Comparison of rectus femoris transposition with traditional transfer for treatment of stiff knee gait in patients with cerebral palsy

Purpose To assess the outcome of children with cerebral palsy following reposition of the distal rectus femoris tendon for treatment of stiff knee gait. Methods Children with cerebral palsy with stiff knee gait who underwent rectus femoris transfer were studied retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were cerebral palsy of diplegic or quadriplegic type, preoperative and 1 year postoperative three-dimensional motion analysis, and no other surgery except rectus femoris transfer at the time of study. The patients were separated into two groups: in group I, the rectus femoris was transferred to the distal medial hamstring tendons, either the gracilis or the semitendinosus; in group II, the distal tendon of the rectus femoris was transposed laterally and attached to the iliotibial band/intermuscular septum. Results Peak knee flexion during swing phase, total dynamic knee range of motion, knee range of motion during swing phase, and time to peak knee flexion during swing phase were all improved in both groups. Hip and pelvic kinematics were not influenced by the surgery. Velocity, stride length, and cadence were all improved following the surgery. There was no difference between the transfer group and the transposition group. Conclusion These findings suggest that distal transfer of the rectus femoris is effective in improving swing phase knee function by diminishing the mechanical effect of the dysphasic swing phase activity of the rectus femoris, not by converting the rectus femoris to an active knee flexor. No financial support was received for this study.     

左股直肌韧带样型纤维瘤病1例

正患者,男,16岁。1个多月前无意中发现左大腿中上段包块,触之轻压痛,行走过多或者劳累后疼痛加重,活动部分受限,休息后疼痛缓解,未做特殊诊治。近日发现左大腿包块较前略有增大,肿胀伴疼痛,来我院就诊。查体:左大腿中上段轻度肿胀,局部皮肤完整,皮温正常,未见明显皮下出血点、蜘蛛痣及静脉曲张。左大腿中上段前外侧可触及一大小约11 cm×4 cm×2 cm的包块,质韧、     

Distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement or shortening in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy: A modified Delphi consensus study and literature review

Purpose:In children with cerebral palsy, flexion deformities of the knee can be treated with a distal femoral extension osteotomy combined with either patellar tendon advancement or patellar tendon shortening. The purpose of this study was to establish a consensus through expert orthopedic opinion, using a modified Delphi process to describe the surgical indications for distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement/patellar tendon shortening. A literature review was also conducted to summarize the recent literature on distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon shortening/patellar tendon advancement.Method:A group of 16 pediatric orthopedic surgeons, with more than 10 years of experience in the surgical management of children with cerebral palsy, was established. The group used a 5-level Likert-type scale to record agreement or disagreement with statements regarding distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement/patellar tendon shortening. Consensus for the surgical indications for distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement/patellar tendon shortening was achieved through a modified Delphi process. The literature review, summarized studies of clinical outcomes of distal femoral extension osteotomy/patellar tendon shortening/patellar tendon advancement, published between 2008 and 2022.Results:There was a high level of agreement with consensus for 31 out of 44 (70%) statements on distal femoral extension osteotomy. Agreement was lower for patellar tendon advancement/patellar tendon shortening with consensus reached for 8 of 21 (38%) of statements. The literature review included 25 studies which revealed variation in operative technique for distal femoral extension osteotomy, patellar tendon advancement, and patellar tendon shortening. Distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement/patellar tendon shortening were generally effective in correcting knee flexion deformities and extensor lag, but there was marked variation in outcomes and complication rates.Conclusion:The results from this study will provide guidelines for surgeons who care for children with cerebral palsy and point to unresolved questions for further research.Level of evidence:level V.     

Janeway gastrostomy in children with cerebral palsy

Brain damaged children frequently are unable to eat by mouth due to incoordination of tongue and pharyngeal swallowing muscles. The commonly utilized Stamm gastrostomy has several drawbacks relative to the indwelling catheter. A permanent gastrostomy consisting of a mucosal-lined tube flap from the stomach wall, as described by Janeway, is easily constructed using the GIA stapler. This provides a simple, tubeless, and safe way to feed cerebral palsied children unable to eat by mouth.     

Urodynamic findings in children with cerebral palsy

AIM: More than one-third of children with cerebral palsy are expected to present with dysfunctional voiding symptoms. The voiding dysfunction symptoms of the cerebral palsy patients in the present study were documented. METHODS: Of the study group, 16 were girls and 20 were boys (mean age: 8.2 years). Children with cerebral palsy were evaluated with urodynamics consisting of flow rate, filling and voiding cystometry, and electromyography findings of the external urethral sphincter to determine lower urinary tract functions. Treatment protocols were based on the urodynamic findings. Anticholinergic agents to reduce uninhibited contractions and to increase bladder capacity were used as a treatment. Clean intermittent catheterization and behavioral modification were used for incomplete emptying. RESULTS: Of the children, 24 (66.6%) were found to have dysfunctional voiding symptoms. Daytime urinary incontinence (47.2%) and difficulty urinating (44.4%) were the most common symptoms. Urodynamic findings showed that neurogenic detrusor overactivity (involuntary contractions during bladder filling) with a low bladder capacity was present in 17 (47.2%) children, whereas detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia was present in four patients (11%). The mean bladder capacity of patients with a neurogenic bladder was 52.2% of the expected capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The present study concluded that voiding dysfunction was seen in more than half of the children with cerebral palsy, which is a similar result to other published studies. We propose that a rational plan of management of these patients depends on the evaluation of the lower urinary tract dysfunction with urodynamic studies. These children benefit from earlier referral for assessment and treatment.     

Neuropathic pain following multilevel surgery in children with cerebral palsy: a case series and review

Six children with cerebral palsy are presented who developed neuropathic pain following multilevel orthopedic surgery. This significant complication is previously unreported. The diagnosis and treatment options are reviewed. Treatment should be kept as simple and noninvasive as possible, and aim to enable physiotherapy to continue. Early recognition and interdisciplinary treatment is important to prevent a downward spiral of increasing pain and decreased function. A good outcome in respect of improved pain and functioning was achieved in five of these six children. It is our opinion that this complication should form part of informed consent for multilevel surgery and that anesthetists should be aware of this complication when managing postoperative pain control.     

The incidence of avascular necrosis in children with cerebral palsy after hip containment surgery

Purpose:To establish the rate of avascular necrosis after hip reconstruction surgery in children with cerebral palsy and to identify risk factors that influence the development of avascular necrosis in this population.Methods:An institutional review board–approved retrospective review was conducted on children with cerebral palsy who underwent hip containment surgery at a single institution. Radiographs were evaluated at three time points. The Reimer’s migration percentage, neck shaft angle, epiphyseal shaft angle, acetabular index, center edge angle, and acetabular angle were measured. The presence of avascular necrosis was evaluated and graded by the Bucholz/Ogden and the Kalamchi/MacEwen classification systems. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with the development of avascular necrosis.Results:A total of 154 children with cerebral palsy underwent hip containment surgery on 223 hips. Twenty-nine children (18.8%) underwent both pelvic and femoral procedures; 36 children (23.4%) had only femoral procedures; 47 children (30.5%) had femoral and soft tissue; and 42 children (27.3%) had pelvic, femoral, and soft tissue procedures. Using the Bucholz and Ogden or the Kalamchi classifications, the rate of avascular necrosis was 24.7% (38/154). Of the variables evaluated, preoperative Reimers was found to be significant predictors of avascular necrosis. The rate of avascular necrosis was 26.7% for Gross Motor Functional Classification System level III, 24.1% for Gross Motor Functional Classification System level IV, and 27.3% for Gross Motor Functional Classification System level V.Conclusion:The overall rate of avascular necrosis in children undergoing hip containment surgery was 26.7%. Together, age at surgery, open reduction, previous surgery, preoperative Reimers, and estimated blood loss contributed to the development of postoperative avascular necrosis; however, only preoperative Reimers significantly contributed to the development of avascular necrosis in children with cerebral palsy undergoing hip containment procedures.     

Effect of caudal block on sevoflurane requirement for lower limb surgery in children with cerebral palsy

Background: Caudal block is a widely used technique for providing perioperative pain management in children. In this randomized double‐blinded study, we evaluated the effects of preoperative caudal block on sevoflurane requirements in children with cerebral palsy (CP) undergoing lower limb surgery while bispectral index (BIS) values were maintained between 45 and 55. Methods: 52 children undergoing Achilles‐tendon lengthening were randomized to receive combined general–caudal anesthesia (caudal group, n = 27) or general anesthesia alone (control group, n = 25). Caudal block was performed with a single dose of 0.7 ml·kg^?1 of 1.0% lidocaine containing epinephrine at 5 μg·ml^?1. The control group received no preoperative caudal block. The endtidal sevoflurane concentrations (ET_sev) were adjusted every minute to maintain the BIS values between 45 and 55. Results: The ET_sev required to maintain the BIS values were not significantly different between the control and caudal groups after induction of anesthesia [2.1 (0.2) vs 2.2 (0.4); P = 0.773]. However, significantly higher ET_sev was observed in the control group before surgical incision [2.0 (0.2) vs 1.8 (0.3); P = 0.013] and during the first 20 min after surgical incision [2.2 (0.3) vs 1.4 (0.3); P < 0.001]. There was no significant difference in BIS values between the control and caudal groups throughout the study period (P > 0.05). In the caudal group, the caudal block was successful in 25 of 27 (92.6%) patients. Conclusions: Caudal block effectively reduced sevoflurane requirements by 36% compared to general anesthesia alone in children with CP undergoing lower limb surgery while BIS values were maintained between 45 and 55.     

Single-stage multilevel soft-tissue surgery in the lower limbs with spastic cerebral palsy: Experience from a rehabilitation unit

Background:

To assess the effect of single-stage multilevel soft-tissue surgery (Single Event Multiple Level Resections, SEMLR) on deformities and locomotion in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) with static contracture(s) in lower limbs.

Patients and Methods:

Study included 34 patients (M:F, 23:11) with mean age of 9.53 ± 3.92 years (4–16 years). Among them 22 had diplegia and four each had quadriplegia and right and left hemiplegia. Fourteen patients (41.2%) had their intelligence quotient (IQ) in the normal range (IQ ≥ 80), while others had mental retardation (MR) of varying severity: borderline MR (IQ = 70–79) in 12, mild MR (IQ = 50–69) in 5, and moderate MR (IQ = 35–49) in patients 3. All patients underwent surgery (total number of procedures 153, average 4.5 procedures/patient) over a period of 30 months (April 2005 to September 2007). Improvement in functional abilities and locomotion was assessed using Gross Motor Functional Classification Scale (GMFCS) scores and by physical examination.

Results:

Significant improvement in function was observed (P = 0.000) after surgery when comparing the preoperative and postoperative GMFCS scores. All patients were maintaining ambulation at a mean follow-up duration of 13.12 ± 6.07 months (3–24 months), with five patients using knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO), 22 using ankle-foot orthoses (AFO), and six patients using knee gaiters. Sixteen patients were using walker, and two were using crutches as assistive devices.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that CP patients with good trunk control and static contractures at multiple joints in the lower limbs can be made ambulant with single-stage multilevel soft-tissue surgery. It has to be a team effort of the surgeon and the rehabilitation team in the postoperative period for the attainment of satisfactory goal.     

Consensus on resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the Aorta: A first consensus paper using a Delphi method

BackgroundTo further strengthen the evidence base on the use of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) we performed a Delphi consensus. The aim of this paper is to establish consensus on the indications and contraindications for the use of REBOA in trauma and non-trauma patients based on the existing evidence and expertise.Study DesignA literature review facilitated the design of a three-round Delphi questionnaire. Delphi panelists were identified by the investigators. Consensus was reached when at least 70% of the panelists responded to the survey and more than 70% of respondents reached agreement or disagreement.ResultsPanel members reached consensus on potential indications, contra-indications and settings for use of REBOA (excluding the pre hospital environment), physiological parameters for patient selection and indications for early femoral access. Panel members failed to reach consensus on the use of REBOA in patients in extremis (no pulse, no blood pressure) and the use of REBOA in patients with two major bleeding sites.ConclusionsConsensus was reached on indications, contra indications, physiological parameters for patient selection for REBOA and early femoral access. The panel did not reach consensus on the use of REBOA in patients in pre-hospital settings, patients in extremis (no pulse, no blood pressure) and in patients with 2 or more major bleeding sites. Further research should focus on the indications of REBOA in pre hospital settings, patients in near cardiac arrest and REBOA inflation times.     

Intraoperative opioid dosing in children with and without cerebral palsy

Objective: To describe the differences in intraoperative opioid dosing and associated outcomes in children with and without cerebral palsy (CP). Background: Previous work on children with cognitive impairment has suggested that they receive less intraoperative opioid than children without cognitive impairment. This finding may be due to a common concern that impaired children are hypersensitive to the adverse effects of opioids. Patterns in intraoperative opioid dosing have yet to be studied in children with motor impairment (e.g. CP). Methods: We examined the medical records of pediatric patients with CP who underwent orthopedic surgery over the last decade at our institution, as well as the records of a randomly selected group of pediatric orthopedic patients without CP (non‐CP). Outcome variables were intraoperative opioid dosing, postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and postoperative oxygen desaturation. We collected demographic, surgical, and medical data for covariate analysis. A stepwise multivariate regression was used for each outcome. Results: Seventy‐one (71) CP and 77 non‐CP charts were included in the study. CP children received significantly less intraoperative opioid (3.26 ± 3.01 μg·kg^?1 fentanyl dose equivalents) than non‐CP children (4.58 ± 3.79 μg·kg^?1) (P = 0.02), and this difference was corroborated by the regression analysis, which significantly associated CP with decreased opioid dosing (P < 0.001). In addition, intraoperative opioid dosing, but not CP, predicted ICU admission (odds ratio: 1.463, 95% CI: 1.042–2.054, P = 0.03) and postoperative oxygen desaturation (odds ratio: 1.174, 95% CI: 1.031–1.338, P = 0.02). Conclusions: Similar to prior research on children with cognitive impairment, a reduction in intraoperative opioid dosing was found in children with CP. Given the discrepant doses of intraoperative opioid between groups, it is unclear whether children with CP are at any greater risk for untoward opioid‐related events.     

针灸治疗脑瘫患儿语言障碍的分析

目的：探讨针灸治疗脑瘫患儿语言障碍的研究进展。方法选择2013年1~12月我院收治的脑瘫患儿30例,将这30例患儿随机分成两组,每组15例患儿,分别命名为治疗组和对照组,对照组的15例患儿采取常规语言训练,治疗组的15例患者在采取常规语言训练的基础上,进行针灸治疗,观察两组患儿的临床治疗效果。结果治疗组临床治疗的总有效率为96.8%。对照组临床治疗的总有效率为77.4%。治疗组患儿临床治疗的总有效率明显的高于对照组。两组总有效率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论针灸治疗脑瘫患儿的语言障碍具有良好的效果,该种方法值得临床推广。     

改良手术治疗脑瘫痉挛性双侧下肢瘫

[目的]2004年以来对重症脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫治疗方法进行改进,探索提高其治疗效果的方法.[方法]23例重症脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫.男14例,女9例;年龄3～12岁,平均5.7岁;主要症状不能独自站立和行走,双下肢肌紧张,家长扶持站立,双下肢呈剪刀步态,双髋、膝关节屈曲,踝关节跖屈,双足马蹄内翻畸形,足尖着地行走.体格检查双髂腰肌、内收肌、腘绳肌、小腿三头肌、胫前肌、胫后肌、(足母)长屈肌、趾长屈肌部分或多数不同程度肌张力增高.依Ashworth分级,为3～4级.治疗方法对动态性肌痉挛,采用肌内肌腱切断或肌筋膜切断;对静态性肌痉挛行肌腱滑动延长,胫前肌腱劈开外侧1/2移位.然后用自制外固定器矫形固定,保持膝关节伸直,双踝、足中立位,双下肢外展30°,6周后去除外固定康复训练.[结果]本组病例随访1～3年,平均2.2年.优良21例,有效2例.[结论]严重脑瘫痉挛性双侧瘫,一期多关节软组织松解,肌力平衡,外固定矫形,术后配合家庭长期康复训练,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

脑瘫多种手术治疗研究

[目的]通过分析痉挛性脑瘫病人采用肌腱延长、畸形骨矫形和神经选择性部分切断等不同手术的治疗效果,探讨单一或多种手术组合治疗痉挛性脑瘫病人的适应证和注意事项,提高脑瘫的手术治疗效果。[方法]应用传统的软组织松解延长手术、截骨手术、选择性脊神经后根切断术、脊神经后根选择性切断逆向吻合术,以及选择性周围神经切断等手术,对642例年龄在10个月~37岁的脑瘫病人采用不同的手术组合治疗,随访6个月~4年,平均18个月。[结果]传统的软组织松解延长手术仍然是痉挛性脑瘫病人肢体矫形的主要手术,传统的软组织手术虽然不能降低高肌张力,但可矫正固定性挛缩和畸形。能降低肌张力的决定性手术是在神经部位手术,选择性脊神经后根切断术和选择性周围神经切断术早期有部分的肌张力下降,由于降低了肌张力,使关节活动度和肢体控制能力增强,功能明显好转。[结论]手术前仔细分类,严格掌握各种术式的适应证,充分了解不同手术的潜在并发症,采用各种术式互补可提高手术治疗的综合效果,减少痉挛和畸形复发以及防止并发症的发生,术后加强功能训练也是治疗的基本方法。     

Proximal rectus femoris release surgery is not effective in normalizing hip and pelvic variables during gait in children with cerebral palsy

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the proximal rectus femoris release to treat hip flexor contractures and hip and pelvic gait deviations in children with spastic cerebral palsy. This study was a retrospective repeated-measures analysis of data collected on two matched groups of patients, those with and without proximal rectus femoris release surgery, seen in our Motion Analysis Laboratory. Proximal rectus release surgery did not improve hip extension, did not decrease anterior pelvic tilt, and did not improve temporal-distance measures of gait in children with cerebral palsy. A multivariate measure, the Hip Flexor Index, was also unchanged. The group of patients without any hip flexor surgery was not different from the rectus femoris release group on hip or pelvic variables before or after surgery. The findings of this study offer no evidence that the proximal rectus femoris release is successful in achieving desired gait outcomes at the hip and pelvis in children with cerebral palsy.     

Whole body vibration and cerebral palsy: a systematic review

Purpose:The goal of this review is to evaluate the effects of whole body vibration on outcomes in patients with cerebral palsy. The findings in this review may help clinicians make evidence informed decisions on the use of whole body vibration for cerebral palsy.Methods:A systematic search was conducted on April 29, 2014.The following search terms were used to search of several databases: (whole body vibration OR whole-body vibration OR whole body-vibration OR WBV) AND (cerebral palsy). Articles that met the inclusion criteria were assessed using the Scottish intercollegiate guidelines network (SIGN) rating system to assess the methodology and bias of the articles for randomized control trials.Results:The search produced 25 articles, of which 12 duplicates were identified and removed. Another seven articles were not considered since they did not fit the inclusion criteria, leaving a total of five studies for review. Four of the articles analyzed the effects of WBV in children while the other study focused on adults with cerebral palsy. There was one low quality article, four acceptable quality articles and one high quality article when assessed using the SIGN criteria.Conclusions:It appears that whole body vibration has the potential to provide symptomatic relief for patients with cerebral palsy. Whole body vibration may improve spasticity, muscle strength and coordination. There is a lack of research to conclusively determine whether it does alter bone mineral density.     

膝关节周围及关节内松解联合伸膝装置成形术治疗重度膝关节僵硬

目的探讨重度膝关节僵硬手术方式的改进,以提高手术效果,减少术后并发症。方法1999～2003年11例重度膝关节僵硬患者采用膝关节周围及关节内松解后,股直肌起点松解下移、膝旁双侧旋转支持带腱瓣、双侧双蒂皮瓣、旋转皮瓣联合成形术手术治疗。结果所有患者术后随访10～35个月,平均20个月。术前活动度5°～20°,平均15°;术后活动度90°～120°,平均100°,较术前平均增加85°。无皮肤坏死、裂开、感染等并发症。结论股直肌起点松解下移、膝旁双侧旋转支持带腱瓣、双侧双蒂皮瓣、旋转皮瓣联合成形术是治疗重度膝关节僵硬的有效方法,可有效防止术后再粘连、皮肤坏死、裂开、感染等并发症的发生,提高了手术效果。