子宫颈癌高剂量率192铱源腔内放射治疗的剂量学临床意义

目的探讨子宫颈癌高剂量率192铱源腔内放射治疗的剂量与疗效、放疗副反应的关系。方法68例子宫颈癌采用体外照射与Micro-Selectron高剂量率192铱后装机腔内照射治疗,由治疗计划系统制定个体化治疗方案,并按国际辐射剂量与测量委员会38号文件的建议,计算参考点和参考体积。结果体外及腔内照射A点总剂量为65～72Gy,B点53.8～60.2Gy,膀胱和直肠参考点平均剂量分别为A点剂量的40.27％和57.68％,A点100％剂量水平的参考体积为98.39cm3。结论子宫颈癌的治疗效果与A点剂量有关,但不是惟一影响预后的因素,放射性膀胱炎、直肠炎的发生与膀胱、直肠的放射剂量有关。     

子宫颈癌高剂量率192铱源腔内放射治疗的剂量学临床意义

目的：探讨子宫颈癌高剂量率192铱源腔内放射治疗的剂量与疗效,放疗副反应的关系。方法：68例子宫颈癌采用体外照射与Micro-Selectron高剂量率192铱后装机腔内照射治疗,由治疗计划系统制定个体化治疗方案,并按国际辐射剂量与测量委员会38号文件的建议,计算参考点和参考体积,结果：体外及腔内照射A点总剂量为65－72Gy,B点53．8－60．2Gy,膀胱和直肠参考点平均剂量分别为A点剂量的40．27％和57．68％,A点100％剂量水平的参考体积为98．39cm3,结论：子宫颈癌的治疗效果与A点剂量有关,但不是惟一影响预后的因素,放射性膀胱炎,直肠炎的发生与膀胱,直肠的放射剂量有关。     

体外照射加高剂量率192Ir腔内后装治疗宫颈癌

目的:回顾性分析体外照射加高剂量率192Ir腔内后装治疗宫颈癌的疗效.方法:1998年5月至2000年5月对63例宫颈癌采用高剂量率192Ir腔内后装加体外照射治疗,其中Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期25例,Ⅲ期33例,Ⅳ期3例,体外和腔内照射A点总量70Gy～75Gy,B点剂量50Gy～70Gy,治疗时间6～8周.结果:本组总的1、3、4年生存率为81.0%、63.5%、57.1%.Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期4年生存率分别为100%、80.0%、42.2%、0%.结论:宫颈癌的体外照射与腔内后装治疗相结合,是治疗宫颈癌的主要手段,但如何进一步提高长期生存率、降低并发症仍是今后研究的方向.     

中晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗的临床观察

目的探讨中晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗的耐受性和毒副反应.方法2004年2005年我院开展了中晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗治疗患者54例,组织学类型为鳞癌81.48%(44/54),腺癌18.51%(10/54),Ⅱb期34例,Ⅲ期18例,Ⅳ期2例.全部病例采用体外照射和腔内近距离照射的联合放疗方案,同步应用DF化疗方案.体外照射采用6MV-X线,前后野对穿照射,常规分割每周5次,每次2Gy,外照射全盆腔剂量24Gy～30Gy/2W～3W,盆腔野挡铅4×10cm～17cm,加腔内近距离治疗.腔内近距离治疗每次A点剂量5Gy～6Gy,腔内照射当日不作体外照射,共5次～7次,腔内照射A点总量25Gy～42Gy.体外和腔内照射A点总量为70Gy～82Gy,B点总剂量50Gy～70Gy,总疗程6周～8周.与放化疗开始之日常规应用升白胺3片,3次/天,至疗程结束.结果达CR者49/54(90.74%),PR者5/54(9.25%).放疗结束宫颈刮片阴性52/54(96.29%).本组病例治疗后均满2年,2年总生存率77.78%.本组宫颈癌患者同步放化疗副反应主要为肠道反应、泌尿系统反应、血液学毒性.急性放射性直肠反应全组发生率为46.30%(25/54),其中18例(72%)为轻度,7例(24%)为中度,全组病例无直肠阴道瘘发生.血液学毒性主要表现为白细胞下降,RTO G1级9例(16.67%),RTO G2级5例(9.25%),无3级以上毒性反应.结论中晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗具有较好的临床耐受性,两年生存率达77.78%.通过改进外照射方式(如IMRT),降低单次腔内治疗剂量(小于6Gy),将会减轻肠道副反应.     

子宫颈癌调强放射治疗临床分析

目的探讨中晚期宫颈癌患者应用调强放射治疗（IMRT）,在提高靶区剂量与减少正常组织受量方面的价值。方法62例中晚期宫颈癌患者,随机分成IMRT组和普放组。IMRT组30例患者给予全程IMRT和6～7次腔内照射,外照射与内照射同步进行,外照射每周4次,内照射1次/周,IMRT的PTV总处方剂量为50 Gy,2.0 Gy/次;腔内照射5 Gy/次,共30～35 Gy（A点剂量）。同时虚拟设计普通放疗计划,按相同的处方剂量计算,自身比较靶区以及直肠、小肠、膀胱和骨髓等危险器官的受照剂量和体积。普放组32例患者接受普通外照射和腔内照射,外照射24 Gy时开始内照射,腔内照射A点剂量35Gy左右,外照射的剂量和分割方式同IMRT组。比较两组的肿瘤缓解率和1,2年生存率,急慢性放射反应和并发症发生率以及疗程长短。结果IMRT较普放计划的靶区剂量明显提高（P〈0.01）,小肠、直肠、膀胱和骨髓的受照射剂量和体积均明显减少（P〈0.05）;IMRT组肿瘤缓解率较高（P〈0.05）,部分急、慢性放射反应明显减少（P〈0.05）,1,2年生存率比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论IMRT技术可提高宫颈癌的靶区剂量,并获得理想的剂量分布,邻近危险器官得到很好的保护,从而减少了急慢性放疗反应的发生,但未能提高近期生存率。     

252锎中子腔内照射治疗宫颈癌62例

目的:观察252锎(252Cf)中子腔内配合体外照射治疗宫颈癌的疗效及并发症.方法:总结62例未接受过治疗的Ⅱa-Ⅲb宫颈癌患者临床资料.首先用252Cf中子腔内照射,宫旁A点剂量8-10Gy/次,1次/周,共治疗4-5次,A点总剂量36-40Gy;中子治疗后第二天用6MV-X射线盆腔外照射,全盆腔野前后对穿照射,2Gy/次,4次/周;外照射剂量20-25Gy后盆腔野中央挡铅4cm,继续四野照射至总剂量45-50Gy.结果:近期疗效:CR 93.5%,PR 4.2%.5年肿瘤局部控制率80.6%.5年生存率67.7%.单因素及多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤分化程度和淋巴结转移与宫颈癌的临床预后有关.放射性膀胱炎发生率4.8%,放射性直肠炎发生率8.2%,迁延型放射性直肠炎发生率6.5%,阴道挛缩、黏连发生率8.1%.结论:252锎中子腔内配合体外照射治疗宫颈癌,患者能够耐受,局部控制率较高,放疗并发症较低,具有一定的临床应用前景.     

不同放疗方法联合手术治疗137例宫颈癌的疗效比较

目的:总结分析腔内后装放疗配合外照射联合根治术治疗Ⅱa~Ⅲa期宫颈癌的5年生存概率和远期并发症。方法:137例行子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除术宫颈癌,其中1组84例行术前联合放疗(外照射加腔内放疗,以下同);第2组28例采用术前单纯腔内照射;第3组25例行术后放疗。外照射采用60Co治疗机,给予全盆外照射,B点剂量术前放疗者为25~30 Gy;术后放疗者40~50 Gy;腔内放疗采用192Ir高剂量率后装机,A点剂量5~18 Gy。结果:5年生存概率:术前联合放疗组为77.4%(65/84),术前单纯腔内放疗组为67.9%(19/28),术后放疗组为32.0%(8/25)。术前联合放疗组与术后放疗组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。主要并发症为放射性直肠炎和膀胱炎,第1、2、3组的并发症发生率分别为35.7%(30/84)、32.1%(9/28)、36%(9/25),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:宫颈癌根治术前腔内照射加体外放疗可显著提高Ⅱa~Ⅲa期患者的5年生存概率,并发症的发生率无明显改善,值得临床进一步推广。     

中晚期宫颈癌放射治疗的临床分析

为探讨192Ir高剂量率腔内加体外照射放射治疗宫颈癌的疗效及其放射反应,对87例宫颈癌患者采用192Ir高剂量率腔内加体外放射治疗,开始体外全盆腔前后两野照射,5次/周,2 Gy/次,15次/3周, 使宫旁剂量达30 Gy;3周后,中间挡铅,4野照射,5次/周,2 Gy/次,10次/2周,使宫旁剂量达20 Gy,外照射使宫旁即B点总剂量达50 Gy;外照射1周后,每周加1次内照射,1次/周,共7次,6～7 Gy/次,7次内照射使A点总剂量累计达42 Gy.全组总5年生存率59.8%(52/87),其中ⅡB期(24例)68.6%(24/35), Ⅲ期(28例)53.8%(28/52); 早期膀胱反应率为5.7%(5/87),直肠反应率为27.6%(24/87); 晚期放射性膀胱炎发生率4.6%(4/87),放射性直肠炎发生率为14.9%(13/87),宫腔积液的发生率为24.1%(21/87),阴道挛缩、粘连及部分闭锁发生率为21.8%(19/87),直肠阴道瘘发生率为2.3%(2/87).初步研究结果提示,192Ir高剂量率腔内加体外放射治疗宫颈癌疗效好,不良反应轻,是目前治疗中晚期宫颈癌的主要方法.     

不同方法后装治疗宫颈癌152例远期放疗反应分析

目的 :比较不同方法后装治疗宫颈癌的远期放疗反应 ,探讨各种方法的合理应用。方法 :三组后装治疗病人均采取宫腔、阴道分上的方法 ,并配合外照射治疗。A组C组参照曼彻斯特法参考点均取A点 ,A组宫腔阴道对A点剂量贡献比为 1∶1,C组宫腔阴道对A点剂量贡献比 1.5～ 2 .4∶1;B组参照巴黎方法 ,参考点均取源轴中心外 2cm处 ,宫腔阴道组织受量比为 1∶1。结果 :三组疗效基本相近 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5)。远期放疗反应以阴道粘连最为常见 ,A组 36 / 4 2 (85.71% ) ,B组 4 / 86(4 .6 5% ) ,C组 (4 .17% ) ,A组显著高于B组和C组 (P <0 .0 1) ,B组和C组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :宫颈癌腔内治疗疗效确切可靠 ,但在腔内治疗各种方法的灵活应用上有时需注意 ,如参考点的设置、宫腔阴道剂量配比等 ,在采取宫腔、阴道分上参考点均取A点时 ,应结合病变范围及机器情况调整增加宫腔阴道对A点的剂量比例 (勿取 1∶1,本院用 1.5～ 2 .4∶1) ,以减少直肠、膀胱并发症。     

体外照射加高剂量率^192Ir腔内后装治疗宫颈癌

目的：回顾性分析体外照射加高剂量率^192Ir腔内后装治疗宫颈癌的疗效。方法：1998年5月至2000年5月对8例宫颈癌采用高剂量率^192Ir腔内后装加体外照射治疗，其中瑚2例，Ⅱ期25例，Ⅲ期33例，Ⅳ期3例，体外和腔内照射A点总量70Gy～75Gy，B点剂量50Gy～70Gy，治疗时间6～8周。结果：本组总的1、3、4年生存率为81．0％、63．5％、57．1％。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期4年生存率分别为100％、80．0％．42．2％、0％。结论：宫颈癌的体外照射与腔内后装治疗相结合，是治疗宫颈癌的主要手段，但如何进一步提高长期生存率、降低并发症仍是今后研究的方向。     

Point of sale tobacco advertisements in India

BACKGROUND: The effect of any legislation depends on its implementation. Limited studies indicate that tobacco companies may tend to use such provision for surrogate advertising. The point of sale advertisement provision has been placed in the Indian Tobacco Control legislation. The study was undertaken to assess the Indian scenario in this regard. OBJECTIVE: To assess if there are any violations related to provision of point of tobacco sale advertisements under India's comprehensive tobacco Control legislation in different parts of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Boards over various shops showing advertisements of tobacco products were observed in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Trivandrum and Jaipur, between September 2005 and March 2006. RESULTS: The point of sale advertisements mushroomed after the implementation of 2004 tobacco control legislation. Tobacco advertisement boards fully satisfying the point of sale provision were practically non-existent. The most common violation of point of sale advertisements was the larger size of the board but with tobacco advertisement equal to the size indicated in the legislation and remaining area often showing a picture. Invariably two boards were placed together to provide the impression of a large single repetitive advertisement. More than two boards was not common. Tobacco advertisement boards were also observed on closed shops/ warehouses, shops not selling tobacco products and on several adjacent shops. CONCLUSION: The purpose of the point of sale advertisements seems to be surrogate advertisement of tobacco products, mainly cigarettes.     

Point sur les cancers du poumon en 2010

The year 2009 has lead to new data clearly impacting therapeutic management strategies in NSCLC. Personalized medicine is becoming a reality for patients with EGFR mutation as well as for the recruitment of patients in certain clinical trials (EML4-ALK translocation, KRAS mutation…). Maintenance trials are based on questionable statistical designs but this approach may have an interest in certain subset of patients. Little improvements are being achieved in SCLC and locally advanced NSCLC.     

肿瘤研究的新热点——EB病毒

0引言EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)属于γ疱疹病毒亚科的成员之一,是人类一种特异性嗜淋巴细胞性疱疹病毒。它主要通过人类唾液传播,因此呼吸道是EB病毒潜伏的最大场所。在发展中国家感染期较早,约3~5岁已达高峰,80%以上的5岁儿童EB病毒血清学阳性。根据血清学调查,我国3~5岁儿童EB病毒VCA-lgG抗体阳性率达90%以上,幼儿感染后多数无明显症状,或引起轻症咽炎和上呼吸道感染;而在发达国家,由于卫生条件较好,只有40%~50%的5岁儿童的EB病毒血清学阳性,其感染常推迟至青年[1],15~20岁到高峰[2]。根据调查的结果,世界人口的90%以上都存在EB病毒的潜伏感染,或成为EB病毒携带者[3]。更重要的是EB病毒感染与越来越多的人类恶性肿瘤有关,应用原位杂交证明了携带高拷贝EB病毒除了能转化淋巴细胞外,也能赋予肿瘤细胞一定的生长优势,使其成为优势细胞群,呈现转化特征。EB病毒引发了全球癌症的1%,并占所有感染性癌症的5.6%[4]。根据国际癌症研究署对致癌因子的分类标准,EB病毒被列在第一组致癌因子中[5]。     

Point: active surveillance for favorable risk prostate cancer

Active surveillance for favorable risk prostate cancer has become increasingly popular in populations where prostate cancer screening is widespread, because of evidence that prostate cancer screening results in the detection of disease that is not clinically significant in many patients (i.e., untreated, would not pose a threat to health). This approach is supported by data showing that patients who fall into the category of clinically insignificant disease can be identified with reasonable accuracy, and that patients who are initially classified as low-risk who reclassified over time as higher-risk and are treated radically are still cured in most cases. Active surveillance means 1) identifying patients who have a low likelihood of disease progression during their lifetime, based on clinical and pathologic features of the disease, and patient age and comorbidity; 2) close monitoring over time; 3) developing reasonable criteria for intervention, which will identify more aggressive disease in a timely fashion and not result in excessive treatment; and 4) meeting the communication challenge to reduce the psychological burden of living with untreated cancer. This article reviews the results of active surveillance, the criteria for patient selection, and the appropriate triggers for intervention.     

PCR-LIS-SSCP检测大肠癌PTEN基因的点突变

目的　探讨PTEN基因突变在大肠癌发病机理中的作用。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 -低离子强度 -单链构象多态性技术 ,对大肠癌及正常大肠石蜡包埋组织中PTEN的第 7、第 8个外显子进行点突变检测。结果　在 60例大肠癌组织中 ,第 7个外显子SSCP带型异常的有 2 8例 ,阳性率为 46.7% (χ2 =5 .0 81,P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 8个外显子未见阳性带。在 10例正常大肠组织中 ,2个外显子均未见异常SSCP带型。结论　大肠癌组织中PTEN的第 7个外显子点突变的发生率高 ,PTEN基因突变可能在大肠癌发病机理中有重要作用     

Point: open radical prostatectomy should not be abandoned

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is now one of the most common ways to treat prostate cancer. Although it is undoubtedly an outstanding procedure, in many contexts the advantages of the laparoscopic approach are overstated. The authors believe that open radical prostatectomy will continue to have an important role. For example, an extensive lymphadenectomy is more easily accomplished with the open technique and may be important in staging and possibly curing patients at high risk for prostate cancer. Also, tactile sensation is a valuable asset in assessing the extent of local tumor, and this cannot yet be replicated with a robotic approach. Furthermore, obese patients, those with a history of extensive prior surgical procedures, and men with extremely large prostates may experience advantages with the open technique. Finally, the open approach has a significant advantage in terms of hospital costs.     

Point: Hyperthermia with radiation for chest wall recurrences

Treatment of a locoregional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy remains a clinically challenging problem. Often these patients have undergone prior radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therapeutic options usually include resection or additional radiation; however, the long-term control rates are often suboptimal with these approaches. Data from several randomized trials suggest that the addition of hyperthermia to radiation can increase the response rate for such local recurrences. Therefore, in settings where the available therapies are unlikely to yield local control (e.g., local/ regional recurrence after prior radiation), a reasonable option to consider is radiation with hyperthermia as a radiation sensitizer. This article reviews the rationale and supporting literature for this recommendation.