二甲基亚砜对体外大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩的影响

[目的]观察二甲基亚砜（DMSO）对体外大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩的影响，探讨其作为脂溶性中药成分助溶剂的可行浓度范围。[方法]制备SD大鼠结肠平滑肌肌条，以9g／L NaCl空白对照（NS）组和乙酰胆碱对照（Ach）组，分别观察不同浓度DMSO对肌条自发收缩以及对Ach引起的肌条收缩的影响。[结果]DMSO在0．2%～1．4%浓度范围，对肌条自发收缩振幅和面积的影响与NS组比较均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与Ach组比较，在0．2％～1．8％浓度范围，DMSO对Ach引起的肌条收缩振幅和面积的影响均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。[结论]DMSO在浓度≤1．4％时对体外大鼠结肠平滑肌的收缩无明显影响，作为脂溶性中药的助溶剂有运用价值。     

Cajal间质细胞介导的糖尿病大鼠胃离体平滑肌条收缩功能的研究

目的通过观察Cajal间质细胞介导的糖尿病大鼠和普通大鼠胃离体平滑肌条的收缩功能,体外高糖状态对大鼠胃离体平滑肌条收缩功能的影响,以及糖尿病大鼠胃壁Cajal间质细胞含量及形态学的改变,探讨Cajal间质细胞在糖尿病胃轻瘫发病机制中的作用。方法（1）动物分组处理：将20只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、1型糖尿病组。后组以腹腔注射STZ建立1型糖尿病动物模型。（2）胃离体平滑肌条收缩功能的测定：用瞿颂义方法,取胃体上1／3和胃窦环行肌肌条,与张力换能器相连,并输入生理记录仪,记录糖尿病组和对照组胃肌条的机械收缩运动。（3）给予体外不同浓度高糖,观察胃离体平滑肌条收缩状态的变化。（4）用免疫组化的方法,比较糖尿病组和对照组胃壁Cajal间质细胞含量及形态学的改变。结果与正常组比较,糖尿病组液体胃排空率较正常对照组显著延迟（正常组74．38±3．62％,糖尿病组52．00±5．40％）（P〈0．01）;糖尿病大鼠胃平滑肌条体外收缩振幅和频率较正常对照组减少（P〈0．05）;体外高血糖状态并没有直接影响到胃平滑肌条的收缩;免疫组化结果显示糖尿病组Cajal间质细胞在胄体及胃窦的分布稀疏,数量减少,胃体与胃窦的减少比较没有明显差异。结论本研究结果显示,Cajal间质细胞的病变可能是糖尿病胃轻瘫的重要发病机制,而体外高糖状态不作为直接导致为平滑肌收缩功能异常的独立危险因素。     

胆汁对兔胃平滑肌条运动的影响

[目的]观察胆汁对兔体外胃平滑肌的影响,并探讨其作用机制.[方法]取兔胃肌条,安置在各恒温灌流肌槽中,并用BL310生物技能实验系统记录胃各部位平滑肌条的收缩活动.[结果]胆汁显著降低兔胃底和胃体纵行肌条张力,减小胃体收缩波平均振幅,并有剂量依赖关系.[结论]胆汁对胃肌条收缩活动具有明显的抑制作用,这种抑制作用部分经由肾上腺素能α受体及前列腺素介导,并有壁内神经节的参与.     

槟榔对功能性消化不良模型大鼠胃运动的影响

目的：观察槟榔对功能性消化不良（FD）模型大鼠胃平滑肌运动的影响。方法：夹尾刺激复制FD模型，采用应变片传感器整体记录方法，测定FD模型大鼠胃运动并与正常对照鼠比较，以鉴定模型的合理性；测定高浓度槟榔煎液（100％）和低浓度槟榔煎液（25％）对FD模型大鼠胃运动振幅和频率的影响。结果：模型组大鼠空腹和灌注0．85％氯化钠溶液后与对照组比较，胃运动频率明显下降（P＜0．01），振幅减弱（P＜0．05），两种浓度槟榔煎液均可显著增强FD大鼠胃收缩振幅指数，而对FD大鼠胃运动频率无明显影响（P＞0．05）。结论：造模符合FD病理生理特点，槟榔有显著的促FD大鼠胃平滑肌收缩的作用，主要增强收缩振幅。     

调胃汤治疗功能性消化不良的临床及实验研究

[目的]通过实验和临床研究探讨中药复方调胃汤治疗功能性消化不良（FD）的作用机制。[方法]予大白鼠分别灌服调胃汤及其双倍剂量调胃汤、西沙必利溶液、蒸馏水，再灌服葡聚糖蓝2000，然后处死动物取胃肠，以分光光度计λ620nm测定胃内葡聚糖蓝2000残留量，并计算自幽门括约肌至色素最前端及至盲肠距离百分比为小肠推进比。FD患者95例，随机分成治疗组67例．予调胃汤加减治疗；对照组28例，子多潘立酮治疗，4周为1个疗程，观察治疗前后疗效。[结果]调胃汤组胃内色素残留率小于空白组和西沙比利组（P〈0．01，〈0．05），平均小肠推进率大于对照组（P〈0．01），与西沙比利组相似（P〉0．05）。治疗组改善主要症状作用优于对照组（P〈0．05），总疗效作用相似（P〉0．05），但显效率明显高于对照组。[结论]调胃汤有较好的促进胃肠运动的作用，是治疗FD的有效方剂，值得进一步研究。     

慢性束缚及夹尾刺激致大鼠肠易激综合征模型的建立及其内脏敏感性评价

[目的]探讨建立肠易激综合征（IBS）动物模型的方法，并评价其内脏敏感性变化。[方法]采用慢性束缚、夹尾刺激作为应激原诱导IBS大鼠模型，检测其肠道运动（结肠排便时间、排便颗粒）和感觉（腹壁收缩反射、腹壁肌电活动），并以逍遥散及匹维溴胺进行药物反证。[结果]与正常对照（对照）组比较，慢性束缚、夹尾刺激诱导IBS大鼠结肠转运效应明显增高（P〈0．01），在1．0、1．5、2．0ml不同扩张容量下腹壁收缩反射评分及腹壁肌电活动明显增高（P〈0．05，〈0．01）。而经药物治疗后，可明显降低大鼠结肠转运功能及内脏高敏感性（P〈0．05，〈0．01）。[结论]慢性束缚、夹尾刺激可以引起大鼠肠道运动增强，内脏敏感性增高，而肠黏膜未见异常病理改变，符合IBS的基本特征，可用于实验研究。     

慢性心力衰竭患者心脏β1受体自身抗体与心功能及QTcd的相关性分析

目的通过β1肾上腺素受体自身抗体水平的检测，分析其与心功能及心电图表现的相关性，并观察β受体阻滞剂卡维地洛的治疗作用。方法65例慢性心力衰竭患者采用酶联免疫法测定患者血清中β1受体自身抗体水平，据此分为β1受体自身抗体阳性组（β1阳性组）30例和β1受体自身抗体阴性组（β1阴性组）35例，采用超声心动图测量左室舒张末径，左室收缩末径和左室射血分数进行心功能检测，常规12导心电图测量QTcd值。在血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、利尿剂和洋地黄制剂治疗基础上加用β受体阻滞剂卡维地洛，随访半年。结果（1）治疗前β1阳性组左室舒张末径显著大于β1阴性组[（66．01±5．47）vs（63．07±5．64）mm；P〈0．05）]，左室收缩末径大于β1阴性组[（54．24±8．43）vs（50．72±6．12）mm；P=0．052）]，左室射血分数显著低于β1阴性组[（32．16±9．00）vs（36．64±8．20）％；P〈0．05）]。治疗后两组左室舒张末径、收缩末径均较治疗前显著减小（P〈0．01），左室射血分数较治疗前提高（P〈0．01）。β1阳性组左室舒张末径、收缩末径和左室射血分数与β1阴性组无差异（P〉0．05）。（2）治疗前β1阳性组心率显著高于β1阴性组[（94±14）vs（87±16）次／min；P〈0．05）]，β1阳性组QTcd值显著大于β1阴性组[（71．14±34）vs（58．33±14）ms；P〈0．05）]，治疗后两组心率及血压均较治疗前显著减低（P〈0．01），β1阳性组QTcd值较治疗前显著减低（P〈0．05），β1阳性组心率和QTcd值与β1阴性组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论β1受体自身抗体阳性者心功能较差且QTcd值长，β受体阻滞剂可以抑制心肌重构，改善心功能，减小QT离散度，提示β1受体自身抗体参与心力衰竭的病理生理过程，阳性者可能临床预后差。     

常规心电图与TTM、DCG各波段振幅的比较

目的比较常规心电图（ECG）、电话传输远程心电图（TTM）及动态心电图（DCG）在不同导联上各波段振幅的差异，判断TTM、DCG与ECG之间的符合程度。方法50例受检者均采用平卧位接受ECG、TrM及DCG监测，记录并测量Ⅱ、V1、V5导联中所有波段振幅，分析三者间的差异。结果DCGⅡ导联R、T波（P〈0．01，P〈0，05），V5导联P波（P〈0．01）振幅大于ECG；TTMⅡ导联P、R、S、ST、T波段（P〈0．01，P〈0．01，P〈0．05，P〈0．05，P〈0．01）以及V1、V5导联P波（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）的振幅均大于ECG。结论TTM、DCG肢体导联振幅较大，胸导联测量结果与ECG的符合度较好。     

平胃消导胶囊对功能性消化不良模型大鼠胃电活动和胃肠激素的影响

[目的]观察平胃消导胶囊对情志刺激引起的功能性消化不良（FD）模型大鼠胃电活动和胃肠激素水平的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。[方法]将实验大鼠随机分为6组：空白对照组,模型组,多潘立酮药物对照组,平胃消导胶囊大、中、小剂量组。除空白对照组外,其余各组用夹尾激怒法复制FD大鼠模型,观察和对比各组大鼠胃窦消化间期综合肌电（IMC）活动,检测血浆胃动素（MOT）和血管活性肠肽（VIP）水平,并以此评价药物疗效。[结果]与模型组相比,平胃消导胶囊治疗组IMC周期缩短（P〈0．05,〈0．01）、Ⅲ相时程延长（P〈0．01）、Ⅲ相发生率增高（P〈0．05,〈0．01）,血浆MOT水平升高（P〈0．05,〈0．01）,VIP水平降低（P〈0．01）。[结论]平胃消导胶囊可增强FD模型大鼠胃电活动,恢复性调节MOT、VIP）水平,表现出良好的整体调节和促进胃排空作用。加大剂量治疗效果更好,是治疗FD疗效确切的中药制剂。     

参青方对三硝基苯磺酸诱导结肠炎大鼠肠道动力学的研究

[目的]探讨参青方对三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）诱导结肠炎大鼠肠道动力学异常的消炎作用及其调节肠道动力学的机制。[方法]用TNBS复制实验性大鼠结肠炎模型,随机分为参青方高剂量组、参青方低剂量组、美沙拉嗪（5-ASA）组、模型对照（模型）组及正常组,检测结肠肠管平滑肌条收缩频率、幅度。[结果]与正常组相比,造模各组大鼠结肠肠管平滑肌条收缩频率减少,幅度增加（均P〈0．05）;且参青方高、低剂量组及5-ASA组大鼠结肠肠管收缩频率和幅度均比模型组增加（均P〈0．05）。[结论]TNBS诱导结肠炎大鼠出现肠管收缩频率和收缩波幅度异常;参青方能增加收缩频率和收缩波幅度,具有调节肠道动力学的作用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.