Low-dose oral sirolimus reduces atherogenesis,vascular inflammation and modulates plaque composition in mice lacking the LDL receptor

Background and purpose:

Chronic proliferative responses of different vascular cell types have been involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, their functional role remains to be established. Sirolimus reduces neointimal proliferation after balloon angioplasty and chronic graft vessel disease. These studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of this anti-proliferative drug on atherogenesis.

Experimental approach:

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDL r-KO) mice on a cholesterol-rich diet were randomized to receive placebo or sirolimus (0.1; 0.3; or 1 mg·kg⁻¹) in their diet for 8 or 16 weeks.

Results:

In both studies, plasma levels of the drug increased in a dose-dependent fashion, animals gained weight normally and, among groups, plasma lipids levels did not differ significantly. Compared with placebo, plasma levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and CD40, and their mRNA levels in aortic tissue were significantly reduced in sirolimus-treated mice. This effect resulted in a significant and dose-dependent reduction in atherosclerotic lesions, in both the root and aortic tree. Also these lesions contained less monocyte/macrophages and smooth muscle cells, but more collagen.

Conclusions and implications:

The present results demonstrated that at low doses, sirolimus was an effective and safe anti-atherogenic agent in the LDL r-KO mice. It attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis and modulated the plaque phenotype by reducing the pro-inflammatory vascular responses typical of the disease.British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00080.x     

血管内皮细胞炎症反应与动脉粥样硬化的关系对药物研究的启示

动脉粥样硬化病 (AS)是一种具有慢性炎症反应特征的病理过程。血管内皮细胞在引发和扩大动脉炎症反应中起了关键的作用。以NF κB转录因子家族为调控中心的内皮细胞活化及炎症基因诱导途径有可能成为有关危险因子促动脉粥样硬化形成的的共同途径。选择性保护内皮细胞 ,调节内皮细胞的炎症反应 ,可能是合理的AS治疗靶点之一     

Evidence that nitric oxide inhibits vascular inflammation and superoxide production via a p47phox‐dependent mechanism in mice

1. Regulation of vascular Nox2‐containing NADPH oxidase by p47^phox plays a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions through the generation of superoxide. Reduced vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a major contributing factor in the initiation of atherosclerosis because it leads to an increase in adhesion molecule expression for inflammatory cell recruitment into the vessel wall. 2. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of endogenous NO involve inhibition of NADPH oxidase‐dependent superoxide production. 3. To inhibit endogenous NO production, male C57Bl/6 wild‐type (WT) mice or age‐matched p47^{phox ?/?} mice were treated with N^G‐nitro‐l‐ arginine methyl ester (l ‐NAME; 100 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks). Blood pressure was measured weekly via the tail‐cuff method. Basal and phorbol dibutyrate (PDB)‐stimulated aortic superoxide production was detected using lucigenin‐ and L‐012‐enhanced chemiluminescence, respectively. Aortic Nox2, p47^phox and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 expression were measured with western blotting. Plasma angiotensin (Ang) II levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. 4. Compared with vehicle (tap water)‐treated WT mice (n = 4), l ‐NAME‐treated WT mice had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP; n = 6; P < 0.05) and basal and stimulated aortic extracellular superoxide production (n = 6–8; P < 0.05), but lower plasma AngII levels (P < 0.05). There was no change in Nox2 expression following l ‐NAME treatment of WT mice (n = 6); however, significant increases in both aortic p47^phox (n = 6; P < 0.05) and VCAM‐1 expression (n = 6; P < 0.05) were observed. In p47^{phox ?/?} mice, l ‐NAME treatment significantly increased SBP (n = 3–4; P < 0.05), but failed to increase aortic superoxide production and VCAM‐1 expression. 5. In conclusion, endogenous NO suppresses vascular inflammation, via inhibition of p47^phox expression, leading to attenuation of NADPH oxidase‐dependent superoxide production.     

Celecoxib,a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,inhibits retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular leakage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in the development of vascular leakage and retinal neovascularization in diabetic subjects. The objective of this study was to determine whether celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibitor, reaches ocular tissues following oral administration and inhibits the retinal VEGF expression and vascular leakage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. After administering a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) to Sprague-Dawley rats and ensuring the induction of diabetes at the end of 24 h, celecoxib was administered b.i.d. by oral gavage (50 mg/kg). On day 8, the animals were sacrificed and the retinal VEGF and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels, ocular tissue celecoxib concentrations, and the vitreous/plasma protein ratio were determined. In diabetic rats, the retinal VEGF mRNA expression was 2.3-fold compared to controls, with a corresponding increase in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression. Celecoxib treatment inhibited VEGF mRNA expression without any significant reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. Furthermore, the retinal vascular leakage estimated as vitreous to plasma protein ratio increased in diabetic animals from 0.35+/-0.1 to 1.1+/-0.1 and celecoxib treatment significantly decreased this ratio to 0.4+/-0.1. Celecoxib levels were 24.8+/-6.6, 1.9+/-1, 1.7+/-0.8, and 6.9+/-0.9 ng/mg in the retina, vitreous, lens, and cornea, respectively. The plasma celecoxib levels were 85+/-24 ng/ml. Thus, celecoxib reaches the retina after oral administration and reduces diabetes-induced retinal VEGF mRNA expression and vascular leakage by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme.     

小鼠视网膜血管内皮细胞生长因子与视网膜新生血管的相关性研究

目的研究氧诱导视网膜新生血管小鼠模型中视网膜血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)与视网膜新生血管的相关性。方法通过建立氧诱导视网膜新生血管小鼠模型,分别于12、14、17、21 d龄随机抽取2组幼鼠各6只,一侧眼球测定视网膜VEGF水平,另一侧眼球进行视网膜铺片、ADP酶染色,考察其相关性。结果模型组小鼠左眼球ADP酶染色结果显示,模型组12 d龄小鼠血管迂曲、扩张、变形,随时间延长血管变形加重,17 d时最严重,且视乳头周围出现大片无灌注区,视网膜周边可见大量新生血管生成,到21 d时模型开始恢复。视网膜VEGF测定结果显示,12 d龄模型小鼠VEGF开始升高,17 d达峰值,以后下降。结论视网膜VEGF变化和视网膜血管形态具有很好的正相关性,17 d时新生血管形成最多。     

CYP3A-dependent drug metabolism is reduced in bacterial inflammation in mice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Gene expression of Cyp3a11 is reduced by activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial components, LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) respectively. The primary adaptor protein in the TLR signalling pathway, TIRAP, plays differential roles in LPS- and LTA-mediated down-regulations of Cyp3a11 mRNA. Here, we have determined the functional relevance of these findings by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis of the Cyp3a substrate midazolam in mice. Midazolam is also metabolized by Cyp2c in mice.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Adult male C57BL/6, TIRAP+/+ and TIRAP−/− mice were pretreated with saline, LPS (2 mg·kg−1) or LTA (6 mg·kg−1). Cyp3a11 protein expression, activity and PK/PD studies using midazolam were performed.

KEY RESULTS

Cyp3a11 protein expression in LPS- or LTA-treated mice was reduced by 95% and 60% compared with saline-treated mice. Cyp3a11 activity was reduced by 70% in LPS- or LTA-treated mice. Plasma AUC of midazolam was increased two- to threefold in LPS- and LTA-treated mice. Plasma levels of 1′-OHMDZ decreased significantly only in LTA-treated mice. Both LPS and LTA decreased AUC of 1′-OHMDZ-glucuronide. In the PD study, sleep time was increased by ∼2-fold in LPS- and LTA-treated mice. LTA-mediated decrease in Cyp3a11 protein expression and activity was dependent on TIRAP. In PK/PD correlation, AUC of midazolam was increased only in LPS-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

LPS or LTA altered PK/PD of midazolam. This is the first study to demonstrate mechanistic differences in regulation of metabolite formation of a clinically relevant drug by Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial endotoxins.     

注射用益气复脉(冻干)改善脂多糖诱导小鼠急性肺损伤作用研究

目的 观察注射用益气复脉（冻干,YQFM）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的保护作用。方法 C57雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、注射用地塞米松磷酸钠（DEX,5 mg/kg）组和YQFM低、中、高剂量（0.33、0.67、1.34 g/kg）组。YQFM和DEX均在气管滴注LPS（5 mg/kg）前10 min经尾iv给药,24 h后,检测肺湿干质量比;制作肺组织切片进行HE染色,观察肺组织损伤及炎症;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,分析BALF中的一氧化氮（NO）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、总蛋白含量、中性粒细胞占比;制备肺组织匀浆,检测髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活力,并用Western Blotting法检测TLR4和MyD88蛋白表达水平。结果 与对照组比较,模型组肺组织损伤及炎症反应严重;小鼠肺湿干质量比,BALF中的NO、MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β、总蛋白含量及中性粒细胞占比,肺组织中MPO活力、TLR4和MyD88蛋白表达均明显升高,BALF中SOD含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05、0.01）。与模型组比较,YQFM组小鼠肺组织损伤及炎症反应缓解,BALF中NO、MDA、TNF-α、IL1-β、总蛋白含量及中性粒细胞占比,肺组织中MPO活力、TLR4和MyD88蛋白表达均明显降低,SOD含量明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05、0.01）。结论 YQFM对气管滴注LPS诱导小鼠ALI具有一定的防治作用。     

屈洛昔芬抑制小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞bEnd.3增殖和诱导凋亡的作用

目的研究屈洛昔芬对血管内皮细胞的生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用。方法用MTT法测定屈洛昔芬对小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞bEnd.3的增殖抑制率。用Hoechst33258荧光染色及Tunel法检测屈洛昔芬诱导细胞凋亡的作用。结果屈洛昔芬显著抑制bEnd.3细胞增殖,且呈浓度和时间依赖性。12、24、36、48、60、72h的IC50分别为20.31、16.91、12.36、10.66、9.22、8.72μmol·L-1。Hoechst33258荧光染色及Tunel法检测均可见典型的凋亡阳性细胞。结论屈洛昔芬体外可抑制血管内皮细胞生长,且该抑制作用至少部分与诱导细胞凋亡有关。     

Protective effects and mechanisms of mogroside V on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice

Context: Mogroside V, a compound isolated from Momordica grosvenori Swingle, which belongs to the Cucurbitaceae, is a traditional Chinese medicine reported to have anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model.

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of this compound in a model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Materials and methods: Female BALB/c mice were treated with commercial mogroside V (2.5, 5 and 10?mg/kg) for 1?h prior to intranasal injection of LPS (10?μg in 50?μl). After 12?h, airway inflammation in the ALI model was determined by the wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lung tissue, leukocyte recruitment and cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additionally, lung tissue was examined by histology and western blotting to investigate the changes in pathology and the signalling in the presence and absence of mogroside V.

Results: Mogroside V at 5 and 10?mg/kg inhibited airway inflammation induced by LPS as measured by the decrease in the histological changes (44 and 67.3% reduction in lung injury score, respectively), a 28.9 and 55.3% reduction in lung MPO activity, and inflammatory cell counts, interleukin-1β (IL‐1β, 382 and 280?pg/ml, respectively), IL-6 (378 and 232?pg/ml, respectively) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 12.5 and 7.8?ng/ml, respectively) levels in the BALF. Additionally, mogroside V treatment reduced the activation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB.

Discussions and conclusions: Together, these data suggest that mogroside V has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI.     

The inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress by agmatine attenuates vascular dysfunction in rat acute endotoxemic model

Vascular dysfunction leading to hypotension is a major complication in patients with septic shock. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) together with oxidative stress play an important role in development of vascular dysfunction in sepsis. Searching for an endogenous, safe and yet effective remedy was the chief goal for this study. The current study investigated the effect of agmatine (AGM), an endogenous metabolite of l-arginine, on sepsis-induced vascular dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in rats. AGM pretreatment (10 mg/kg, i.v.) 1 h before LPS (5 mg/kg, i.v.) prevented the LPS-induced mortality and elevations in serum creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, C-reactive protein (CRP) level and total nitrite/nitrate (NOx) level after 24 h from LPS injection. The elevation in aortic lipid peroxidation illustrated by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the decrease in aortic glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also ameliorated by AGM. Additionally, AGM prevented LPS-induced elevation in mRNA expression of iNOS, while endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA was not affected. Furthermore AGM prevented the impaired aortic contraction to KCl and phenylephrine (PE) and endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) without affecting endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In conclusion: AGM may represent a potential endogenous therapeutic candidate for sepsis-induced vascular dysfunction through its inhibiting effect on iNOS expression and oxidative stress.     

Involvement of substance P and neurogenic inflammation in arsenic-induced early vascular dysfunction.

Vascular-related diseases, including Blackfoot Disease and atherosclerosis, are prominent clinical findings among populations residing in arseniasis areas. While oxidative stress provided a general but nonspecific mechanistic base for arsenic-induced endothelial cell damage in vitro, more specific mechanism is needed to explain the highly targeted vascular lesions induced by arsenic in vivo. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that arsenic exerted its action on blood vessels via the neurogenic inflammation process involving release of a neuropeptide (substance P) and activation of endothelial Neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor in vivo. Indeed, our present study demonstrated a significantly higher substance P levels in arsenic-treated tissues when compared to saline-treated controls indicating a rapid release of substance P under the influence of arsenic. Furthermore, the arsenic-induced vascular leakage could be significantly reduced when the neurogenic inflammation process was interrupted (via either disruption on the release of substance P, interference on the action of substance P, or blockage of endothelial NK-1 receptor) showing that the neurogenic inflammation process was indeed involved. Histamine release was not found to play a significant role in arsenic-induced vascular permeability change. Our present study affirmed a de novo concept that a pathophysiological mechanism involving the neurogenic release of substance P and activation of endothelial NK-1 receptor underlies the arsenic-induced vascular injury and dysfunction in vivo. This pathophysiological process constituted a two-tiered biological interaction between the nervous system and vascular system and therefore was not readily unveiled by traditional in vitro studies in the past. Our present finding unveiled an important de novo concept on arsenic vascular toxicity in vivo.     

Potassium 2-(l-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate attenuates neuroinflammatory responses and upregulates heme oxygenase-1 in systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mice

A neuroinflammatory response is commonly involved in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases. Potassium 2-(1-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate (PHPB), a novel neuroprotective compound, has shown promising effects in the treatment of ischemic stroke and Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of PHPB were investigated in the plasma and brain of C57BL/6 mice administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Levels of iNOS and the cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10 were elevated in plasma, cerebral cortex and hippocampus after LPS injection and the number of microglia and astrocytes in cortex and hippocampus were increased. LPS also upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cortex and hippocampus. PHPB reduced the levels of iNOS and cytokines in the plasma and brain, decreased the number of microglia and astrocytes and further enhanced the upregulation of HO-1. In addition, PHPB inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, P38 and JNK. These results suggest that PHPB is a potential candidate in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through inhibiting neuroinflammation.     

Amino acids, arginase and nitric oxide in vascular health

1. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a fundamental role in the vasculature because of its diverse influence in vascular protection, including its well-reported antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and vasodilator effects. In many vascular disease states, NO production is reduced as a result of endothelial dysfunction, in part caused by a decrease in substrate (L-arginine) availability. 2. The role of L-arginine and other amino acids important in nitrogen balance has been re-examined in the context of their effects on vascular health. The metabolism of L-arginine is complex because it is involved in a plethora of other pathways, such as urea, creatine and agmatine production. L-Arginine supplementation in patients with vascular disease is well reported to benefit patients therapeutically because of its effect on both NO-dependent and -independent mechanisms. 3. L-Arginine availability depends on the flux of other amino acids in the body, including L-glutamine, L-glutamate, L-ornithine, L-citrulline and L-lysine. The role of L-methionine and homocystine and their effect on NO also play an influential role in the body. 4. Recent data suggest that the key enzyme involved in the L-arginine-urea cycle, arginase, is coexpressed in NO-producing cells in the vasculature. In the present review, we examine the potential role of arginase as a therapeutic target for vascular health.     

Paraoxonase 1 gene transfer lowers vascular oxidative stress and improves vasomotor function in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with pre-existing atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transgenesis of human paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a HDL-associated enzyme that destroys lipid peroxides, has been reported to reduce early atherogenesis in mice. The present study explored the therapeutic potential of human PON1 gene transfer in old apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice with advanced atherosclerosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: ApoE(-/-) mice (18 months, regular chow) were transfected with PON1 adenovirus (AdPON1, n=10) or control adenovirus (AdRR5, n=10). Non-transfected apoE(-/-) (n=9) and C57Bl/6J (WT, n=6) mice served as controls. Three weeks later, plaque size and composition, and endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) function were assessed in the aorta. KEY RESULTS: PON1 gene transfer raised total PON1 serum activity 13-15 fold during the 3-week study period, without affecting hypercholesterolaemia or lesion size. However, PON1 decreased the oxLDL content of the plaque. Plaque-free thoracic aorta rings from apoE(-/-) mice displayed, like rings from WT mice, complete relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh, 86+/-2%), ATP (90+/-2%) or UTP (83+/-3%). In contrast, in plaque-bearing segments amplitude (55+/-7%, 68+/-8%, 52+/-8% respectively) and sensitivity were decreased. EC function was completely (ATP, UTP) or largely (ACh) restored by AdPON1. Furthermore, apoE(-/-) SMCs released less intracellular calcium than WT upon sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) inhibition by cyclopiazonic acid. This defect was also restored by AdPON1 transfection. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These data indicate that AdPON1 gene transfer improved vascular wall oxidative stress, EC function, and SMC Ca(2+) homeostasis in segments with pre-existing atherosclerosis, independently of an effect on plaque size.     

Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence. Several studies have recently reported that VaD patients present cholinergic deficits in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that may be closely related to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment. Moreover, cholinergic therapies have shown promising effects on cognitive improvement in VaD patients. The precise mechanisms of these cholinergic agents are currently not fully understood; however, accumulating evidence indicates that these drugs may act through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which the efferent vagus nerve signals suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibit inflammation, although regulation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism, alleviation of apoptosis may also be involved. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the cholinergic treatment strategy for VaD and its relevant mechanisms of anti-inflammation.     

结直肠癌组织中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3的表达及意义

目的:探讨结直肠癌(CRC)组织中血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)、血管内皮生长因子受体-3(VEGFR-3)的表达与新生淋巴管及淋巴结转移的关系.方法:选取CRC组织50例,结直肠腺瘤组织20例,正常小肠组织20例,采用免疫组织化学SP法检测样本中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3蛋白的表达,用淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体-1(LYVE-1)特异标记淋巴管计数各样本的淋巴管密度(LVD).结果:VEGF-C、VEGFR-3蛋白在CRC组织中的表达率分别为44％(22/50)、36％(18/50),而在腺瘤组织及正常小肠黏膜组织中均不表达;在有无淋巴结转移的患者中VEGF-C及VEGFR-3蛋白的表达差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),不同年龄、性别、TNM分期、Duke分期、Broder分级、肿瘤浸润深度、组织学类型VEGF-C及VEGFR-3蛋白的表达差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在VEGF-C、VEGFR-3 表达阳性CRC组织的LVD高于阴性组(P＜0.001);多因素Logistic回归分析提示VEGF-C和VEGFR-3蛋白阳性表达是CRC发生淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.结论:CRC组织中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3蛋白的高表达与新生淋巴管的形成及发生淋巴结转移有关,VEGF-C、VEGFR-3可能作为CRC患者生物治疗的新靶点.     

MK、VEGF在子宫内膜癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌组织中中期因子（MK）及血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达,为子宫内膜癌的化学防治提供实验依据.方法 采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测49例子宫内膜癌和30例正常子宫内膜组织中MK和VEGF蛋的表达,并结合临床病理参数进行分析.结果 子宫内膜癌组织中MK和VEGF蛋白的表达均明显高于正常子宫内膜,MK蛋白的高表达与子宫内膜癌的临床分期及组织学分级相关性显著（r=1.55,P〈0.01;r=1.11,P〈0.05）,MK与VEGF 蛋白表达阳性者VEGF明显高于阴性者,二者呈正相关（r=1.76,P〈0.05）.结论 MK蛋白过表达可能参与了子宫内膜癌的发生发展,并与VEGF相关.     

以血管内皮生长因子及其受体为靶点的肿瘤疫苗研究进展

肿瘤的生长、侵袭和迁移依赖于血管新生.因此,以抑制肿瘤血管形成为目标的抗肿瘤治疗策略是当前研究的热点.血管内皮生长因子及其受体在肿瘤血管新生这一病理性血管形成过程中起关键作用,从而使它们成为研发肿瘤疫苗的靶点.此文就疫苗的研发基础、免疫机制及研究进展做一综述.