CT、DSA和MRI诊断脑动静脉畸形

脑动静脉畸形(cerebral arteriovenous malformation,AVM)是脑血管畸形中最常见的一种类型,是中青年颅内出血和诱发癫痫的主要原因之一.CT、DSA、MRI和MRA对AVM的发现率和确诊率具有明显的优势.本研究回顾性分析21例均经DSA证实的AVM的CT、DSA、MRI、MRA表现,以提高其诊断水平.     

脑动静脉畸形介入治疗的配合与护理

脑动静脉畸形行介入治疗是近十余年迅速开展起来的一种治疗方法,能使脑动静脉畸形及动脉瘤等疾病的患者行栓塞治疗而治愈,免除开颅手术之苦。介入治疗已作为脑动静脉畸形首选的治疗方法。介入栓塞治疗的成功,既要有医生高超的技术,也要有护士高度的责任感及敏锐感。为了更好的互相交流学习,现将我院近期开展4例脑动静脉畸形介入栓塞治疗的配合与护理简述如下。     

脑动静脉畸形介入治疗并发症的观察与护理

目的：探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）栓塞治疗并发症的观察与护理。方法：回顾性分析152例脑动静脉畸形介入治疗术中并发症的发生,总结护理观察经验。结果：AVM位于额顶叶87例、顶枕叶34例、颞顶叶17例、基底节区7例、小脑半球7例。畸形团直径小于3cm的56例,3~6cm的72例,大于6cm的24例。注射Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形,畸形团完全栓塞42例,畸形团栓塞80%以上62例,畸形团栓塞50%~80%34例,畸形团栓塞50%以下14例。术中并发症：2例栓塞术中发生粘管;8例栓塞术后出现肢体偏瘫,由于护理观察及时,经解痉、降低颅内压、促进微循环供血等治疗好转;1例脑出血急症开颅清除血肿,肢体留有偏瘫。其余病例无严重并发症。结论：术前充分准备,术中预见性观察与处理对保证栓塞的疗效,减少并发症的发生具有重要的意义。     

小儿肝动脉-门静脉畸形的诊断和介入治疗

目的探讨小儿肝动脉-门静脉畸形（APVM）的诊断和介入治疗方法。方法回顾性分析4例APVM患儿的诊治经过和疗效观察。男2例，女2例，分别为3．5、4、12、13岁。临床表现为反复上消化道出血和顽固性贫血，所有患儿均被误诊。肝动脉造影确诊后分别以明胶海绵和钢圈（2例）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）微粒（2例）栓塞病变肝动脉分支。结果肝功能和甲胎蛋白（AFP）均正常。肝脏CT和B超显示肝脏大小正常或轻度增大及脾大，有明显门静脉高压征象，无肝内占位病变。肝动脉造影表现为肝动脉分支增多、增粗，门静脉异常显影及胃冠状静脉曲张。3例栓塞术后消化道出血停止，1例迟发再出血。随访0．5～24个月，1例24个月仍存活，1例术后13个月死于尿毒症，2例因放弃治疗分别于术后0．5个月、3个月死亡。结论APVM属先天性疾病，临床容易误诊为肝硬化。肝动脉造影为诊断的金标准。治疗以多次血管内栓塞畸形血管为主，栓塞材料以PVA颗粒较为安全有效。     

脑动静脉畸形的CT诊断（附100例分析）

报告并分析了１００例经脑血管造影及手术证实的脑动静脉畸形的ＣＴ表现。ＣＴ阳性率为９７％，诊断准确度为６６％。将ＣＴ阳性者分为未破裂ＡＶＭ和破裂ＡＶＭ二组，描述了各的ＣＴ特征，并与血管造影结果对照。未破裂ＡＶＭ组中２２例有占位效应，破裂ＡＶＭ多为血 管造影微小ＡＶＭ。１３例血管造影隐性ＡＶＭ，ＣＴ均为阳性。比较了ＣＴ和血管造影对脑ＡＶＭ的诊断价值。     

肺动静脉畸形的影像诊断及介入治疗分析

目的 探讨肺动静脉畸形的影像学诊断及介入治疗的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年10月至2013年11月在本院行介入治疗的15例肺动静脉畸形患者的临床资料,分析总结其临床表现、影像特征及介入治疗的方法与疗效.结果 15例患者均行CT血管造影(CTA)检查,显示病灶的供血动脉、引流静脉及不同形状的瘤囊,提示肺部动静脉畸形病灶,并将病灶分型,其中简单型12例,复杂型3例.15例患者均行介入栓塞治疗,其中13例患者临床症状逐渐好转,2例复杂型患者症状得到缓解,所有患者介入治疗效果良好,术后均未发生严重并发症.结论 对可疑肺动静脉畸形患者应及时行CTA明确诊断,介入栓塞是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

脑动静脉畸形的MRI及MRA诊断价值

目的：研究脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）的ＭＲＩ特征,探讨其诊断价值。方法：使用ＧＥｓｉｇｎａ ｅｃｈｏ ｓｐｅｅｄ１．５Ｔ超导ＭＲ机对７１例ＡＶＭ患者分别行ＭＲＩ及ＭＲＡ检查。ＭＲＩ采用ＳＥＴ１和ＦＳＥＴ２加权序列,ＭＲＡ采用３Ｄ－ＴＯＦ序列。结果：ＭＲＩ及ＭＲＡ能显示ＡＶＭ的瘤巢,ＡＶＭ的继发改变ＭＲＩ能很好显示,ＭＲＡ能显示ＡＶＭ的三维解剖结果。结论：ＭＲＡ和ＭＲＩ是无创性评从脑ＡＶＭ的有效方法,两     

脑动静脉畸形的CT诊断(附69例分析)

本文收集经手术、脑血管造影等证实的脑动静脉畸形69例,CT诊断与手术病理、脑血管造影等符合率为92.7％。脑内隐匿性AVM诊断较为困难,讨论了隐匿性AVMCT表现的病理基础及鉴别诊断要点。有82.6％的病例临床诊断为其它疾病,l3％的病例CT平扫阴性,应引起重视。提出了双剂量增强在脑内AVMCT诊断中的应用。     

肢体和颅面部血管畸形的血管造影诊断及介入治疗

目的 探讨肢体和颅面部血管畸形的血管造影诊断及介入治疗的临床价值.资料与方法 56例肢体和颅面部血管畸形患者,颅面部14例,上肢18例,下肢24例.先行血管造影,了解病变部位、累及范围、供血动脉、引流静脉及侧支循环情况.然后行栓塞治疗,超选择插管至病变供血动脉内,根据病变性质、造影表现、插管的具体位置及治疗目的 ,选择不同种类、大小的栓塞剂及栓塞方法.对四肢近端局限性动静脉瘘患者置入带膜支架封堵瘘口.结果 56例患者通过选择性动脉造影均明确诊断,其中44例表现为动静脉畸形,供血动脉与引流静脉之间有明显迂曲扩张畸形血管团;12例表现为动静脉瘘.23例行介人治疗,其中21例栓塞后临床症状和体征均有不同程度的缓解,表现为局部包块缩小,血管杂音减轻或消失,心脏功能改善等,2例带膜支架置入后血管杂音消失.随访4～48个月,除2例臀部血管畸形患者栓塞后1年左右又出现临床症状而接受相应治疗外,其余患者均未出现明显临床症状.结论 经导管动脉造影是肢体和颅面部血管畸形的可靠诊断方法;介入治疗血管畸形创伤小、安全、有效,并发症少.     

Transarterial Embolization with Berenstein Liquid Coils and N-butyl Cyanoacrylate in a Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation: a Case Report

A 12-week-old baby with a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) was successfully treated with performing transarterial microcatheter-directed embolization with Berenstein Liquid Coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate in the feeding arteries. Post-procedure angiography showed a marked decrease of the blood flow into the dilated vein of Galen. Three months later, follow-up angiography showed that the vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation had totally disappeared, and the baby recovered very well without any sequelae. We report here on this interesting case along with a review of the relevant literature, and we aim to enhance physicians'' awareness of the treatment for VGAMs.     

脊髓和脑动脉静脉畸形血管构筑及其异同研究进展

脊髓AVM由多条动脉供血,多条静脉引流,位于颈段的AVM还可通过脑静脉窦回流。脊髓AVM最早发生在胎龄3周前,据血管构筑学可细分为终末型供血型、穿支供血型、动静脉直接交通、AVM伴有动脉瘤及AVM伴有静脉动脉瘤样扩张五类,根据不同类型选择相应治疗方法。脑AVM的供血动脉及回流静较少,神经外科对脑AVM常用SpetzlerMartin分类法,在放射学领域则采取其它分类。极少数患者出现畸形团的自发闭塞,但未能排除闭塞畸形团再通的可能,故对这些患者还须定期随访。今后当加强脊髓AVM的血管构筑学研究,更新理念。血管构筑学并非只依赖解剖、放射等学科的形态学,还应重视流动血液与周围组织的影响,与血液流变学、血流动力学等结合,改进观察手段,变单维为多维,变静态为动态,并开展前瞻随机对照研究,成为一门动态的、更完善、更明确的学科。     

Occlusion of Posterior Fossa Dural Sinuses in Vein of Galen Malformation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Spontaneous or progressive occlusion of the posterior fossa dural sinuses is often observed in patients with vein of Galen malformation, which can affect the clinical course. The aim of this study was to examine the patency of the posterior fossa dural sinuses in patients with vein of Galen malformation and to analyze the clinical and angiographic course of this condition.MATERIALS AND METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 61 consecutive children with vein of Galen malformations. Clinical presentation, management, outcome, and angiographic change were analyzed for the patients with attention paid to all dural sinus occlusions.RESULTS:Twenty patients (32.8%) demonstrated spontaneous sinus occlusion, mostly in the sigmoid sinus. This condition was not observed in neonates and was first discovered during infancy or childhood. Progression of sinus occlusion was seen in 10 patients, and the conditions of 6 of them deteriorated in accordance with the progression of sinus occlusion. After total or subtotal obliteration of the malformation by transarterial glue embolization, 13 patients recovered to healthy, 3 patients had only mild developmental delay, and 4 patients remained neurologically disabled.CONCLUSIONS:Spontaneous sinus occlusion is not a rare condition and can result in neurologic deterioration in the natural history of untreated vein of Galen malformation. If signs of progressive sinus occlusion are noticed, early arteriovenous shunt reduction or elimination by transarterial glue embolization is expected to prevent permanent brain damage.

Vein of Galen malformations (VGMs) are direct arteriovenous shunts in the subarachnoid space of the velum interpositum cistern and quadrigeminal cistern, supplied by the choroidal and quadrigeminal arteries and drained by the dilated median prosencephalic vein of Markowski, the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen.^1,2 This malformation is considered to form between 6 and 11 weeks of gestational age when this transient embryonic vein exists.The clinical presentation of VGM varies depending on the age of the patient. Neonates typically present with high-output congestive heart failure due to high-flow shunt producing cardiac overload, whereas infants and children usually present with hydrovenous disorders, such as macrocrania, prominent facial and scalp veins, and hydrocephalus.^2,3 Hydrovenous disorders result from diminished absorption of CSF due to cerebral venous hypertension.⁴ Development of outflow restriction in the posterior fossa dural sinuses will improve the cardiac overload but will lead to further intracranial venous hypertension, which will not only interfere with absorption of CSF but will also create congestion within cerebral veins. Venous hypertension consequently results in brain tissue loss and hence developmental delay.^2,3Thus, posterior fossa dural sinus occlusion is thought to aggravate the clinical course of VGM. However, its incidence, pathogenic mechanism, and the effect of endovascular embolization are unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and angiographic course of patients with VGM with sinus occlusion and to determine whether embolization can prevent clinical deterioration in these patients.     

肺动静脉畸形影像学诊断

目的：评价各种成像技术（传统Ｘ线检查、核素显像、ＣＴ、血管造影）诊断ＰＡＶＭ的价值，提高对ＰＡＶＭ的认识。材料和方法：回顾性分析了１２例经手术／血管造影证实ＰＡＶＭ影像学资料。结果：胸部传统Ｘ线检查１２例，８例提示ＰＡＶＭ；肺灌注核素显像６例，均提示胸内右向左分流；ＣＴ检查５例，诊断ＰＡＶＭ３例；血管造影１２例，均确诊为ＰＡＶＭ。结论：临床上除外心脏疾患引起的缺氧症状，胸部Ｘ线检查显示单发或多发结节影，透视大小及形态能改变，存在异常引流血管影者应高度怀疑ＰＡＶＭ。肺灌注核素显像具有筛查作用，ＣＴ扫描对诊断有一定的帮助，血管造影具有确诊价值。     

磁敏感成像诊断脑血管畸形

目的：探讨磁敏感成像对海绵状血管瘤和静脉畸形等脑血管畸形的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析23例经手术病理证实的海绵状血管瘤和静脉畸形患者的磁敏感成像后处理图像及常规T1 WI、T2WI及增强T1WI图像。结果：23例脑血管畸形中海绵状血管瘤18例、静脉畸形5例。常规MRI和磁敏感成像均显示18例海绵状血管瘤的出血灶,磁敏感成像上14例呈“铁环”征,常规MRI仅9例见此征象,磁敏感成像显示出血范围较常规MRI大;5例静脉畸形磁敏感成像均显示引流静脉及髓静脉呈条状低信号,髓静脉呈特征性的“海蛇头”状分布,常规MRI仅2例显示此征。结论：磁敏感成像能敏感地显示出血、微出血及细小静脉,与常规MRI结合可显著提高海绵状血管瘤和静脉畸形的检出率。     

体部动静脉畸形介入栓塞治疗的临床应用

目的　探讨体部简单动静脉畸形和复杂动静脉畸形的栓塞方法。方法　使用金属钢圈、液性组织胶、可脱离球囊分别对1 0例体部动静脉畸形栓塞。简单动静脉畸形采用金属钢圈或可脱离球囊对供血动脉直接栓塞以闭塞畸形的血管。复杂动静脉畸形采用组织胶栓塞异常血管团 ,阻断多支动脉供血或防止侧枝血管建立引起的复发。结果　 1 0例体部动静脉畸形栓塞后畸形血管完全闭塞 ,经 1～ 6年随访无复发。结论　介入栓塞对体部动静脉畸形是一种方法简便、疗效可靠的治疗方法 ,是临床治疗体部动静脉畸形的首选方法     

肠道血管畸形出血的介入放射学诊治价值

目的：评价介入放射学方法诊断肠道血管畸形的准确性和治疗肠道出血的价值。材料与方法：采用Ｓｅｄｉｎｇｅｒ技术，对２２例可疑肠道血管畸形导致消化道出血者，并经非介入性有性或诊断不明确病例作肠系膜上或／和肠系膜下动脉或腹腔干动脉造影，结果：２２例３１支动脉造影均发现病变并确诊为肠道血管畸形，其中１４例行外科手术治疗，并经病理结果证实。