青少年网络成瘾与家庭环境、父母教养方式的关系

目的:探讨青少年网络成瘾与家庭环境、父母教养方式的关系。方法:490名大学生被试完成网络成瘾诊断量表、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)和父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)的评定。结果:被试总体的网络成瘾检出率为7.6%;在家庭环境方面,网络成瘾组家庭矛盾性得分显著高于正常组;在父母教养方式方面,网络成瘾组与正常组在父情感温暖、父拒绝否认、父过度保护、父惩罚严厉、父过分干涉、母拒绝否认、母严厉惩罚、母情感温暖上的得分差异显著(P<0.05～0.001)。结论:矛盾的家庭环境和拒绝、否认、缺少温情的父母教养方式与青少年网络成瘾有关。     

网络成瘾青少年家庭环境分析

目的探讨青少年网络成瘾者的家庭环境,为预防青少年网络成瘾提供科学依据。方法采用家庭环境量表(FESCV)对70名网络成瘾青少年进行测试。结果网络成瘾青少年在情感表达、独立性、成功性、知识性、组织性方面得分明显低于常模,矛盾性得分高于常模(P0.001);其娱乐性、道德宗教管、控制性与常模无明显差异。父亲文化程度的高低对网络成瘾青少年家庭的组织性有显著性影响(P0.05)。结论不良的家庭环境是导致青少年网络成瘾的心理社会因素之一。     

青少年网络成瘾的社会风险因素的回归分析

目的:探讨青少年网络成瘾的社会风险因素,为预防青少年网络成瘾提供参考.方法:490名大学生完成自编一般资料问卷、网络成瘾诊断最表、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)、父母教养方式量表(EMBU)、依恋问卷(AAQ3.1)、社会支持量表,对多种因素进行Logistic回归.结果:网络成瘾组与正常组在性别与父亲文化程度上有显著差异.Logistic回归分析依次进入方程的是父亲拒绝否认、母亲角色倒置、主观支持分、性别.其中父亲拒绝否认、母亲角色倒置是风险因素,主观支持分是保护因素.结论:男性、主观支持少、父亲拒绝否认、母亲角色倒置的青少年网络成瘾的危险性高.     

中学生网络成瘾中心症状及其与亲子依恋和人格的网络关系

目的:使用网络分析方法探讨亲子依恋关系和人格特质对网络成瘾的作用途径。方法:选取福建省5所中学共1 437名中学生，通过网络成瘾量表、青少年亲子依恋量表和中国大五人格问卷简版进行在线调查。使用EBICglasso模型分析网络成瘾和亲子依恋、人格的关系；使用强度和桥连强度发现网络成瘾和亲子依恋网络的关键节点。结果:网络分析模型显示，网络成瘾以症状“因不能上网而烦躁不安”(强度=1.47)为中心形成稳定的网络结构；父子依恋核心条目为“向父亲倾诉”(强度=1.53),母子依恋条目为“我认为母亲很称职”(强度=1.45)。桥连强度结果显示，亲子依恋通过亲子疏离维度网络与网络成瘾产生联系；神经质(桥连强度=0.77)是青少年亲子依恋和网络成瘾的重要桥连节点。结论:中学生网络成瘾症状以戒断反应和现实社会功能问题为主；亲子疏离和神经质是亲子依恋关系与网络成瘾关系的重要途径。     

北京市青少年对父亲、母亲及同伴的依恋及其关系

目的:了解北京地区青少年与父亲、母亲及同伴的依恋状况。方法:采用Armsden和Green- berg编制的父亲、母亲及同伴依恋问卷(IPPA),对北京地区830名青少年与父亲、母亲及同伴的依恋状况进行了调查。结果:(1)IPPA三个分问卷的Cronbachα系数为0．89～0．93;验证性因素分析NNFI和CFI结果均在0．95以上。(2)男生对母亲依恋(3．8±0．8)和同伴依恋(3．8±0．6)的得分高于对父亲依恋(3.6±0．7)的得分(F=9．2,P<0．01);女生对同伴依恋得分最高(3．9±0．6),对母亲依恋得分其次(3．7±0．8),对父亲依恋得分最低(3．4±0．8)(F=61．0,P<0．01)。(3)男生对父亲依恋得分高于女生(3．6±0．7／3．4±0．8,F=8．6,P<0．01);女生对同伴依恋得分高于男生(3．9±0．6／3．8±0．6．F=11．7．P<0．01)。(4)初一年级青少年对父亲(3．7±0．7)和母亲(3．9±0．8)的依恋显著高于其他年级(父亲: 3.3-3．5±0．8-0．9;母亲:3．5-3．7±0．7-0．8)。(5)同伴依恋在信任维度存在显著性别和年级的交互作用(F=2．72,P<0．05)。女生对同伴的信任维度分数随年级变化不大(4．1-4．2±0．6-0．7),但是男生在初一(4．1±0．8)和高一(4．1±0．7)对同伴的信任较高,初二(3．8±0．8)和高二(3．8±0．7)对同伴的信任较低。(6)青少年对父亲、母亲和同伴的依恋维度间呈正相关(r=0．20-0．47,P<0．01)。结论:IPPA具有良好的信度和效度,可以用于考察北京市青少年对父亲、母亲和同伴的依恋关系;北京市青少年对父亲、母亲和同伴的依恋存在差异。     

大学生人际问题现状及影响因素探究

目的探讨大学生人际问题现状及与父母教养方式和家庭环境的关系。方法用人际关系诊断量表、父母教养方式问卷、家庭环境量表中文版、亲密关系体验问卷对186名大学生进行了施测,用相关、回归和路径分析的统计方法研究了大学生人际问题的现状,并探讨了相关影响因素。结果人际问题总分与父亲温暖理解、母亲温暖理解的教养方式、家庭环境中的亲密度、情感表达呈显著负相关;与父亲过度保护的教养方式、家庭环境的矛盾性呈显著正相关(P<0.01);人际问题总分与个体依恋焦虑和回避显著正相关(P<0.01);个体依恋焦虑,母亲的温暖理解,父亲的过度保护,家庭环境的亲密度、矛盾性和情感表达进入了回归方程,路径分析发现母亲的温暖理解、父亲的过度保护通过个体依恋焦虑影响人际问题,个体依恋焦虑直接影响人际问题,而家庭环境的情感表达和亲密度直接影响人际问题,矛盾性既可以直接影响人际问题,又可以通过个体依恋焦虑影响人际问题。结论大学生人际问题与父母和家庭有很大关系,个体依恋在其中起到了中介作用。     

自我控制对网络成瘾与父母教养方式的中介作用研究

目的探讨中学生网络成瘾的特点及其与自我控制、父母教养方式的关系。方法采用中文网络成瘾量表、自我控制量表修订版及根特教养方式量表对966名中学生进行调查。结果青少年网络成瘾存在显著的性别差异,男生的网络成瘾倾向显著高于女生;青少年网络成瘾与自我控制、父母教养方式各维度相关显著;自我控制在父母教养方式的母亲的消极控制维度与网络成瘾间起部分中介作用。结论自我控制是青少年网络成瘾和母亲消极控制维度的中介因素。     

中学生对立违抗性障碍的父母养育方式和家庭环境特征的初步研究

目的：了解单纯对立违抗性障碍（ODD）儿童的父母养育方式及家庭功能。方法：应用向制儿童行为调查表、家庭环境量表中文版（FES～CV）、父母养育方式量表（EMBU），对115例单纯ODD儿童（研究组）和115名非ODD正常儿童（对照组）进行评定和病例对照分析，结果：ODD组儿童家庭矛盾性得分较对照组高（P〈0．01），ODD组父母双亲的“情感温暖．理解”得分均明显比对照组得分低（父亲P〈0．01，母亲P〈0.05）．而其“惩罚，严厉”和“拒绝，否认”二因子得分则明显比对照组高（P〈0．01）；ODD组母亲的“过分干涉，过度保护”，因子得分也明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：ODD中学生的家庭存在高度的矛盾性．他们的父母养育方式不良，应引起重视。     

青少年网络成瘾与教养方式、社会支持相关研究

目的探讨青少年网络成瘾与教养方式、社会支持的关系。方法应用Young网络成瘾诊断问卷、父母教养方式量表(EMBU)、社会支持评定量表对广州青少年成长中心的62学员进行调查。结果①IAD组与正常组的父亲情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过度保护4个因子的平均得分存在显著差异(t=-4.472,-2.132,5.310;P<0.001;t=6.297,P<0.05);②母亲的情感温暖理解因子与惩罚严厉、过于干涉和偏爱被试4个因子的平均得分存在显著差异(t=-3.616,3.490,7.617,5.960;P<0.001);③IAD组社会支持与正常组有显著差异;④父母的教养方式对社会支持有一定的预测作用。结论青少年网络成瘾与父母教养方式、社会支持密切相关。     

儿童精神分裂症患者依恋特征及相关因素

目的:探讨儿童精神分裂症患者的依恋特征及相关因素。方法:71例南京脑科医院儿童门诊或病房儿童精神分裂症患者为病例组,普通中小学正常儿童及青少年128名为对照组。用亲密关系经历量表、青少年依恋问卷、家庭环境量表中文版和父母养育方式量表对儿童及其父母实施调查。结果:①病例组家庭依恋的依赖性分数(11.96±2.33)显著高于对照组(11.10±2.70);家庭依恋的焦虑性分数(9.28±2.72)非常显著高于对照组(8.48±2.54);朋友依恋的亲和性分数(14.75±3.49)非常显著低于对照组(15.83±2.80);朋友依恋的消极性分数(8.85±3.05)显著高于对照组(7.34±2.56)。②Logistic回归分析表明,家庭依恋的依赖性,朋友依恋的消极性、父亲的焦虑、家庭环境的控制性,父亲偏爱被试、父亲拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉为儿童精神分裂症的危险因素;家庭环境的亲密度是保护因素。结论:儿童精神分裂症患者依恋特征与正常人有差异,可能与家庭环境和父母养育方式有关。     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...