Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index Predicts Post-Discharge Stroke in Patients with Heart Failure

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the significance of the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) to predict stroke in patients with heart failure (HF). Methods: This was a prospective observational study, which recruited clinical data from a total of 557 patients who had been hospitalized for HF and undergone CAVI. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the accurate cut-off value of CAVI in predicting post-discharge stroke was 9.64. We divided the patients into two groups: the high-CAVI group (HF patients with CAVI ≥ 9.64, n =111, 19.9%) and the low-CAVI group (HF patients with CAVI ＜9.64, n =446, 80.1%). We compared the patients’ characteristics and post-discharge prognosis. The primary endpoint was stroke. Results: The high-CAVI group was older (73.0 vs. 65.5 years old, P ＜0.001). Male sex (73.9% vs. 61.4%, P =0.015), coronary artery disease (47.7% vs. 36.1%, P =0.024), and diabetes mellitus (54.1% vs. 37.4%, P =0.001) were more prevalent in the high-CAVI group. In contrast, there was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction, and prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that post-discharge stroke rate was higher in the high-CAVI group than in the low-CAVI group (log-rank P =0.005). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, high CAVI was found to be an independent predictor of stroke, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.599, compared to low CAVI. Conclusion: CAVI independently predicts stroke in patients with HF.     

心房颤动电生理重塑机制研究进展

心房颤动是人类最为常见的快速型心律失常,而心房电重构在心房颤动的发生和维持中起着重要的作用。目前,国内外学者对心房电重构的机制进行了许多先进的研究,认为心房电重构主要是由离子通道重构引起,同时也可能和心房肌钙超载、肾素-血管紧张素系统及其他有关。本文对此机制进行了全面的综述。     

心房颤动的电重构现象--机制及对策

心房颤动系临床上最常见的一种心律失常 ,心房电重构在心房颤动的发生和维持中起有重要的作用。本文通过对心房电重构现象机制及治疗对策进行综述 ,旨在为临床提高心房颤动转复的成功率及降低心房颤动复发率提供依据。     

快速心房激动对心房肌电生理特性的影响

比较快速心房起搏与急性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )诱发心房电生理特性的变化。以 15 0～ 2 0 0ms起搏周长(PCL)对 4 5例成功射频消融后 (RFCA)病人右房进行S1S1刺激诱发急性房颤 ,据能否诱发急性房颤分为非房颤组和急性房颤组 ;再以 4 0 0msPCL对心房快速激动前后高位右房、低位右房、His束周围等多部位进行S1S2 扫描 ,测定心房有效不应期 (ERP)、ERP离散度 (ERPd)、右房内及房间的传导时间的变化 ;另以 35 0 ,4 0 0和 4 5 0ms三个PCL随机对RAA进行S1S2 扫描 ,观察ERP频率自适应性的变化。两组心房快速激动后 4 0 0msPCL下右房各刺激部位及三种不同PCL右心耳ERP均较心房快速激动前有明显的缩短 ,并且缩短的程度相同。两组病人心房快速激动前后房内和房间传导时间及ERPd没有明显改变。两组心房快速激动前后斜率均值均较激动后明显下降 ;心房快速激动前、后斜率均值两组间无显明差别 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :两种方式的心房快速激动可诱发相似的心房电重构现象。     

心房颤动患者离子通道蛋白质重构的研究

目的 :研究心房颤动 (房颤 )患者心房组织电重构相关离子通道蛋白质表达变化及意义。方法 :以窦性心律患者为窦性心律组 (n =19) ,应用免疫组化和免疫电镜检测风湿性心脏病伴阵发性房颤 (阵发性房颤组 ,n =4)和慢性房颤≤ 6个月 (慢性房颤≤ 6个月组 ,n =6 )及慢性房颤 >6个月 (慢性房颤 >6个月组 ,n =12 )患者心房组织L 型电压依赖钙通道α1c亚基 (LVDCCα1c)、电压依赖KV4 3钾通道α亚基 (VDKV4 3α)和电压依赖钠通道α亚基 (VDSCα)抗原的表达 ,用图像分析系统对免疫组化抗原表达进行半定量分析。结果 :窦性心律组内先天性心脏病和风湿性心脏病间 3种离子通道亚基蛋白质表达均无明显差别。LVDCCα1c蛋白质在慢性房颤≤ 6个月组和慢性房颤 >6个月组中表达较窦性心律组均明显下降 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在阵发性房颤组中的表达则无显著改变 ;VDKV4 3α在阵发性房颤组、慢性房颤≤ 6个月组和慢性房颤 >6个月组患者中的表达较窦性心律组均明显降低 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。VDSCα在各组患者的中的表达则无明显差别。左、右心耳间 3种离子通道亚基的表达亦无差异。结论 :慢性房颤伴LVDCCα1c、VDKV4 3α蛋白表达下调 ,可能是其L型钙流 (ICaL)和短暂外向型钾流 (Ito1)下调的分子基础。     

Association of the Estimated Coronary Artery Incidence Risk According to the Japan Atherosclerosis Society Guidelines 2017 with Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index

Aims: The categories in the comprehensive lipid and risk management guidelines were proposed by the Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS Guidelines 2017), which adopted the estimated 10 year absolute risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) incidence in the Suita score. We examined whether those categories were concordant with the degree of arterial stiffness. Methods: In 2014, the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), an arterial stiffness parameter, was measured in 1,972 Japanese participants aged 35–74 years in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. We examined the mean CAVI and the proportion and odds ratios (ORs) of CAVI ≥ 9.0 on the basis of the following three management classifications using the analysis of variance and logistic regression: “Category I (Low risk),” “Category II (Middle risk),” and “Category III (High risk).” Results: The mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 were 8.6 and 34.8% among males and 8.1 and 18.3% among females, respectively. The mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 were associated with an estimated 10 year absolute risk for CAD among males and females, excluding High risk for females. These results were similar to the management classification by the guideline: the multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) of CAVI ≥ 9.0 among Category II and Category III compared with those among Category I were 2.96 (1.61–5.43) and 7.33 (4.03–13.3) for males and 3.99 (2.55–6.24) and 3.34 (2.16–5.16) for females, respectively. Conclusions: The risk stratification, which was proposed in the JAS Guidelines 2017, is concordant with the arterial stiffness parameter.     

心房颤动致心房重构分子机制研究进展

心房颤动是临床上一种常见的心律失常,心房颤动致心房重构是近年来研究发现的一个重要的电生理现象。心房颤动本身能够导致心房电生理、功能和结构的改变。本文综述了心房颤动致心房快速的电生理变化和缓慢的蛋白质表达及其分子改变机制。通过对心房电生理重构、离子重构和蛋白质重构和超微结构及其功能变化等不同方面的全面阐述,探讨了心房重构的分子机制研究进展。防治心房颤动新的策略将取决于心房重构机制更好的理解。     

心房颤动重构机制研究进展

心房颤动是最常见快速型心律失常性疾病。目前心房颤动发生机制研究分神经、重构、压力、炎症机制等临床方面和基因、分子生物学水平上的进展。其中重构机制是适应性代偿作用,又是心房颤动发生和维持的重要因素。现主要综述电生理、形态结构、功能上的重构与心房颤动的关系。     

Association of Sleep Duration and Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Aim: This study aims to investigate the association of the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) with self-reported sleep duration and sleep quality in community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years. Methods: The Tarumizu Study was a cohort of community-based health checkups conducted in the Tarumizu City, Japan, in 2018 and 2019. In total, 997 participants aged ≥ 65 years (median age, 74 years) were examined. We obtained the average sleep duration and sleep quality using self-reported questionnaires and classified them into three separate groups according to sleep duration (＜6 h, 6–8 h, and ≥ 8 h) and sleep quality (good, medium, and poor). The arterial stiffness was measured using the CAVI. Results: As per our findings, the CAVI was significantly higher in the ≥ 8 h sleep group (CAVI=9.6±1.3) than in the ＜6 h (CAVI=9.1±1.1) or 6–8 h (CAVI=9.1±1.2) groups (p＜0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, current smoking status, body mass index, frequency of exercise, educational background, frailty, sleep medication, sleep quality, and nap duration, multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that the CAVI was significantly higher in the ≥ 8 h group than in the 6–8 h group (p=0.016). In contrast, multivariable regression analysis showed that there was no significant association between sleep quality and CAVI. Conclusions: A significant association was noted between long sleep duration (≥ 8 h) and elevated CAVI in community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years. We, therefore, suggest that long sleep duration, not sleep quality, is correlated with arterial stiffness in older adults.     

心-踝血管指数检测在高血压病及糖尿病患者中的临床意义

目的 比较高血压病及高血压病合并糖尿病患者心-踝血管指数(CAVI)的差异.方法 分析高血压病及糖尿病对动脉弹性的影响及CAVI的影响因素.结果 高血压病组及高血压病合并糖尿病组CAVI值均明显高于正常对照组.结论 高血压病及糖尿病患者动脉僵硬度明显增大,年龄、吸烟、脉压、LDL-C、空腹血糖与CAVI有关.     

心房电重构的机制及药物对心房电重构影响的相关研究

近年来研究发现,心房电重构可使心房颤动更易诱发和持续,现从心房电重构的机理上就相关药物对心房电重构影响的研究进展做一概述。     

心房颤动病史和心房大小与射频迷宫术疗效的关系

报道风湿性心脏病 (RHD)慢性心房颤动 (AF) 6 6例射频迷宫手术治疗AF的结果 ,通过探讨病史长短和左房大小对射频迷宫手术疗效的影响 ,试述心房重构对AF治疗的影响。手术后恢复窦性心律 (恢复组 )患者和未恢复窦性心律 (未恢复组 )患者AF病史长短和左房大小有显著差异 (3.84± 3.2 4vs 11.13± 8.74年 ,6 6 .17± 9.88vs81.83± 12 .85mm ,P均 <0 .0 1)。AF病史越长手术效果越差 ,AF病史 >3年的患者AF转复率明显低于AF病史 <3年者(72 .5 %vs 96 .2 % ,P <0 .0 1) ;左房越大手术效果越差 ,左房最大直径 >70mm患者AF转复率明显低于 <70mm的患者 (6 1.5 %vs 95 % ,P <0 .0 1)。AF病史长短和左房大小明显影响射频迷宫手术的疗效 ,这可能是心房重构给AF治疗带来的不利影响     

犬肺静脉急性电重构及其对心房颤动诱发的影响

观察短阵(10min)快速刺激肺静脉对肺静脉有效不应期(PVERP)及经肺静脉诱发心房颤动(简称房颤)的影响。20条成年杂种开胸犬在左上肺静脉根部血管外膜处放置自制环状电极,双极针状刺激电极固定在肺静脉远端血管外表面。测量基础状态下起搏周长(PCL)分别为300,400ms时PVERP。于肺静脉远端以1∶1起搏肺静脉的最快频率刺激肺静脉10min。分别于刺激终止即刻、5min、10min重复测量PVERP。完成以上试验后观察短阵10min快速刺激肺静脉对经肺静脉诱发房颤的影响。采用S1S1快速刺激S1S2程序刺激肺静脉的方法诱发房颤。结果:PVERP及其频率适应性在短阵刺激后即刻,5min时与刺激前相比有显著差异(P<0.05),10min时与刺激前相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。短阵快速刺激后房颤诱发率增加(55%vs20%,P<0.05),房颤持续时间延长(24.6minvs4.1min,P<0.05)。结论:短阵快速刺激肺静脉可以导致肺静脉发生急性电重构,急性电重构后经肺静脉更易诱发房颤且房颤持续时间更长。     

胺碘酮逆转阵发性特发性心房纤颤患者左心房重塑的研究

目的 探讨胺碘酮对阵发性特发性心房纤颤（房颤）的复律及逆转左房重塑的作用。方法将150例阵发性特发性房颤患者随机分为胺碘酮组50例、倍他乐克组50例、对照组50例。计算3组治疗后3、6、12个月的窦性心律维持率和治疗前、治疗后3、6、12个月的左心房内径（LAD）、E峰、A峰以及E／A比值。结果胺碘酮组治疗后3、6、12个月较治疗前左室舒张功能明显改善,左房内径明显缩小,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。倍他乐克组和对照组治疗后3、6、12个月左室舒张功能和左房内径与治疗前比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随访12个月后,胺碘酮组窦性心律的维持率为87．8％,倍他乐克组为58．14％,对照组无1例复律。3组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胺碘酮维持阵发性特芡性房颤窦性心律的疗效和逆转左房重塑优于倍他乐克及对照组。     

Atrial Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation. Comorbidities and Markers of Disease Progression Predict Catheter Ablation Outcome

Atrial fibrillation is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia affecting an increasing proportion of the population in which mainstream therapy, i.e. catheter ablation, provides freedom from arrhythmia in only a limited number of patients. Understanding the mechanism is key in order to find more effective therapies and to improve patient selection. In this review, the structural and electrophysiological changes of the atrial musculature that constitute atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillaton and how risk factors and markers of disease progression can predict catheter ablation outcome will be discussed in detail.     

不同急性运动方案对健康青年动脉僵硬度的影响

目的观察在相同运动量的前提下,不同急性运动方案对于健康青年动脉僵硬度的影响。方法健康青年男性65人随机分为安静对照组（C组）、80W运动组（80W组）和120W运动组（120W组）,分别于三个时间点即0min、30min和60min测定其心踝血管指数（CAVI）。在实验过程中,C组始终保持安静,而80W组和120W组都进行结束于30min时间点的、但持续时间分别为30min和20min的自行车运动,以观察相同运动量前提下,不同的急性运动方案对CAVI的影响。结果 C组的CAVI运动前后无明显变化,三个时间点分别为6.4±0.2、6.3±0.1和6.2±0.2,而80W组和120W组运动结束即刻（30min）CAVI都明显下降,其中,80W组的CAVI由6.3±0.2下降到5.5±0.1;但120W组的效果更明显,由6.2±0.2下降到5.3±0.2。60min时,80W组的CAVI基本恢复到基础水平,为6.0±0.1,而120W组仍维持较低水平于5.6±0.1。结论在运动量相同前提下,强度不同自行车运动都可以降低动脉僵硬度,而较高强度运动对动脉僵硬度的影响更明显。     

Effects of Enhanced Intracranial Pressure on Blood Pressure and the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Rabbits

Aim: Stroke is well known to lead to hypertension; nevertheless, the role of vascular function in hypertension remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying increased arterial stiffness following stroke. Methods: The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured in five New Zealand White rabbits. Under general anesthesia, intracranial pressure (ICP) was increased by injecting saline (15 mL) into the cisterna magna. ICP was monitored using a catheter inserted into the subarachnoid space via right frontal bone craniotomy. Blood pressure (BP), CAVI, and common carotid flow (CCF) were evaluated, and the responses of these parameters to increased ICP were analyzed. Results: Saline injection into the cisterna magna increased the ICP by over 20 mmHg. Both BP and CAVI increased from 63.2±4.84 to 128.8±14.68 mmHg and from 4.02±0.28 to 4.9±0.53, respectively. Similarly, BP and CCF increased. When hexamethonium was administered before the increase in ICP, the increase in BP (132.2±9.41 mmHg with 10 mg/kg hexamethonium vs. 105.6±11.01 mmHg with 100 mg/kg hexamethonium) and CAVI (5.02±0.64 with 10 mg/kg hexamethonium vs. 4.82±0.42 with 100 mg/kg hexamethonium) were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Increased ICP causes an increase in BP and CAVI, suggesting that enhanced stiffness of the muscular arteries contributes to high BP. Blocking the autonomic nervous system with hexamethonium suppresses the increase in BP and CAVI, indicating that these increases are mediated by activation of the autonomic nervous system.     

MicroRNA与心房颤动关系的研究进展

心房颤动是最常见的持续性心律失常,并有较高的发病率和死亡率。其流行率预计在未来几年会进一步增加。尽管在过去十年中出现了心房颤动病理生理学的新分子概念,但目前可用的治疗方法仍存在主要局限性,包括效果差和严重的副作用,如心室恶性心律失常等。心房电重构、结构重构和自主神经重构是心房颤动的发病基础,但驱动这种重构的确切机制仍不完全清楚。MicroRNA代表大量小非编码RNA的亚组,降解或抑制其靶m RNA的翻译,从而调节基因表达并在广泛的生物学过程中起重要作用。临床上,越来越多的证据表明micro RNA在心血管疾病的发生发展中发挥关键作用。