Lipid peroxidation in plasma of patients with osteogenic sarcoma

The intensity of free-radical oxidation reactions assessed by the thiobarbituric acid test and by recording the “fast flash” of Fe²⁺-induced chemiluminescence is higher in patients with osteogenic sarcoma than in normal subjects. This effect is not sex-dependent and does not depend on previous therapy with drugs triggering free-radical reactions. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 8, pp. 199–201, August, 1997     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in osteogenic sarcoma

Arachidonic acid metabolites are measured in primary osteogenic sarcomas, benign neoplasms, and tumor-like bone lesions. In typical osteogenic sarcomas, the contents of E and F_2α prostaglandins are significantly higher than in benign bone tumors or tumor-like bone lesions. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has different effects on the levels of prostaglandins E and F_2α, thromboxane B₂, and prostaglandin F_1α in osteogenic sarcomas, its effectiveness depending on the mechanism of drug action and individual sensitivity of tumor cells to this drug. A negative correlation is established between the content of prostaglandins E in osteogenic sarcoma and the degree of therapeutic pathomorphosis of the tumor in patients treated with adriamycin during the preoperative period. A single transfusion of a suspension of nonactivated allogenic bone marrow cells markedly reduces the content of prostaglandins E in osteogenic sarcoma. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 11, pp. 551–556, November, 1996     

Calmodulin content in chondrosarcomas

The content of calmodulin in chondrosarcomas was notably lower in patients with early relapses or generalized tumor process in comparison with patients without postoperation relapses. The mean level of calmodulin in chondrosarcomas virtually did not depend on patient's sex and age and tumor location in bones. There was a tendency to an inverse correlation between calmodulin level in chondrosarcoma and the degree of tumor differentiation. The highest level of calmodulin was detected in the cytosolic fraction of chondrosarcomas containing no estrogen and androgen receptors. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 198–200, February, 2000     

Osteogenic sarcoma and androgens

Endocrinologic examination of 320 male patients with primary osteogenic sarcoma reveals predominance of hyperandrogenemia characterized by decreased levels of sex hormonebinding globulin, elevated testosterone concentration, and increased free androgen index. The occurrence of androgen receptors was similar in the cytosolic fraction of osteogenic sarcoma (56%), benign tumors and tumor-like bone lesions (50%), while their content was higher in osteogenic sarcoma, implying an unfavorable prognosis of metastasizing. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122 No. 9, pp. 305–310, September, 1996     

Effects of chick embryo homogenate and cyclophosphamide on the growth and metastatic spread of pliss sarcoma in rats: A comparative study

A chick embryo homogenate inhibited the growth and metastatic spread of Pliss sarcoma in rats and prolonged their survival. The histological picture of extensive tumor tissue necrosis with a characteristic infiltration by leukocytes and macrophages suggests that the mechanism underlying the antineoplastic action of the embryonal homogenate is quite different from that of cyclophosphamide and involves the activation of cell-mediated immunity. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 12, pp. 610–612, December, 1995     

Receptors for the epidermal growth factor and estrogens in primary bone tumors

The content of receptors for the epidermal growth factor and estrogens is studied in primary human bone tumors: osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and giant cell tumor. In all of these tumors, radioligand analysis reveals receptors for epidermal growth factor in the membrane fraction and receptors for estrogens in the cytosolic fraction without any statistical differences in the mean receptor content. The vast majority of osteogenic sarcomas, chondrosarcomas of the 2nd–3rd degree of anaplasia, and one third of giant cell tumors are characterized as growth factor receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative, which probably reflects the common tendency of receptor-positive malignant tumors towards rapid growth. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 7, pp. 78–82, July, 1996     

Human osteogenic sarcoma: fine structure of the chondroblastic type

The fine structure of representative regions of four chondroblastic osteogenic sarcomas was studied. These regions contained four morphologically distinguishable subtypes of chondroblastlike cells. In addition, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblastlike cells, and macrophagelike cells were present, along with small populations of unclassifiable cells forming at least two subgroups of cells likely to be of a neoplastic nature. With only one exception, all types of chondroblastlike cells were separated by wide zones of extracellular matrix. The large multinucleated cells showed a fine structure that differed from that seen in multinucleated giant cells of other tissues. The evidence suggested that the multinucleated cells in the chondroblastic osteogenic sarcomas were active in phagocytic functions. It is not clear whether or not they are neoplastic in nature. Osteoblastlike cells were not encountered in the chondroid areas of the osteogenic sarcomas studied. On the basis of the findings it is concluded that the observed fine structural polymorphism of the chondroblastlike cells may reflect differences in maturation and differentiation among these cells. The most well-differentiated cells (type 1) appear to be able to exert secretory functions.     

A classical osteogenic sarcoma of the breast: histology, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure

A classical osteogenic sarcoma of the breast is described and the results of light microscopy, including immunohistochemistry for epithelial and mesenchymal markers, and of electron microscopy are presented. No epithelial features were detected by any of the methods used, the tumour being considered a true osteogenic sarcoma. The tumour appears to have arisen de novo, and not from a pre-existing fibroadenoma.     

Pathogenicity of exonic indels in fused in sarcoma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Insertion and deletion variants (indels) within poly glycine tracts of fused in sarcoma (FUS) were initially reported as causative of disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Subsequent studies identified similar indels in controls and suggested that these indels may confer susceptibility to ALS. We aimed to elucidate the role of previously published and novel exonic indels in FUS in an extensive cohort of 630 ALS patients and 1063 controls. We detected indels in FUS exons 5, 6, 12, and 14 with similar frequencies in patients (0.95%) and controls (0.75%). Exonic indels in poly glycine tracts were also observed with similar frequencies. The largest indel (p.Gly138_Tyr143del) was observed in 1 control. In 1 patient, a 3 base pair deletion in exon 14 (p.Gly475del) was identified, however in vitro studies did not reveal abnormal localization of p.Gly475del mutant FUS. These findings suggest that not all exonic indels in FUS cause disease.     

Use of osteogenic bone-marrow precursor cells for reparative osteogenesis in the mandible of experimental animals

Using a model of “bony tissue tunnel defect” produced by the removal of a mandibular incisor in rats, it was found that closing the defect with a bioprosthesis prevented the washing out of osteogenic bone marrow precursor cells, which serve as a substrate for reparative osteogenesis, from the mandibular spongy bone. The reparative process was strongly stimulated if the bioprosthesis contained estrone; in this case, the time required for the tooth socket to be filled with osteogenic tissue was shortened by half. When no bone marrow elements were present in the socket, it was filled with fibrotic connective tissue, the number of bone marrow elements in spongy bone cavities was small, and the mandibular osteogenic tissue underwent atrophy. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 1, pp. 72–75, January, 1995     

Synchronization of cell proliferation in sarcoma 37 of mice by hydroxyurea

The synchronizing action of hydroxyurea on the passage of sarcoma 37 cells through the S phase and mitosis was investigated in mice, allowing for diurnal fluctuations in mitotic activity and the index of labeled nuclei. The degree of synchronization was estimated from changes in the number of proliferating or labeled cells and the rate of change of synchronization. The tumor consisted of at least two cell populations in which variations in the number of cells both in the S period and also, probably, in mitosis were out of phase. The degree of artificial synchronization of the cells in mitosis based on the rate of change of synchronization was much higher than the natural level in the tumor not divided into separate populations. However, the number of cells undergoing artificial synchronization was not significantly different not only from the number of cells in the tumor undivided into separate populations, but also from the number of cells naturally synchronized in one of the populations. A possible explanation of this fact is that hydroxyurea acted on only one group of cells, for fluctuations in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the separate populations also were out of phase.Laboratory of Growth and Development, Institute of Human Morphology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Department of General Biology, N. I. Pirogov Second Moscow Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 1352–1354, November, 1976.     

Mechanisms of the vasodilator effect of nitroglycerin and chlorpromazine and specificities of their interaction in a model of isolated rat thoracic aorta

The effect of nitroglycerin and chloropromazine (plegomazin) on norepinephrine-induced contraction of rat aorta rings is studied in experiments on the intact and deendothelized aorta, and the combined myolytic effect of the two preparations is assessed. A possible cross-tolerance between nitroglycerin and chloropromazine is studied in experiments simulating the development of vascular tolerance of nitroglycerin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 9, pp. 273–276, September, 1994 Presented by P. V. Sergeev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Age-related changes in inducible osteogenic precursors

Osteoinductive activity of the transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder increased by more than 3 times in aging guinea pigs. The count of inducible osteogenic precursors and their sensitivity to urinary bladder osteoinductive factor decreased by several times with age. Our experiments show that proliferation of some stromal precursors in the spleen requires not only platelet-derived factors, but also growth factors produced by urinary bladder transitional epithelium.     

Comparing hydroxyapatite with osteogenic medium for the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on PHBV nanofibrous scaffolds

Having advantageous biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties known to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hydroxyapatite (HA) is a commonly used material for bone tissue engineering. What remains unclear, however, is whether HA holds a similar potential for stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs to that of a more frequently used osteogenic-inducing medium (OIM). To that end, we used PHBV electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds to directly compare the osteogenic capacities of HA with OIM over MSCs. Through the observation of cellular morphology, the staining of osteogenic markers, and the quantitative measuring of osteogenic-related genes, as well as microRNA analyses, we not only found that HA was as capable as OIM for differentiating MSCs down an osteogenic lineage; albeit, at a significantly slower rate, but also that numerous microRNAs are involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs through multiple pathways involving the inhibition of cellular proliferation and stemness, chondrogenesis and adipogenesis, and the active promotion of osteogenesis. Taken together, we have shown for the first time that PHBV electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds combined with HA have a similar osteogenic-inducing potential as OIM and may therefore be used as a viable replacement for OIM for alternative in vivo-mimicking bone tissue engineering applications.     

Spontaneous osteogenic sarcoma in the rat

A spontaneous osteogenic sarcoma of the spinal column (tail, sacrum and lumbar regions) with metastases to the lungs, kidneys and right ovary were found in a 15-month-old BHE rat. The literature on spontaneous osteogenic sarcoma in rats indicates that this tumour is rare (0.22 per cent), occurs in several strains and has no sex, age or site predilections; non-metastatic cases are more common than metastatic ones.     

Two populations of bone marrow cells creating an ectopic hematopoietic focus

A fragment of bone marrow transplanted beneath the capsule of the kidney creates a focus of ectopic hematopoiesis the size of which, measured according to the number of hematopoietic cells, is proportional to the size of the implant. In irradiated recipients the focus was 1.5–2.5 times larger than in intact recipients. Cells creating a focus of heterotopic hematopoiesis in intact and irradiated recipients differed in their radiosensitivity: their D₀ values were about 160 and 350 rad, respectively. In this connection it is postulated that two populations of precursor cells participate in the creation of the focus. Their possible relations with predetermined and inducible osteogenic precursor cells are discussed.Laboratory of Bone Marrow Culture and Transplantation, Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. A. Fedorov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 206–208, February, 1977.     

Epithelioid sarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: an immunocytochemical and lectin-histochemical comparison

Summary Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) both occur preferentially in the soft tissues, and may be confused with one another microscopically. We compared 8 examples of each tumor immunohistochemically, using formalin-fixed tissue, the ABC method, unconjugatedUlex europaeus I agglutinin (UEA), rabbit antibody to UEA, and monoclonal antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin (CK), factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG), and blood group isoantigens A, B, and H (BGI). Six of 8 cases of ES, and 7 of 8 epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas bound UEA; similarly, 6 of 8 ES cases were reactive for BGI, as were 4 of 8 examples of EH. All epithelioid sarcomas were positive for CK, and 7 displayed EMA, whereas these antigens were lacking in EH. Conversely, 5 of 8 cases of EH contained FVIIIRAG, which was absent in all examples of ES. These findings underscore the nonspecificity of UEA-binding and BGI-expression as markers of endothelial differentiation. Moreover, they suggest that sole reliance upon these immunohistologic reactants for the identification of vascular tumors may result in diagnostic error. Inasmuch as ES and EH differ in biological behavior, such a mistake would be significant. Thus, we advocate the inclusion of immunostains for EMA, CK, and FVIIIRAG in the evaluation of histologically-similar cases of epithelioid sarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.Presented at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Pathology (United States-Canadian Division), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March 11, 1986Dr. Wick is a recipient of a Career Development Award in Oncology from the American Cancer Society     

Age-specific features of formation of hemopoietic microenvironment by stromal precursors from bone marrow of thymectomized mice

Heterotopic transplantation of bone marrow demonstrated that the content of stromal precursor cells capable of hemopoietic microenvironment transfer does not depend on thymus function. Thymectomy of bone marrow donors involves a decrease in the size of foci formed in young donors and an increase in old recipients. The results indicate a thymus-dependent regulation of proliferation of stromal precursors and/or their factor-sensitive category, determining the proliferation of recirculating stem hemopoietic cells. The size of ectopic hemopoiesis focus depends on the age of recipient. Transplantation of syngeneic thymus under renal capsule of thymectomized mice abolished the effect of thymectomy. Osteogenic activity of stromal precursors correlates with the age of bone marrow donors. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 4, pp. 457–459, April, 1998     

Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the hand

Osteosarcomas of the tubular bones of the hands and feet are rare tumours and the initial biopsies are frequently misdiagnosed. We report a case of parosteal osteosarcoma arising in the metacarpal of a female patient aged 53 at first presentation. The tumour recurred three times over two decades and eventually metastasized to the lungs. The differential diagnosis includes florid reactive mesenchymal proliferation and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferations of the tubular bones of the hand.     

Restoration of osteogenic properties of bone marrow after irradiation in heterotopic transplantation experiments

After subcapsular transplantation of tibial bone marrow, locally irradiated in a dose of 2000 R, into the kidney of mice of the same line 0–4 months after irradiation, resporption always took place. Meanwhile, bone marrow from the unirradiated limb of the same donors always possessed osteogenic potential. The stroma of the irradiated limb was defective and did not regenerate by repopulation of the stromal cells from unirradiated areas. Experiments in which mice were irradiated repeatedly and the same limb was shielded gave similar conclusions. The results of heterotopic transplantation show that stromal cells, unlike hematopoietic cells, cannot repopulate.N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR G. V. Vygodchikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 111–114, May, 1975.