胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复颈段气管缺损

目的:探讨利用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复颈段气管缺损的方法。方法:对13例恶性肿瘤侵犯颈段气管及原发性气管肿瘤患者,切除肿瘤及受累气管壁后利用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复气管壁缺损。结果:13例患者中,气管切开患者为10例,9例分别于术后1~5个月拔除气管套管,1例因声门区狭窄,戴管呼吸,3例未行气管切开患者术后呼吸通畅。结论:带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣是较好的气管修复材料。     

胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣在颈段气管修复中的应用

目的 :介绍颈部肿瘤侵犯颈段气管 ,利用带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复气管缺损的临床经验。方法 :切除肿瘤及受累的气管壁后利用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复气管壁缺损。结果 :12例均在术后 2 0 d～半年拔除气管套管 ,恢复了正常呼吸功能。 5例分别于术后 8～ 12个月行 CT检查 ,可见修补的骨膜有明显的骨化。结论 :带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣是理想的气管修复重建材料。     

肌骨膜瓣修复声门下区缺损

声门下区、环状软骨及气管,常因外伤性狭窄或甲状腺癌侵犯而需行部分切除。作者推荐用胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣修复缺损区。在动物试验中发现,肌骨膜瓣修复术后一个月,骨膜瓣已上皮化;9个月后,出现明显的骨化。手术方法:作低位气管切开后,作环状软骨水平横切口并沿胸锁乳突肌前缘向下,翻开皮瓣,暴露锁骨。锁骨骨膜按需要的大小切取后,连同相连的胸锁乳突肌肌束转移至缺损区。肌蒂的长度需适度,不宜分离得太长,以尽量保留血供(胸锁乳突肌分别由枕动脉、甲状腺上动脉与颈横动脉的分支供血)。大的缺损修复后,需要放置扩张模,可以用装有海绵的橡皮套作为模子,以金属丝固定于颈部皮肤,6周后,     

带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨膜瓣在喉气管缺损修复中的应用

目的：观察带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨膜瓣作为移植物修复较大范围喉气管缺损的效果。方法：较大范围喉气管缺损患者49例，其中喉气管缺损原因为喉气管狭窄31例，甲状腺癌侵犯气管手术18例。所有患者均采用取带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨膜瓣作为移植物修复喉气管缺损，T形硅胶管支撑3～6个月。结果：49例患者全部治愈拔管，恢复正常呼吸功能及功能性发声。随访2～10年，疗效可靠。结论：对于较大范围的喉气管缺损，带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨膜瓣取材方便，支撑力强，疗效肯定，是一种理想的移植物。     

带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣修复喉气管缺损的初步研究

目的:探讨带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣修复肿瘤切除术后喉气管缺损的可行性。方法:回顾2007-2013年6例因甲状腺乳头状癌(4例)及声门下喉鳞状细胞癌(6例)(T1~2N1~2M0,UICC,2002)手术切除致喉气管部分缺损病例,以带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣修复喉气管缺损区,术腔置喉模支撑成形,术后半年,如局部无复发,气管套管堵管无困难,则拔管封闭气管造瘘口。随访半年~3年。结果:6例患者中4例顺利拔管,1例间断堵管,1例保留气管套管呼吸。结论:选择适当病例,用带蒂胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜皮瓣可以修复喉气管部分缺损,在发音和呼吸方面达到满意的临床效果。     

气管食管科学

990585胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣颈段气管重建术—动物实验与临床应用/刘月辉//耳鼻咽喉一头颈夕l、科一998,5(增刊)一34一36 为探讨胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣在气管重建术的应用,用狗做实验,切除1/2周径第2一6气管环前壁气管及粘膜组织,用带蒂的胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复,分别于术后2、4、6月处死动物,结果发现:用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣重建气管壁具有良好支撑力,修复后的气管管腔通畅,管壁无瘫痕及肉芽组织形成.骨膜管腔面覆有纤毛上皮,深层有新骨组织形成。临床治疗8例患者.其中瘫痕性气管狭窄5例,裂开狭窄段气管,切除瘫痕组织,用该瓣加宽气管腔;甲状腺癌…     

胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣颈段气管重建术──动物实验与临床应用

为探讨胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣在气管重建术的应用，用狗做实验，切除１／２周径第２～６气管环前壁气管及粘膜组织，用带蒂的胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复，分别于术后２、４、６月处死动物，结果发现：用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣重建气管壁具有良好支撑力，修复后的气管管腔通畅，管壁无瘢痕及肉芽组织形成，骨膜管腔面覆有纤毛上皮，深层有新骨组织形成。临床治疗８例患者，其中瘢痕性气管狭窄５例，裂开狭窄段气管，切除瘢痕组织，用该瓣加宽气管腔；甲状腺癌侵犯气管壁２例，气管乳头状瘤恶变１例，切除受累管壁，用该瓣Ｉ期修复。所有病例均拔除气管套管，恢复正常呼吸。实验及临床结果均提示：胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣是一种较理想的气管重建材料。     

原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗

目的　探讨原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗途径与经验。方法　 1997年 1月～ 1999年 4月手术治疗 6例原发性颈段气管癌 ,手术切除肿瘤后 ,采用气管端端吻合、颈前肌皮瓣 +胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣修复气管缺损。病理类型 :腺样囊性癌 3例 ,鳞状细胞癌 2例 ,腺癌 1例。 2例鳞状细胞癌患者术后放射治疗剂量为 6 0Gy。结果　 6例患者分别在术后2 3d～ 3个月拔除气管套管 ,无术后并发症。随访 3年以上 ,除 1例鳞状细胞癌患者术后 2年死于肺转移 ,其余 5例患者呼吸、发音良好 ,纤维支气管镜检查未见复发 ,气管管腔黏膜光滑。结论　手术治疗颈段气管癌可以一期切除肿瘤 ,根据缺损不同采用气管端端吻合或自体组织移植如颈前肌皮瓣 +胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建气管。     

原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗途径与经验。方法 1997年1月～1999年4月手术治疗6例原发性颈段气管癌，手术切除肿瘤后，采用气管端端吻合、颈前肌皮瓣 胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣修复气管缺损。病理类型：腺样囊性癌3例，鳞状细胞癌2例，腺癌1例。2例鳞状细胞癌患者术后放射治疗剂量为60Gy。结果 6例患者分别在术后23d～3个月拔除气管套管，无术后并发症。随访3年以上，除1例鳞状细胞癌患者术后2年死于肺转移，其余5例患者呼吸、发音良好，纤维支气管镜检查未见复发，气管管腔黏膜光滑。结论 手术治疗颈段气管癌可以一期切除肿瘤，根据缺损不同采用气管端端吻合或自体组织移植如颈前肌皮瓣 胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建气管。     

分化型甲状腺癌侵犯喉气管临床分析

目的　探讨甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的外科处理方法。方法　2000年1月～2010年12月在我院手术治疗晚期分化型甲状腺癌24例,根据肿瘤侵犯喉、颈段气管的范围及程度分别行肿瘤削除术和气管袖状切除端端吻合术;喉部分切除胸锁乳突肌或颈阔肌皮瓣修复术。结果　24例患者均接受根治性手术切除,喉、气管缺损修复重建。术式：肿瘤削除术8例,气管袖状切除8例,喉部分切除术8例。吻合方式：气管端端吻合8例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复4例,颈阔肌皮瓣修复4例。本组患者肿瘤复发率为8.3%,5年累积生存率为91.6%。结论　对侵犯喉、气管的分化型甲状腺癌患者应采取更为积极的外科治疗,以减少术后复发,提高生存率。     

甲状腺乳头状腺癌侵犯气管的治疗与预后

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状腺癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma，PTC）侵犯气管的治疗方式及其预后。方法回顾性分析1980-1995年间45例PTC侵犯气管患者的临床资料。根据肿瘤侵犯气管的范围和程度不同分为气管局限性受侵组（A组）行肿瘤切除术28例，肿瘤侵及气管腔内组（B组）行根治性切除术10例和肿瘤区域广泛受侵组（C组）行姑息性切除术7例。39例行颈淋巴清扫术。术后切缘病理检查有肿瘤细胞或术中肉眼观察肿瘤切除不干净的部分患者给予术后放疗，共17例。Kaplan-Meier法计算累积生存率，组问差异采用Log．Rank法检验。结果①A组5年和10年生存率分别为85．0％和62．6％。7例术后放疗，21例术后未放疗。术后放疗与术后未放疗比较，5年和10年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。②B组5年和10年生存率分别为80．0％和58．3％。术后放疗6例，未放疗4例。术后放疗与否，5年和10年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。③C组5年和10年生存率分别为42．9％和28．6％。4例术后放疗患者，5年和10年生存率分别为50．0％和50．0％。3例术后未放疗患者，5年生存率为33．3％，无10年生存。术后放疗与否，其5年和10年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论PTC气管受侵尚未侵及腔内黏膜层者可采用肿瘤切除术得以根治，穿透气管腔内黏膜层者行肿瘤根治性切除可延长患者的生存。术后放疗有可能提高姑息性切除患者的生存率。     

累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌临床治疗分析

目的 探讨累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌的临床治疗经验。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月山东大学齐鲁医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的87例累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的基本资料,统计分析其采用的肿瘤切除方式、气管修补方法、术后拔管率及3年和5年生存率。 结果 87例患者均进行了手术治疗,肿瘤切除方式包括:气管壁肿瘤锐性剃除(60例),气管壁楔形切除(15例),气管袖状切除(3例),喉部分切除(1例),全喉切除(4例),姑息切除(4例)。气道重建方法包括:拉拢缝合(5例),胸大肌肌皮瓣修补(1例),胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣修补(1例),端端吻合(3例),喉成型术(1例),气管造瘘术(12例)。随访时间为4-122个月,随访到79例,其中15例行气管切开,气管切开术后拔管率66.7%(10/15),3年生存率为100%,5年生存率为93.0%。 结论 对于累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌,通过准确的术前评估和合理的手术治疗,可以显著改善患者生活质量,获得良好的生存期。     

Laryngeal repair after resection of advanced cancer: an optimal reconstructive protocol

Tracheal autotransplantation allows for reconstruction of extended hemilaryngectomy defects after resection of laryngeal cancer. With this technique, optimal functional results were obtained after a learning curve of more than 50 patients. The objective of this paper is to present the final reconstructive concept with the typical indications. Unilateral glottic cancer and lateralized chondrosarcomas of the cricoid cartilage are resected with a hemilaryngectomy including one-half of the cricoid cartilage. After tumor resection, a radial forearm flap with a skin paddle and a fascial paddle are taken. The skin paddle restores the laryngeal defect temporarily, and the fascial paddle wraps the upper 4 cm of cervical trachea. A tracheostomy is preserved in the area between the reconstructed larynx and the fascia-wrapped trachea. The radial forearm vessels are sutured to the neck vessels. After 4 months, the skin island of the radial forearm flap is removed from the defect and the revascularized, fascial enwrapped trachea is transplanted to the laryngeal defect. The tracheal continuity is re-established with preservation of a tracheostoma. The tracheotomy can be closed after 6 weeks. Two case reports are presented: a unilateral T3 glottic cancer and a chondrosarcoma of the cricoid cartilage. The two patients showed normal oral feeding 1 week after the operation. Hand-free speaking was possible after closure of the tracheostomy. Tracheal autotransplantation after vascular induction of the trachea with the radial forearm flap leads to optimal repair of extended hemilaryngectomy defects.     

累及喉气管的晚期甲状腺癌一期手术整复

目的：探讨晚期甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的一期手术整复方法。方法：对18例存在喉气管受累的晚期甲状腺癌患者进行一期肿瘤全切及喉气管整复，其中7例喉受累患者全喉切除3例，喉部分切除4例；18例颈段气管受累患者中，8例直接切除肿瘤，10例切除受累气管壁后，修复方法包括：拉扰缝合1例，端端吻合3例、带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣2例、岛状胸大肌肌皮瓣3例和颈部皮瓣1例。结果：住院期间肿瘤复发死亡1例。除3例全喉切除患者外，14例成功保留喉功能，其中拔除气管套管8例，堵管2例，继续带管4例。结论：对于累及喉气管的晚期甲状腺癌采用一期手术切除并整复不仅切实可行，而且可以提高此类患者的治愈机会，改善生活质量。     

Prognostic factors of locally invasive well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma involving the trachea

To report our experience with tracheal invasive thyroid carcinoma with emphasis on clinical characteristics and treatment modalities, and to identify the prognostic factors for tracheal invasive thyroid carcinoma. Totally 1919 patients underwent surgical extirpation of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2010. Among them, 65 patients had well-differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion. The incidence was higher in male and older patients. Patients were treated with tracheal shave excision (n = 18), tracheal resection (n = 37) and total laryngectomy (n = 10). Locoregional recurrence occurred in 39 patients, and metastasis occurred in 25 patients. Simultaneous involvement of the trachea and the esophagus was associated with locoregional recurrence (p = 0.039) in univariate analysis, but not confirmed by multivariate analysis. There was significant difference in the disease-specific survival (DSS) according to laryngeal involvement (p = 0.002). All the patient in the shave excision group survived until the end of the study period. Although it is categorized in same classification of T4a, simultaneous involvement of the trachea and the esophagus showed higher locoregional recurrence and laryngeal involvement showed lower DSS. Despite the invasion of thyroid cancer into the adjacent aerodigestive tract, many patients showed long survival when they underwent appropriate surgery.     

Surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion

Thirty patients with tracheal invasion of differentiated thyroid cancer underwent partial resection of the tracheal wall between 1978 and 1996 at National Cancer Center Hospital. In most cases, the defect in the tracheal wall was reconstructed secondarily using a local flap. This method was easy in comparison with end-to-end anastomosis of the trachea following circumferential resection of the wall. Partial resection of the tracheal wall proved to be a effective treatment for thyroid cancer invasion of the tracheal, because of low incidence of local recurrence. When the defect of the tracheal wall was too large to be reconstructed using a local flap, hydroxylapatite was employed and good results were obtained.     

Analysis of various defects and reconstructive methods after invasive thyroid carcinoma resection

ObjectiveThe thyroid gland adjoins the trachea, pharynx, esophagus, carotid artery and cervical skin. Most thyroid carcinomas have been treated at lower stages; however, in some cases the carcinomas have invaded the surrounding organs. After resecting invasive thyroid carcinomas, the defects vary depending on the invasion area and organs affected; subsequent reconstructive methods vary depending on the size of defect and its components. This study analysed the pattern of defects and the reconstructive methods used following invasive thyroid carcinoma resection.MethodsFrom April 2011 to March 2021, 665 patients in Saitama Cancer Center (Saitama, Japan) were diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma and subsequently underwent thyroidectomies. In the 25 patients (3.8%), the thyroid carcinoma invaded surrounding organs and any reconstructive surgery—including end-to-end tracheal anastomosis and simple pharynx closure—was performed after thyroid carcinoma resection. The patients’ records were retrospectively reviewed, and the defects and subsequent reconstructive methods were analysed.ResultsWhen our new classification system was applied to the defects, the number of cases for each type was totaled: Tr0: 1; Tr1a: 3; Tr2b: 5; Tr3a: 1; La-Tr3b+PE2: 7; La-Tr3b+PE2+S2: 1; PE1: 1; PE1+S1: 2; S1: 2; S2: 2. For Tr0, a tracheal fenestration was performed after the tumor resection and the fenestration was closed with a hinge flap. For Tr1a defect, a tracheal fenestration was performed with cervical skin after the tumor resection and the tracheal fenestration was closed with a deltopectoral flap or pectralis major musculocutaneous flap. In one recent patient, the tracheal fenestration was reconstructed using free forearm flap and cervical skin, and the fenestration was closed with a hinge flap. For Tr2b defect, free forearm flap and costal cartilage graft reconstruction was performed after the tumor resection and the fenestration was closed with a hinge flap. For Tr3a defect, end-to-end anastomosis was performed in one patient. For La-Tr3b+PE2 defect, total pharyngolaryngectomy with free jejunal flap reconstruction was performed. For PE1 defect, a simple closure was performed in one patient and a PMMC muscle flap was used for covering the suture line in two patients. For S1 and S2 defect, PMMC flap or DP flap was used.ConclusionOur analysis of defects and reconstructive methods defines the complex defect patterns occurring after invasive thyroid carcinoma resection, describes the patterns of subsequent reconstructive methods.