肿瘤患者念珠菌血症的危险因素和病原体分析

  目的  本研究旨在确定念珠菌血症的危险因素, 评估肿瘤患者中近平滑假丝酵母菌和其他念珠菌之间可能存在的临床显著性差异。并对白假丝酵母菌血症和近平滑假丝酵母菌血症的临床特点及危险因素进行统计学分析, 旨在通过该类分析, 及时开展干预, 尽量避免易感因素, 进而改善真菌血症患者预后。  方法  回顾性分析郑州大学附属肿瘤医院2012年3月至2018年2月323例念珠菌血症患者的资料。分析患者发生念珠菌血症的危险因素, 同时对比分析近平滑假丝酵母菌和非近平滑假丝酵母菌、白假丝酵母菌和非白假丝酵母菌念珠菌血症的临床差异。通过微量肉汤稀释法对念珠菌常见抗真菌药物进行药敏试验和分析。  结果  念珠菌血症分离病原体中, 最常见的为近平滑假丝酵母菌37.15%（120/323）, 而白假丝酵母菌占34.37%。多变量回归分析结果表明, 下述因素与近平滑假丝酵母菌念珠菌血症的发生相关, 即肠外营养（P < 0.001）、粒缺（P < 0.001）、化疗（P < 0.001）和抗真菌药物的使用（P < 0.001）, 同时肠外营养为近平滑假丝酵母菌念珠菌血症发生的独立危险因素（OR=0.183, 95%CI:0.098~ 0.340;P < 0.001）。  结论  近平滑假丝酵母菌超越白假丝酵母菌为患者念珠菌血症主要病原体。通过评估患者念珠菌血症发生的可能危险因素, 以期加强和制定感染控制策略, 从而预防念珠菌血症的传播。      

肿瘤化疗患者假丝酵母菌感染的研究

目的：研究住院肿瘤化疗患者中假丝酵母菌感染的分布及耐药性,为临床合理应用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法：用法国生物梅里埃公司提供的ID 32C做假丝酵母菌的鉴定,按CLSI要求,用ATBTM Fungus真菌药敏试验板条进行药敏试验。结果：假丝酵母菌属感染的主要真菌有5种,其中以白色假丝酵母菌最多,占55.3%;其他依次为热带假丝酵母菌占13.0%,光滑假丝酵母菌占12.6%,近平滑假丝酵母菌占8.9%,克柔假丝酵母菌占4.8%;假丝酵母菌耐药吡咯类较普遍,5-氟胞嘧啶次之（17.3%）,对两性毒素B耐药（2.5%）的较少。结论：假丝酵母菌属感染主要由白色假丝酵母菌引起;假丝酵母菌对目前抗真菌药呈普遍耐药性,应联合足量用药。     

消化系统肿瘤患者术后真菌感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析消化系统肿瘤患者术后真菌感染病原菌分布特点及耐药情况,从而为临床预防和诊治提供依据.方法 随机选取消化系统肿瘤术后患者1000例为调查对象,其中合并真菌感染患者91例,感染率为9.1％.收集标本,对检出的病原菌进行菌属鉴定,同时进行药敏试验.结果 年龄、远处转移以及肿瘤分期是影响肿瘤患者术后真菌感染的因素(P＜0.05).91例感染患者中,呼吸系统感染72例,占79.12％,消化系统感染17例,占18.68％,泌尿系统感染3例,占3.30％;91株真菌中,白色假丝酵母-菌59株,占64.84％,热带假丝酵母菌12株,占13.19％,光滑假丝酵母菌11株,占12.09％,克柔假丝酵母菌7株,占7.69％,其他2株,占2.20％;91例患者中,合并细菌二重感染58例,占63.74％.以革兰阴性菌为主,占94.83％,其中包括肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌等.合并革兰阳性菌占5.17％,为葡萄球菌属;白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌以及克柔假丝酵母菌对两性霉素、伏立康唑耐药性为0,对氟康唑和氟康唑有较低耐药率.结论 消化系统肿瘤术后患者真菌感染以白色假丝酵母菌为主,且多合并细菌感染,以革兰阴性菌为主,好发部位为呼吸道,临床上应根据药敏试验结果采取有效的药物治疗.     

恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染发生率、感染部位、危险因素以及耐药情况分析

目的 分析恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染发生率、感染部位、危险因素以及耐药情况。方法 收集80例恶性肿瘤患者的病历资料,分析恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染发生率及感染部位,采用非条件Logistic回归分析探讨真菌感染的危险因素,并统计耐药情况。结果 80例恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后真菌感染发生率为18.75%(15/80)。经鉴定共发现真菌28株,其中以白色假丝酵母菌（53.57%）最为常见,其次为光滑假丝酵母菌（21.43%）、热带假丝酵母菌（14.29%）。15例真菌感染患者的感染部位主要为呼吸道、泌尿系统、口腔,占比分别为60.00%、26.67%、13.33%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁、伴有基础性疾病、留置导尿管/胃管、临床分期为Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、住院时间≥30天、使用抗生素、使用激素均为恶性肿瘤患者放化疗后继发真菌感染的独立危险因素（P﹤0.01）。28株真菌对常用于治疗真菌感染的抗生素均表现出了程度不一的耐药率,尤其是酮康唑与益康唑,耐药率高达35.71%与25.00%。结论 临床治疗中应采取有效干预措施对恶性肿瘤放化疗患者真菌感染的危险因素进行有效控制,合理应用抗生...     

肿瘤化疗患者假丝酵母菌感染的研究

目的:研究住院肿瘤化疗患者中假丝酵母菌感染的分布及耐药性,为临床合理应用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法:用法国生物梅里埃公司提供的ID 32C做假丝酵母菌的鉴定,按CLSI要求,用ATBTM Fungus真菌药敏试验板条进行药敏试验。结果:假丝酵母菌属感染的主要真菌有5种,其中以白色假丝酵母菌最多,占55.3%;其他依次为热带假丝酵母菌占13.0%,光滑假丝酵母菌占12.6%,近平滑假丝酵母菌占8.9%,克柔假丝酵母菌占4.8%;假丝酵母菌耐药吡咯类较普遍,5-氟胞嘧啶次之(17.3%),对两性毒素B耐药(2.5%)的较少。结论:假丝酵母菌属感染主要由白色假丝酵母菌引起;假丝酵母菌对目前抗真菌药呈普遍耐药性,应联合足量用药。     

肺癌患者院内感染微生物学特点及预后因素分析

目的:探讨肺癌患者院内感染的临床特征、微生物学特点以及预后因素。方法:回顾性分析2013年08月至2019年06月在我院肿瘤中心治疗的171例肺癌合并院内感染患者的临床资料,分析院内感染的发生率、微生物学特点、院内死亡率及其影响因素。结果:1 008例肺癌患者中,171例（17.0%）患者发生院内感染,呼吸道感染所占比例最高,为76.0%。分离的病原体主要包括革兰阴性菌、真菌和革兰阳性菌。白色假丝酵母菌是最主要的致病菌,占14.6%,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌（12.9%）、铜绿假单胞菌（10.5%）、肺炎链球菌（9.9%）和流感嗜血杆菌（9.4%）。肺癌患者院内感染院内死亡率为21.1%（36/171）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:住院期间接受过机械通气、存在感染性休克以及低蛋白血症是影响肺癌患者院内感染预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论:肺癌患者院内感染发生率及死亡率较高,且受多种因素影响,临床应采取积极有效的措施,以改善患者预后。     

合并真菌血症的恶性肿瘤患者死亡风险预测列线图的构建与评价

  目的  分析合并真菌血症的恶性肿瘤患者死亡风险因素,建立基于列线图的评价体系,为临床早期干预,改善预后提供理论依据。  方法  回顾性分析天津医科大学肿瘤医院2010年1月至2021年12月合并真菌血症的112例恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,根据第1次从血液中分离出真菌后30天内是否发生死亡,分为死亡组与非死亡组,利用单因素、多因素回归分析及Stepwise算法筛选,明确30天内死亡的独立危险因素,构建预测列线图并进行评价。  结果  在纳入病例中30天粗病死率为38.4 %,主要感染菌种为白色念珠菌54例（48.2%）,其次为光滑念珠菌26例（23.2%）、热带念珠菌13例（11.6%）、近平滑念珠菌12例（10.7%）等非白色念珠菌;肾功能障碍（OR=6.818,95%CI:2.244～23.310）、ICU入住>5天（OR=8.737,95%CI:2.918～28.543）,肿瘤远处转移（OR=6.384,95%CI:2.067～21.647）是死亡的独立危险因素,基于此构建的预测列线图,其C指数（C-index）为0.898,受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积为0.898（95%CI:0.839～0.957）,当临界值（cutoff value）为28.7分时,其假阳性率为21.7%,敏感度为88.4%。  结论  本研究构建的预测列线图,能够较好地预测合并真菌血症的恶性肿瘤患者30天内死亡风险,为临床诊治工作提供理论帮助。      

恶性血液病并发第二肿瘤的临床特征与危险因素分析(33例)

目的:探讨恶性血液病并发第二肿瘤患者的临床特征、可能的发病机制及危险因素分析。方法:收集自2013年1月至2017年4月于我院血液科就诊的33例罹患两种及以上恶性肿瘤（其中一种为血液系统肿瘤）患者的临床资料,对其进行回顾性分析。结果:33例患者中男性23例,女性10例,第二肿瘤中位发病年龄59岁,其中同时性多原发肿瘤6例,异时性多原发肿瘤27例,双重恶性血液病共8例,治疗相关性急性髓系白血病10例,三原发恶性肿瘤患者2例;33例患者中5例于院内死亡（病程7~12个月）。结论:多原发恶性肿瘤中以双原发、异时性恶性肿瘤多见;第二肿瘤中位发病年龄偏大,其确切病因及发病机制尚不明确,患者多有复杂染色体核型,预后不良;发生第二肿瘤的危险因素可能为第一肿瘤治疗史、吸烟史或特殊接触史（油漆、重金属铬、电子产品）。     

恶性肿瘤化疗患者医院真菌感染的临床分析

目的：了解恶性肿瘤化疗患者医院真菌感染的临床特点。方法：对我院2006年10月-2008年10月68例发生医院真菌感染的恶性肿瘤化疗患者资料资料进行回顾性分析。结果：恶性肿瘤化疗患者医院真菌感染率为3．1％,真菌感染发生部位依次为呼吸道（60．3％）、消化道（22％）、泌尿道（10．3％）等,病原体主要为白色假丝酵母菌（63．2％）、热带假丝酵母菌（14．7％）、光滑假丝酵母菌（7．3％）、克柔假丝酵母菌（5．8％）。结论：恶性肿瘤化疗后患者真菌感染以呼吸道部位最多、白色假丝酵母菌为主要病原体。     

肿瘤重症患者合并血液感染后死亡的相关危险因素分析

  目的  分析重症监护病房肿瘤患者血液感染菌谱并对其相关危险因子进行研究评价。  方法  回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年6月期间天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院合并血液感染的重症肿瘤患者临床资料。  结果  88例患者发生了血液感染, 男性56例, 女性32例, 平均（65.8±24.2）岁。45例生存, 43例死亡。血液感染常见菌是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌42株（37.8%）、大肠埃希氏菌15株（13.5%）以及白假丝酵母菌9株（8.1%）。单变量分析显示机械通气>7 d、中心静脉插管以及较高的APACHE Ⅱ评分是重症肿瘤患者合并血液感染后死亡的重要危险因子, 其中机械通气>7 d为独立的死亡风险因子（OR=6.8, 95%CI: 2.5~18.4, P < 0.001）。  结论  凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是引起肿瘤患者血液感染的主要病原菌, 临床应据此采取相应的预防控制措施, 以减少重症肿瘤患者血液感染的发生发展。      

Second malignant neoplasms in children: an update from the Late Effects Study Group

This paper presents an update from the Late Effects Study Group on 292 cases of second malignant neoplasms (SMN) occurring in individuals who were diagnosed with their first neoplasm in childhood. Data are presented regarding the types of first and second neoplasm, the therapy administered, and the predisposing factors. Of the 292 cases (308 SMN), the most common primary was retinoblastoma followed by Hodgkin's disease, soft-tissue sarcomas, and Wilms' tumor. This is not similar to the relative frequency of these cancers in children but rather reflects specific risk factors. Bone sarcomas were the most common SMN among the 208 SMN developing in previously irradiated sites while acute leukemia was the most common SMN unassociated with radiation. Known predisposing conditions to cancer were present in 73 cases; retinoblastoma was the most common of these, followed by neurofibromatosis. There were ten patients with three and three patients with four malignant neoplasms. In 14 patients, the cause of SMN was not suggested by known risk factors as these patients had negative family histories and received no radiation or chemotherapy. We note, therefore, that although most cases of SMN in survivors of childhood cancer can be attributed to radiation, genetic disease, chemotherapy, or combinations of these, unrecognized predisposition or chance may also play a role.     

Association between atl and non-hematopoietic neoplasms

A high incidence of multiple primary neoplasms has been observed in our patients with ATL in comparison to persons with other forms of hematologic malignancy who we have observed during the past 23 years (1963–1985). Five of 15 patients with ATL (33·3 per cent) have had at least one other associated neoplasm in comparison to only 44 of 1156 patients with other forms of hematological malignancy (3·8 per cent). The incidence figures for secondary neoplasms associated with the other hematologic malignancies were 4·3 per cent (16/370) for acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), 2·2 per cent (2/90) for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 4·8 per cent (1/21) for acute unclassifiable leukemia, 2·2 per cent (5/225) for chronic myelogenous leukemia, 4·7 per cent (2/43) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 5·9 per cent (8/136) for malignant monoclonal gammopathy and 3·7 per cent (10/271) for malignant lymphoma. The incidence of multiple neoplasms in patients with ATL in comparison to those with other hematological malignancies was statistically significant (p<0·01 or p<0·001). The neoplasms associated with ATL have been adenocarcinoma of the thyroid or stomach, and squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, lip or lung. We identified ATL-derived factor (ADF) in the cytoplasm of the secondary neoplasms of the ATL patients by means of indirect immunofluoroscopy and immunohistochemical techniques utilizing anti-ADF antibody. We also identified ras p21 products in these neoplasms by means of p21 ras monoclonal antibody studies. The possibility that HTLV-I was the cause of the secondary neoplasms thus was investigated. HTLV-I provirus genome was not found in all the six cases of non-ATL leukemic cells of the patients with anti-HTLV-I antibodies as determined by means of Southern blot analysis utilizing pX DNA probe. These findings suggest that there is some association between ATL cells and pre-malignant cells through ADF or other unknown factors in the activation of ras oncogenes. Subsequent suppression of host immune defence mechanisms in ATL patients permits evolution of the secondary neoplasms.     

120例多原发肿瘤临床分析

 目的 探讨多原发肿瘤的病因、临床特点、治疗及预后。方法 采集北京中医药大学东直门医院120例多原发肿瘤患者病历资料，对其进行回顾性分层分析。结果 （1）男女比例相近；（2）发病年龄为26~89岁，中位年龄58岁；（3）双原发恶性肿瘤116例，三原发恶性肿瘤2例，四原发恶性肿瘤1例，五原发恶性肿瘤1例；（4）同时性多原发肿瘤25例，异时性多原发肿瘤95例，发病间隔时间6~444月，中位间隔时间32月；（5）首发恶性肿瘤以消化系统最多，第二原发恶性肿瘤以血液系统居多；（6）3年和5年生存率分别为48.3%和37.5%。结论 通过临床分析提高对多原发肿瘤的认识，指导临床早发现、早诊断及早治疗，以期延长患者生存期，改善预后。     

合并肾细胞癌的多原发恶性肿瘤9例临床分析

目的探讨合并肾细胞癌(RCC)的多原发恶性肿瘤(MPMN)的发病特点、治疗方法及预后,以提高其临床诊治水平。方法回顾性分析9例合并RCC的MPMN患者的临床资料,并随访生存情况。结果 9例患者中,男5例,女4例,确诊时患者的年龄为43~82岁。双原发恶性肿瘤(DPMN)7例,三原发恶性肿瘤2例。合并RCC的MPMN以消化系统和呼吸系统肿瘤最为常见。9例患者的中位生存时间为25个月,2年和3年生存率分别为66.7%和22.2%。结论对恶性肿瘤患者定期随访可以在早期发现其他原发恶性肿瘤,通过临床分析提高对合并RCC的MPMN的认识也将有助于为患者制订恰当的治疗方案。     

Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans fungemia in children with leukemia

The records were reviewed for all patients hospitalized at a pediatric oncology center for complications of leukemia (n = 822) or lymphoma (n = 290) during an 8-year period. The results of surveillance cultures (throat, rectal, and urine) and blood cultures were analyzed to identify cases of Candida tropicalis and C. albicans colonization and/or fungemia. None of the patients with lymphoma who had positive surveillance cultures for C. albicans (n = 89) or C. tropicalis (n = 23) had fungemia. Among patients with leukemia, significant fungal infection was documented in 12 of 107 colonized with C. tropicalis (11.2%) versus 14 of 700 (2%) colonized with C. albicans (P less than 0.001). The two groups of children with fungemia were similar in primary diagnoses (predominantly acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and in the frequency of several known risk factors for infection, including the duration of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil counts, less than 500/microliters). Patients with C. tropicalis fungemia all had disseminated disease compared with nine of 14 patients with C. albicans fungemia. Also, subcutaneous abscesses were unique to patients with C. tropicalis in this series. Two patients in each group died of their infection; central nervous system involvement was present in both fatal cases of C. tropicalis fungemia. A high index of suspicion and the early institution of appropriate antifungal therapy are critical to the successful management of these infections in patients with leukemia.     

Persistent Fungemia - Risk Factors and Outcome in 40 Episodes

Abstract

The aim of this multicenter survey was to assess risk factors and mortality in patients with persistent fungemia (PF). Cases of persistent fungemia, defined as positive blood culture for at least 3 causative days of antifungal therapy were selected. Forty cases of persistent fungemia (lasting more than 3 days) were compared with 270 non-persistent fungemias appearing within the same period, and analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis for risk factors and outcome. The median number of days of positive culture was 4.4 (3 - 20): 22 episodes were due to Candida albicans, 1 due to non-albicans Candida spp., 6 episodes due to non-Candida spp. Yeasts: 15 were catheter related, 16 patients had yeast-infected surgical wounds, 12 were neutropenic, 4 cases were caused by species resistant in vitro, 2 to amphotericin B (Trichosporon spp.) and 2 to fluconazole (C. laurentii, C. glabrata). Fifteen patients (37.5%) died, 7 of whom due to fungemia. Nineteen cases had one known risk factor (10 had infected wound, 4 infected vascular catheter, 3 were neutropenic and 2 had inappropriate therapy). Fourteen cases had two known risk factors (4 had wound and infected catheter, 4 neutropenia and infected catheter, 2 neu-tropenia and resistant organism, 4 other combinations. Two cases had 3 known risk factors and one had 4 risk factors for persistent fungemia. Artificial ventilation, C. glabrata etiology, non-Candida spp. yeasts such as Trichosporon spp. and Cryptococcus spp. and prior surgery were significantly associated with persistent fungemia in univariate, whereas only C. glabrata etiology in multivariate analysis. Breakthrough fungemia during empiric therapy with fluconazole was also observed more frequently in patients with persistent fungemia. However, there was no difference in both attributable and overall mortality between both groups.     

Persistent fungemia--risk factors and outcome in 40 episodes

The aim of this multicenter survey was to assess risk factors and mortality in patients with persistent fungemia (PF). Cases of persistent fungemia, defined as positive blood culture for at least 3 causative days of antifungal therapy were selected. Forty cases of persistent fungemia (lasting more than 3 days) were compared with 270 non-persistent fungemias appearing within the same period, and analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis for risk factors and outcome. The median number of days of positive culture was 4.4 (3 - 20): 22 episodes were due to Candida albicans, 1 due to non-albicans Candida spp., 6 episodes due to non-Candida spp. Yeasts: 15 were catheter related, 16 patients had yeast-infected surgical wounds, 12 were neutropenic, 4 cases were caused by species resistant in vitro, 2 to amphotericin B (Trichosporon spp.) and 2 to fluconazole (C. laurentii, C. glabrata). Fifteen patients (37.5%) died, 7 of whom due to fungemia. Nineteen cases had one known risk factor (10 had infected wound, 4 infected vascular catheter, 3 were neutropenic and 2 had inappropriate therapy). Fourteen cases had two known risk factors (4 had wound and infected catheter, 4 neutropenia and infected catheter, 2 neutropenia and resistant organism, 4 other combinations. Two cases had 3 known risk factors and one had 4 risk factors for persistent fungemia. Artificial ventilation, C. glabrata etiology, non-Candida spp. yeasts such as Trichosporon spp. and Cryptococcus spp. and prior surgery were significantly associated with persistent fungemia in univariate, whereas only C. glabrata etiology in multivariate analysis. Breakthrough fungemia during empiric therapy with fluconazole was also observed more frequently in patients with persistent fungemia. However, there was no difference in both attributable and overall mortality between both groups.     

正电子发射断层显像在心脏恶性肿瘤诊断中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨正电子发射断层显像(PET/CT)在心脏肿瘤诊断中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析2011年1月-2018年12月,在我中心行PET/CT检查的23例心脏肿瘤患者的全身PET/CT的诊断结果,确诊依据为术后病理结果、临床随诊结果证实,评价PET/CT对心脏肿瘤诊断效能.结合影像学特征及SUVmax得到PET/...     

Clinical Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 and Hematologic Disease

BackgroundPatients with hematologic diseases are at higher risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and more severe clinical outcomes of the coronavirus disease. CHRONOS19 is an observational prospective cohort study with the aim to determine the short and longer-term clinical outcomes, risk factors for disease severity and mortality, and rates of postinfectious immunity in patients with malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases and COVID-19.Patients and Methods: Overall, 666 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 626 were included in the final data analysis. The primary endpoint was 30-days all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints included COVID-19 complications, rates of ICU admission and mechanical ventilation, outcomes of a hematologic disease in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, overall survival, and risk factors for disease severity and mortality. Data from 15 centers were collected at 30, 90, and 180 days after COVID-19 was diagnosed and were managed using a web-based e-data capture platform. All evaluations were performed in the pre-omicron period of COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsThirty-days all-cause mortality was 18.9%. The predominant cause of death (in 80% of cases) were COVID-19 complications. At 180 days, the majority (70%) of additional deaths were due to hematologic disease progression. At a median follow-up of 5.7 [0.03-19.04] months, 6-months overall survival was 72% [95% CI: 0.69-0.76]. One-third of patients had severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. The rate of ICU admission was 22% with 77% of these patients requiring mechanical ventilation, with poor survival rate. A univariate analysis revealed that older age (≥ 60 years), male sex, malignant hematologic disease, myelotoxic agranulocytosis, transfusion dependence, refractory disease or relapse, diabetes among comorbidities, any complications, especially ARDS alone or in combination with CRS, admission to an ICU, and mechanical ventilation were associated with higher risks of mortality. Treatment of the hematologic disease was changed, postponed, or canceled in 63% of patients. At a longer follow-up (90 and 180 days), the status of the hematologic disease changed in 7.5% of patients.ConclusionPatients with hematologic disease and COVID-19 have high mortality rates, predominantly due to COVID-19 complications. At a longer-term follow-up, no significant impact of COVID-19 on the course of a hematologic disease was revealed.