、芍药苷、柚皮苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量.方法:采用Agilent 5 TC-C18(2)(250 mm x 4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-0.2％磷酸水溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0～50 min,2％A → 34％A;50～61 min,34％A ...     

黄芩透过人胎盘屏障体外模型药物成分研究

目的研究黄芩透过人胎盘屏障药物成分。方法用尤斯灌流室技术建立人胎盘屏障体外模型,预平衡30 min后,于母体池加入10 mg·mL-1黄芩溶液,分别于5~240 min内在胎儿池取样,用高效液相色谱技术分析样品中所含药物成分。色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水(梯度洗脱),内标为葛根素,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为278 nm,柱温20℃,进样量为5μL。结果从5 min开始,黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素即可透过人胎盘屏障;黄芩素和千层纸素A从20 min开始才透过胎盘屏障;30 min后检测到的11种药物成分均可透过胎盘屏障,且在后续取样时间点未见新的物质生成。结论黄芩中的5种黄酮类成分(黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素和千层纸素A)均可透过人胎盘屏障体外模型。     

基于一测多评法定量的四季三黄片质量评价研究

目的 建立同时测定四季三黄片中黄芩苷、去甲汉黄芩素苷、千层纸素A-7-O-β-D葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、千层纸素A等7种成分的一测多评法。方法 采用HPLC,岛津VP-ODS色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温30℃;检测波长276 nm。以黄芩苷为内参物,建立去甲汉黄芩素苷、千层纸素A-7-O-β-D葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素和千层纸素A的相对校正因子,同时采用一测多评法和外标法测定四季三黄片中7个成分的含量,并将2种方法的测定结果进行比较。结果 7种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999 8),平均加样回收率97.0%～102.1%,RSD为1.2%～2.5%。共测定了4个企业29批四季三黄片中7种成分的含量,结果一测多评法与外标法测定结果无明显差异。不同企业样品间各成分含量存在明显差异。结论 建立的含量方法能够反映出投料用黄芩饮片的质量状况,进而全面有效地评价四季三黄片的质量,为其质量标准的提升奠定基础。     

黄芩提取物中黄酮类成分血浆蛋白结合率的测定

目的建立同时测定黄芩总黄酮部位中4种黄酮类成分在大鼠血浆中药物浓度的方法,并测定其体外血浆蛋白结合率。方法平衡透析法测定黄芩黄酮类成分血浆蛋白结合率,以高丽槐素为内标,生物样本用甲醇沉淀蛋白进行预处理,采用HPLC法测定4种黄酮类成分在透析内、外液中的浓度。结果在低、中、高3种浓度下,黄芩苷(BL)和汉黄芩苷(WL)的血浆蛋白质结合率随给药浓度的增大而降低(BL:82.03%→77.25%→67.17%;WL:82.24%→76.08%→69.87%),而汉黄芩素(W)和千层纸素A(OA)则呈现非质量浓度依赖性,其平均血浆蛋白结合率分别为(89.66±1.19)%、(88.56±1.87)%。结论该文所建立的测定方法简便、灵敏、专属性强。4个黄酮类成分在大鼠体外均有较高的血浆蛋白结合率。     

HPLC同时测定复方鱼腥草软胶囊中6种有效成分的含量

摘要：目的:采用HPLC法同时测定复方鱼腥草软胶囊中新绿原酸、绿原酸、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素6种成分的含量。方法:采用SynergiTM?Hydro-RP 80A色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm）,柱温为40℃,乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为324 nm（检测新绿原酸、绿原酸）和274 nm（检测黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素）。结果:新绿原酸、绿原酸、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素6种成分分离良好;各成分的进样质量范围分别在0.012～0.245μg（r=0.999 8）、0.029～0.583μg（r=0.999 7）、0.201～4.028μg（r=0.999 9）、0.068～1.362μg（r=0.999 6）、0.035～0.704μg（r=0.999 8）、0.020～0.402μg（r=0.999 9）与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系;加样回收率分别为99.33%,98.76%97.53%99.03%97.85%98.72%,RSD分别为1.61%,1.13%,1.07%,0.89%,1.61%,1.29%（n=6）。结论:建立的方法简单、快速、准确,可实现复方鱼腥草软胶囊中6种成分的同时测定,可为全面评价复方鱼腥草软胶囊提供科学依据。     

变换波长HPLC法同时测定藿香鼻炎合剂中五种成分的含量

目的建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定藿香鼻炎合剂中的广藿香酮、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素含量的方法。方法采用Kromasil C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相A:乙腈,流动相B:0.4%磷酸溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL/min;柱温:30℃;检测波长分别规定为310 nm(广藿香酮)、280 nm(黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素)。结果广藿香酮、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素的线性范围分别为4.300~86.00μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、15.87~317.4μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、6.920~138.4μg/mL(r=0.9999)、6.340~126.8μg/mL(r=0.999 4)、5.250~105.0μg/mL(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率和RSD均符合中国药典规定。结论本文建立的HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定广藿香酮、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素5个成分,方法专属性强,重复性好,可作为藿香鼻炎合剂全面可靠的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定茵栀黄颗粒中4种黄酮类成分

目的 建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定茵栀黄颗粒中4个黄酮类成分野黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素的含有量。方法 色谱柱：Kromasil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 µm）;流动相：乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸溶液（B）梯度洗脱（0~15 min,5%~6%A;15~23 min,6%~10%A;23~42 min,10%~20%A;42~60 min,20%~25%A;60~90 min,25%~60%A）;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：274 nm;柱温：30 ℃。结果 野黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素在一定范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率在97.70%～101.2%之间,RSD均小于3.0%。结论 本文建立的高效液相色谱法经方法学验证,可用于控制茵栀黄颗粒的质量。     

HPLC法同时测定芩连片中黄芩苷﹑黄芩素和汉黄芩素的含量

目的建立同时测定芩连片中黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素含量的HPLC方法。方法采用Dia-monsil C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,以甲醇-体积分数为0.4%的磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为277 nm,柱温为35℃。结果黄芩苷、黄芩素及汉黄芩素的线性范围分别为36.8～368.0 mg.L-1(r=0.999 7)、1.75～17.5 mg.L-1(r=0.999 8)、1.50～15.0mg.L-1(r=0.999 9),黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的平均回收率分别为97.3%(RSD=1.8%)、101.1%(RSD=1.8%)、99.0%(RSD=2.0%)。结论 HPLC法可用于芩连片的质量控制。     

基于指纹图谱和多成分含量测定的龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)质量研究

目的：建立龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)的HPLC指纹图谱,同时测定龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)中7个成分(栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸、汉黄芩素)的含量,并基于指纹图谱和多成分含量测定结果评价产品质量。方法：采用CAPCELL PAK C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈 -0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长254 nm,柱温25 ℃。建立龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)指纹图谱并进行相似度分析,同时测定其中7个成分含量。结果：在指纹图谱研究中,以黄芩苷为参照峰,共标定20个共有峰,并指认出7个色谱峰,采用指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012年版) 进行相似度分析,30批龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)相似度在0.815~1.000。7个化学成分线性关系良好,加样回收在97.7%~104.3%之间,RSD均小于2.0%。30批样品中栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸、汉黄芩素的质量分数依次为2.48~3.59、1.90~6.11、3.51~8.09、0.59~1.70、0.18~1.95、 0.90~1.63、0.10~0.87 mg·g^-1。结论：研究建立的HPLC指纹图谱结合多成分同时测定的方法,操作简便,结果准确、稳定,可为龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)的质量评价提供参考。     

HPLC测定黄芩中6个成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法对黄芩中6个成分(黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、白杨素、千层纸素A)的含量分析方法。方法采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-0.3%磷酸三乙胺(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为275 nm,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温30℃。结果黄芩中的6个成分黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、白杨素、千层纸素A进样量分别在0.416 7~4.167μg(r=0.999 2)、0.078 15~0.781 5μg(r=0.999 5)、0.053 21~0.532 1μg(r=0.999 3)、0.016 36~0.163 6μg(r=0.999 3)、0.001 160~0.011 60μg(r=0.999 1)、0.010 46~0.104 6μg(r=0.999 4)范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=5)分别为99.4%、100.1%、99.9%、100.2%、100.4%、100.1%,RSD分别为1.9%、2.2%、2.3%、1.6%、2.2%、2.1%。结论该方法准确可靠、重复性好,为黄芩质量综合评价提供了科学依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.