多种类型房室结折返性心动过速的电生理特点

目的 探讨多种类型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）的电生理特征及消融体会。方法 回顾性分析成功行射频导管消融的113例AVNRT病人的临床和心内电生理资料。结果 113例AVNRT患者中6例存在多种类型AVNRT,其中存在2种、3种和4种类型AVNRT者各占2例,共有8种类型AVNRT;2例存在MAVNP,其余4例DAVNP阳性;均在慢径路区域行射频消融,放电时出现交界性早搏和/或心律,放电次数,功率、时间和X线曝光时间与同期慢-快型AVNRT相似,术后应用阿托品或异丙基肾上腺素未再诱发室上性心动过速,亦无回波,术中和术后均无房室传导阻滞,随访2.0-25.5月,无1例复发。结论 多种类型AVNRT并不少见,中径路既有逆传功能,也具有前传功能,多种类型AVNRT的射频消融类似于慢-快型AVNRT,安全有效。     

低能量射频消融慢径治疗房室结折返性心动过速的评估

目的初步探讨射频改良房室结双径路的能量,房室传导阻滞发生率,初步手术成功率和复发率.方法自1998年1月至2000年6月,对20例(女14例,男6例),平均年龄(43.4±17.1)岁频发房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)患者,采用射频消融能量从5W低能量开始,无效则按每5W逐渐递增,限定最大能量为30W进行消融慢径改良房室结功能.结果20例患者全部改良成功,平均释放能量5～30W,平均(17.6±7.2)W,术后平均4～30个月随访,无1例发生房室传导阻滞并发症,其中1例术后2个月复发AVNRT,经再次射频消融慢径改良房室结功能成功.结论采用低能量射频消融改良房室结功能,疗效满意,对减少房室传导阻滞并发症有益.     

低能量射频消融慢径治疗房室结折返性心动过速的评估

目的:初步探讨射频改良房室结双径路的能量,房室传导阻滞发生率,初步手术成功率和复发率。方法:自1998年1月至2000年6月,对20例(女14例,男6例),平均年龄(43.4±17.1)岁频发房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)患者,采用射频消融能量从5W低能量开始,无效则按每5W逐渐递增,限定最大能量为30W进行消融慢径改良房室结功能。结果:20例患者全部改良成功,平均释放能量5～30W,平均(17.6±7.2)W,术后平均4～30个月随访,无1例发生房室传导阻滞并发症,其中1例术后2个月复发AVNRT,经再次射频消融慢径改良房室结功能成功。结论:采用低能量射频消融改良房室结功能,疗效满意,对减少房室传导阻滞并发症有益。     

射频导管消融房室结慢径路严密心电监测的临床意义

目的探讨房室结慢径路消融有效放电过程中,心电监测的临床意义。方法分析55例慢-快型房室结折返性心动过速(S-F AVNRT),在有效靶点以低能量(15～25W)放电时的心电监测资料。结果55例房室结慢径路消融均获成功,有效放电过程均出现交接区心搏。7倒出现一过性房室传导阻滞(AVB),其中5例于交接区心搏伴室一房阻滞即刻停止放电后发生,2例于窦性心搏P—R间期延长即刻停止放电后发生,无1例出现持续性AVB。随访3～48个月,4例复发,均再次消融后未再复发。结论心电监测可指导射频能量的应用,避免持续性AVB的发生。     

房室结折返性心动过速患者慢径改良术后的远期随访研究

目的 评价慢径改良术治疗房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的远期疗效和安全性.方法 57例慢径改良术后的AVNRT患者[男性20例,女性37例,平均年龄(46.5±123)岁]接受了随访研究,平均随访时间(36±24)个月,随访内容包括:心电图和24 h动态心电图P-R间期、食管电生理房室结前传有效不应期(AVN-ERP)、1∶1房室传导的最大频率、心动过速复发率、并发症发生率以及生活质量等.结果 本组患者慢径改良成功率96.5%(55/57),复发率5.5%(3/55),其中术后3个月内复发1例,6个月以上复发2例.Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞经心电图证实为1例(1.8%),经Holer检测为6例(10.9%).Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞1例,远期随访未发现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞.射频消融后AVN-ERP延长,1∶1房室传导的最大频率减慢.93.1%的患者远期随访无不适主诉.结论 远期随访表明,射频消融房室结慢径治疗AVNRT是安全、有效的,提高了患者的生活质量.     

房室结慢径消融后对快径前传不应期影响

<正> 房室结双径路(DAVNP)是形成房室结折返性心动过速的必须电生理基础,射频消融房室结慢径路是治疗房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)安全、有效的方法.射频消融慢径路后有学者发现快径路前传不应期发生改变,本文对慢径路消融后快径路前传不应期改变,探讨慢径路消融后对快径路前传不应期的影响.1 资料和方法1.1 病例选择经电生理检查证实为DAVNP伴AVNRT患者44例,其中男性21例,女性23例;年龄15～77岁,平均年龄46.77±14.89岁;病史0.6～30年,均有反复发作室上性心动过速史.无器质性心脏病证据.合并房室结快径经消融者未选入.     

伴连续性房室结功能曲线的房室结折返性心动过速的电生理分析

目的：探讨无房室结双径路特性的房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的电生理特点。方法：所有心动过速患射频消融前常规行心内电生理检查。结果：845例射频病人中325例为AVNRT，其中有21例患房室结功能曲线呈连续性，其电生理特征：希氏束图上心房回波(A)先出现，A波落在室波升支或其前，希氏柬不应期内刺激心室，不能提前夺获心房，射频消融后心房刺激时AHmax明显缩短。结论：伴连续性房室结功能曲线的AVNRT患心房刺激不表现房室结双径路的电生理特性，其消融终点初步定为：心房心室S1S1、S1S2刺激不诱发AVNRT；无AHvH传导曲线跳跃；房室结前传不应期明显缩短。     

房室结折返性心动过速慢径消融终点与复发的关系

目的:观察房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的慢径消融终点与复发的联系。方法:534个慢-快型AVNRT患者行慢径消融治疗,观察A型终点(彻底消融慢径,房室结无跳无折)和B型终点(残留慢径有或无1～3心房回波,不能诱发AVNRT)与AVNRT复发的联系及对房室结传导的影响。结果:①A型复发5例(1.2%),B型复发11例(9.4%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。②A型终点房室结前传文氏周期(Wen-AVN)、快径前传有效不应期和房室结双径路(DAVNP)的跳跃增值缩短,B型快径前传有效不应期和房室结双径路的跳跃增值缩短,A型有效不应期的缩短明显大于B型。结论:A型终点的复发率明显低于B型终点;只要改变房室传导功能,不能诱发心动过速,B型终点仍然是有效、可靠的消融终点。     

房室结慢径消融治疗房室结折返性心动过速并发完全性房室阻滞的研究

<正> 射频消融(Radiofrequency current ablation,RFCA)治疗房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)临床上已得到广泛开展,选择性消融慢径被一致认为是最安全、有效的方法.但有部分患者并发完全性房室传导阻滞,即使在有经验的心脏中心,其发生率仍为0～3%,可发生在消融过程中,亦可发生在消融术后.我们对我院开展RFCA工作以来发生的2例完全性房室传导阻滞病例进行了回顾分析,以避免今后发生完全性房室传导阻滞等并发症.1 资料和方法病例:对56例AVNRT病人进行了房室结慢径消融,其中2例出现Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞,均为男性,年龄分别为63岁、32岁,阵发性室上性心动过速病史超过十年,既往无器质性心脏病和传导阻滞病史.     

下位法射频消融慢径路改良房室结治疗室上性心动过速23例

用下位法射频消融慢径路改良房室结治疗房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)18例,房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)5例.AVNRT中16例为慢—快型,1例快—慢型,1例慢—快型与快—慢型并存,18例慢径路全部阻断成功.AVRT中1例显性预激,4例隐性预激,有5例慢径路和3例房室旁路消融成功.射频放电时21例出现结性心律.无严重并发症出现.AVNRT病人中随仿1—15个月有1例复发,第二次射频成功.认为下位法射频消融阻断慢径路成功率高,并发症少.     

Risk of development of delayed atrioventricular block after slow pathway modification in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and a pre-existing prolonged PR interval.

AIMS: The objective of this prospective study was to assess risk factors for the development of atrioventricular block following slow pathway modification in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and a pre-existing prolonged PR interval. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 346 consecutive patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia undergoing slow pathway modification, 18 patients (62 +/- 7 years; five females) were found to have a prolonged PR interval prior to ablation. Total elimination of the functional slow pathway was assumed if the antegrade effective refractory period following slow pathway modification was longer than the cycle length of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. To detect atrioventricular node conduction disturbances, 24-h Holter recordings were performed 1 day prior to slow pathway modification, and 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months after the procedure. Six patients developed late atrioventricular block. The incidence of delayed atrioventricular block following successful slow pathway modification was higher in patients with, compared to patients without, prolonged PR interval at baseline (6/18 vs 0/328, P < .001). In the former group, the antegrade effective refractory period was longer in patients with, compared to those without, a delayed atrioventricular block (492 +/- 150 ms vs 332 +/- 101 ms, P < 0.05). The incidence of delayed atrioventricular block was higher in patients with total elimination of the slow pathway compared to patients without (5/7 vs 1/11, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Slow pathway modification in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and a prolonged PR interval is highly effective. However, there is a significant risk of development of delayed atrioventricular block, particularly when the procedure results in total elimination of the slow pathway.     

CARTO与常规X线指导下射频消融房室结折返性心动过速的对比观察

目的 对比研究三维电解剖标测系统（CARTO）指导下和常规X线指导下射频消融房室结折返性心动过速的不同特点及优势,探讨CARTO指导下行房室结折返性心动过速射频消融的优势及可行性.方法 将60例房室结折返性心动过速的患者随机分为2组：CARTO系统指导下射频消融组和常规X线指导下射频消融组,对比两组的手术时间、X线曝光时间、放电时间、并发症的发生率、复发率、成功率.结果 CARTO系统指导下射频消融组患者30例,即刻成功率达100％,无1例发生并发症,随访半年以上均未复发,X线曝光时间较常规组明显缩短,手术时间较常规组无明显缩短.常规X线指导下射频消融组30例,1例并发Ⅲ.房室传导阻滞,2例复发改为CARTO指导下再次行射频消融后成功,随访半年未再复发.结论 在房室结折返性心动过速患者的射频消融中,三维电解剖标测系统指导与传统X线指导相比,增加了手术的安全性,提高了手术成功率,减少复发,且明显减少了X线的曝光时间.     

Targeting the slow pathway for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: initial results and long-term follow-up in 379 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to examine the immediate and short-term outcomes of patients who have undergone slow pathway ablation/modification for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. BACKGROUND: Targeting the slow pathway has emerged as the superior form of treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. This technique has been found effective and is associated with a low complication rate. However, little is known of the long-term outcome of patients undergoing this procedure. METHODS: Over a 40-month period the slow pathway was targeted in 379 consecutive patients with proven atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The case records of all patients were examined. Accurate follow-up data is available in 96% of patients a mean of 20.6 months after the procedure. RESULTS: The initial success rate was 97%. The incidence of complete heart block was 0.8% and the mean fluoroscopy duration was 27.3 min. The recurrence rate was 6.9%. Age, number of pulses and fluoroscopy time were positively associated with either initial failure or recurrence. A total of 11.3% of patients were still taking antiarrhythmic medication at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting the slow pathway is an effective form of treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The technique has a high initial success rate, a low complication rate and a low recurrence rate at long-term follow-up. Slow pathway modification is associated with similar success rates and recurrence rates as slow pathway ablation and may confer theoretical long-term benefits.     

程控刺激不能诱发的房室结折返性心动过速慢径消融的临床疗效评估

目的　评价程控刺激不能诱发的房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT)射频消融慢径的临床疗效。方法　 6 1例有心动过速病史且心电图疑诊为AVNRT的病人 ,电生理检查有房室结双径(DAVNP)但不能诱发AVNRT ,随机分为两组。A组 30例不消融而进行临床随访 ,当心动过速复发且经心电图证实为窄QRS心动过速者接受射频消融阻断慢径。B组 31例接受射频消融以阻断慢径 ,术后临床随访。结果　A、B两组分别有 2 4例和 2 7例病人完成随访。A组 2 4例随访中分别在 1年内发作心动过速 ,再次接受消融阻断慢径后随访 (12 .1± 12 .2 )个月 ,仅 1例复发心动过速 (4.2 % ) ,与消融前比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 0 1)。B组 2 7例平均随访 (2 4 .2± 17.6 )个月 ,1例复发心动过速 (3.7% ) ,与A组病人消融前相比差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 0 1) ,而与其消融后比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　有阵发性心动过速病史且心电图疑诊为AVNRT的病人 ,电生理检查有DAVNP而不能诱发心动过速者 ,射频消融阻断慢径具有良好的临床疗效。     

Comparison of late results of surgical or radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

AIMS: Although arrhythmia surgery and radiofrequency catheter ablation to cure atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia differ in technical concept, the late results of both methods, in terms of elimination of the arrhythmogenic substrate and procedure-related new and different arrhythmias, have never been compared. This constituted the purpose of this prospective follow-up study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1988 and 1992, 26 patients were surgically treated using perinodal dissection or 'skeletonization', and from 1991 up to 1995, 120 patients underwent radiofrequency modification of the atrioventricular node for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The acute success rates of surgery and radiofrequency catheter ablation were 96% and 92%, respectively. Late recurrence, rate in the surgical and radiofrequency catheter ablation groups was 12% and 17%, respectively. Mean follow-up was 53 months in the surgical group and 28 months in the radiofrequency catheter ablation group. The final success rate after repeat intervention was 100% in the surgical group and 98% in the radiofrequency catheter ablation group. Comparison of the initial and recent series of radiofrequency catheter ablated patients showed an increased initial success rate with fewer applications. In the radiofrequency catheter ablation group, a second- or third-degree block developed in three patients (2%), requiring permanent pacing, whereas in the surgical group no complete atrioventricular block was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia needing drug treatment was observed in 13 patients (11%), mostly after fast pathway ablation, but was never observed after surgery. New and different supraventricular tachyarrhythmias arose in 27% of the patients in the surgical group and in 11% of the radiofrequency catheter ablation group, but did not clearly differ. CONCLUSION: This one-institutional follow-up study demonstrated comparable initial and late success rates as well as incidence of new and different supraventricular arrhythmias following arrhythmia surgery and radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Today radiofrequency catheter ablation has replaced arrhythmia surgery for various reasons, but the late arrhythmic side-effects warrant refinement of technique.     

射频消融治疗房室结折返性心动过速的方法学研究——判断慢径阻断的新指标

改良房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT)慢径消融的方法学 ,以探讨判断慢径阻断的新指标。 6 0例AVNRT病人接受慢径射频消融术 ,根据X线影像部位和局部电图特点确定消融靶点 ,心房快速刺激 (S1S1)显示慢径前传放电消融 ,以 10s内慢径前传阻滞作为有效消融指标并以此连续放电达 30s。消融后房室结双径传导消失 ,不再诱发AVNRT为手术终点。 6 0例病人均达到消融终点。共消融 36 1个靶点 ,其中放电不足 10s者 2 80个、放电 30s者 81个 ,后者中 6 0个为有效消融靶点。有效阻断慢径者表现为放电 6 .9± 1.8(2 .8～ 10 )s慢径前传阻滞 ,S1刺激经快径前传。所有病人术后 3～ 7天食管电生理复查不再诱发AVNRT。随访 3～ 19个月无AVNRT复发。结论 :显示慢径前传消融可客观判断放电消融的有效性 ,避免盲目延长放电时间所造成的无效心肌损伤     

小影像Koch三角及其房室结射频消融应注意的问题

为探讨小影像Koch三角房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT)病人射频消融时应注意的问题 ,右前斜位 30°透视下 ,将最大希氏束 (HBE)电位记录处与冠状静脉窦口 (CSo)处的影像距离容纳不下 3个 8F加硬大头电极者定义为小影像Koch三角 ,对 16例小影像Koch三角的AVNRT病人 ,参照慢径消融法行射频消融。结果 :16例病人中 ,成功消融靶点位于CSo水平以下者 12例 ,与CSo位于同一水平者 3例 ,位于CSo水平以上者 1例。 16例病人经消融后房室传导跳跃现象消失者 14例 ;跳跃现象存在 ,但无心房回波 ,异丙肾上腺素亦不能诱发AVNRT者 2例。上述 12例中有 1例于术中出现一过性房室阻滞 (AVB) ,术后 2 4h发生Ⅱ度Ⅱ型AVB ,出院后随访 3个月未能恢复正常 ,因心率为 38～ 5 0次 /分 ,并伴有脑供血不足症状 ,遂置入永久心脏起搏器。其余病人经过 3.5± 1.2 (0 .5～ 5 )年的随访 ,无AVNRT复发 ,亦无AVB发生。结论 :对于小影像Koch三角AVNRT病人的射频消融 ,应突破常规消融时的区位划分概念 ,主要在CSo前下方寻找并消融慢径 ,并根据放电后反应及时调整消融参数。     

Atrial tachycardia with slow pathway conduction mimicking typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

A 68-year-old woman with palpitations underwent electrophysiologic testing. During burst atrial pacing the PR interval exceeded the RR interval and induced a supraventricular tachycardia consistent with a typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway during the tachycardia immediately produced 2 : 1 AV conduction. After slow AV nodal pathway ablation an atrial tachycardia (AT) remained inducible with the earliest atrial activation around the HB region. Radiofrequency ablation at the site of earliest atrial activation interrupted the AT without AV block. AT originating from the HB region with slow pathway conduction may mimic typical AVNRT.     

Long-term safety and efficacy of slow pathway ablation in patients with atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia and pre-existing prolonged PR interval.

The association of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and pre-existing prolonged PR interval is unusual. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation in such patients may be associated with an increased risk of immediate and delayed AV block. The aim of our study is to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of slow pathway ablation in this population. We studied 10 patients (4 males and 6 females) with pre-existing prolonged PR interval of 68 consecutive patients with AVNRT. All had slow-fast subtype of AVNRT. The mean PR interval was 222 +/- 15 ms before RF. The patients with pre-existing prolonged PR were older (69 +/- 15 vs. 54 +/- 17, P = 0.008) and their tachycardias were slower (387 +/- 102 vs. 323 +/- 73 ms; P < 0.05). Transient complete AV block (<5 s) occurred in two patients. None had permanent complete AV block. One patient had a significant increase in PR interval (from 220 to 320 ms). The mean post-RF PR interval was 232+/-37 ms (P = n.s.). Over a mean follow-up of 39 +/- 21 months, none had a recurrence of tachycardia nor developed higher degree AV block. In conclusion, in patients with AVNRT and pre-existing prolonged PR interval, a slow pathway ablation appeared efficient and safe. From our data, no delayed AV block developed on a long follow-up. Most of the patients with periprocedural transient AV block had no evidence of dual AV node physiology, suggesting that, in this population, absence of dual AV node physiology may be associated with a higher risk of AV block during slow pathway ablation.     

磁导航遥控射频导管消融治疗房室结折返性心动过速的初步体会

目的 探讨应用磁导航系统遥控射频导管消融治疗房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的安全性和有效性.方法 对37例腔内电生理证实为AVNRT的患者(女性29例),平均年龄(44±15)岁,应用NiobeⅡ磁导航系统控制HeliosⅡ磁性温控导管,实施慢径改良术,对于反复放电不出现交界性心律或出现"有效消融"仍能诱发出AVNRT者施行Koch三角基底部线性消融术.结果 37例患者均实现即刻消融成功,其中14例实现慢径消融,余23例达到慢径改良,除1例患者出现一过性一度房室阻滞以外,余未出现相关并发症.平均消融次数(2.9±1.6)次,放电时间为(130±33)s,总消融时间为(120±32)min,总X线曝光时间为(5.3±2.7)min,术者X线曝光时间为(2.9±1.1)min.消融前后房室结前传文氏点、AH间期及HV间期等电生理参数无明显改变.后入组的19例患者总消融术时间、总X线曝光时间及磁导航遥控导管X线曝光时间较先入组的18例患者明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),而术者X线曝光时间无明显改变,反映出应用磁导航系统进行AVNRT消融治疗仅需较短的学习曲线.结论 应用磁导航系统可安全、有效地实施遥控射频导管消融治疗AVNRT,且学习曲线短,并明显减少术者的X线曝光时间.