联合应用质子泵抑制剂、生长抑素和加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的临床研究

背景：急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症是内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的主要并发症,术前用药对预防和减轻并发症的作用尚存争议。目的：探讨联合应用质子泵抑制剂、生长抑素和加贝酯对ERCP术后胰腺炎（PEP）和高淀粉酶血症的预防作用。方法：共纳入510例行ERCP的患者,随机分为加贝酯组、生长抑素组、联合治疗组（质子泵抑制剂＋生长抑素＋加贝酯）和安慰剂组。观察术后2h、12h和24h血清淀粉酶水平,评估PEP和高淀粉酶血症的发生率．并分析PEP和高淀粉酶血症的危险因素。结果：ERCP术后2h、12h、24h,联合治疗组、生长抑素组和加贝酯组血清淀粉酶水平显著低于安慰剂组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,联合治疗组血清淀粉酶水平亦显著低于生长抑素组或加贝酯组（P〈0．05）。ERCP胰管显影者的PEP和高淀粉酶血症发生率显著高于胆管显影者（P〈0．05）。单变量分析显示ERCP操作过程中胰管多次显影、导丝多次插入胰管、导丝辅助、反复插管以及操作中发生上腹疼痛为PEP和高淀粉酶血症的技术相关性高危因素。结论：ERCP术前后联合应用质子泵抑制剂、生长抑素和加贝酯可改善PEP和高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

小剂量加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的临床研究

目的 探讨小荆量加贝酯术前应用对内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症及其它并发症的预防作用。方法2005-03／2005-09我科进行ERCP术的63例病人，随机分为加贝酯组和安慰剂组，比较两组术后急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症及其它并发症发生率的差异。结果 加贝酯组和安慰剂组胰腺炎发生率分别为7．41％和2．78％；术后高淀粉酶血症的发生率，矿别为55．56％和41．67％；两组间无显著差异；其它并发症如腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐、出血等在两组间的发生率亦无显著差异。结论 ERCP术前应用小剂量加贝酯不能减轻术后高淀粉酶血症，也不能预防术后胰腺炎及其它并发症的发生。     

加贝酯在ERCP诊治术后的临床应用评价

目的观察加贝酯在预防ERCP术后引起的高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎的有效性。方法两组行ERCP的病人,试验组应用加贝酯。观察试验组和对照组患者术后血清淀粉酶的变化。结果试验组术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论加贝酯能有效预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的发生。     

大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎模型的建立及意义

目的建立内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胰腺炎大鼠模型．并与牛黄胆酸所诱发胰腺炎模型进行对照．为研究药物预防ERCP术后胰腺炎提供实验和理论依据。方法16只SD大鼠随机分为3组，实验组(6只)：以恒定压力(50mmHg)胰胆管注射30％泛影葡胺持续2min：对照组(6只)：按0．1m1／100g．0．2ml／min速度用微量推射泵在胰胆管内注入5％牛磺胆酸；假手术组(4只)：打开腹腔翻动胰腺后关腹。24h后开腹取胰腺组织作病理学检查，并检测血淀粉酶。结果24h后实验组及对照组胰腺与假手术组比较不论在大体病理，还是组织学病理的变化上均有显著差异，实验组和对照组血清淀粉酶也显著高于假手术组，而实验组和对照组差异不显著。结论恒定压力下胰胆管注射泛影葡胺建立的大鼠胰腺炎模型模拟了人ERCP术后胰腺炎过程，而且与牛黄胆酸所诱导的胰腺炎模型有类似的病理和淀粉酶变化，为研究预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生打下了基础。     

国产加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的临床研究

目的探讨国产加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症和腹痛的疗效和安全性。方法按随机双盲法将拟行ERCP术的患者分为加贝酯组和对照组。加贝酯组患者在ERCP术前30～90min起开始静脉滴注加贝酯至术后12h为止，总剂量为1000mg。对照组仅静脉常规补液。结果共有77例患者完成研究，其中加贝酯组39例，对照组38例。加贝酯组有2例（5％）、对照组有8例（21％）患者发生了胰腺炎（P=0．038）；高淀粉酶血症的发生率两组分别为9例（23％）和18例（47％）（P=0．013）；腹痛的发生率两组分别为9例（23％）和13例（34％）（P=0．280）。结论加贝酯持续静脉滴注能有效减少ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率，减少高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎模型的建立及意义

目的建立内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胰腺炎大鼠模型,并与牛黄胆酸所诱发胰腺炎模型进行对照,为研究药物预防ERCP术后胰腺炎提供实验和理论依据.方法16只SD大鼠随机分为3组,实验组(6只):以恒定压力(50 mmHg)胰胆管注射30%泛影葡胺持续2 min;对照组(6只):按0.1 ml/100g,0.2 ml/min速度用微量推射泵在胰胆管内注入5%牛磺胆酸;假手术组(4只):打开腹腔翻动胰腺后关腹.24 h后开腹取胰腺组织作病理学检查,并检测血淀粉酶.结果24 h后实验组及对照组胰腺与假手术组比较不论在大体病理,还是组织学病理的变化上均有显著差异,实验组和对照组血清淀粉酶也显著高于假手术组,而实验组和对照组差异不显著.结论恒定压力下胰胆管注射泛影葡胺建立的大鼠胰腺炎模型模拟了人ERCP术后胰腺炎过程,而且与牛黄胆酸所诱导的胰腺炎模型有类似的病理和淀粉酶变化,为研究预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生打下了基础.     

加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的临床分析

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)是肝胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段之一,目前广泛应用于临床.术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症是ERCP最常见的并发症,其中术后胰腺炎可导致重症胰腺炎,甚至发生死亡[1].目前有多种药物被用于预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生,如抑肽酶、胰高血糖素、硝苯地平、奥曲肽[2-5]等,但是效果均不理想.本研究旨在探讨加贝酯对ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症发生的预防作用.     

加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎临床研究

选择因各种胰腺胆管疾病接受ERCP治疗的患者100例,随机分为两组,治疗组ERCP术前30min给予加贝酯治疗,对照组ERCP术前、术后均不予加贝酯治疗。发现治疗组ERCP术后血淀粉酶一过性升高者19例,并发急性胰腺炎1例。对照组分别为32、15例。认为加贝酯能有效降低Oddi括约肌收缩频率和幅度,松驰括约肌,有利于提高造影导管插管的方便性和成功率,有利于预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影前后血清肿瘤坏死因子—α的检测及其临床意义

目的：探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）前后血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）－α含量变化与胰腺损伤的关系。方法：用放射免疫法测定26例患者行ERCP前后的血清TNF－α水平,用Wallfels法测定血清淀粉酶水平。结果:ERCP术后2h,血清淀粉酶及TNF－α值最高;血清淀粉酶显著升高者TNF－α升高亦较显著（P＜0．05）;2例发生急性胰腺炎的患者应用生长抑素制剂后,TNF－α水平显著下降。结论：TNF－α参与了胰腺损伤的发生。     

沙利度胺预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的实验研究

目的评价具有促进TNF-αmRNA降解的免疫调节剂沙利度胺在预防ERCP术后胰腺炎中的作用。方法建立ERCP术后胰腺炎模型，治疗组术前8天起沙利度胺灌胃，并设立假手术组、无治疗组和赋形物对照组。24h后比较血清淀粉酶水平、胰腺水肿程度以及组织学炎症评分，并比较胰腺组织TNF-αmRNA表达情况。结果沙利度胺显著降低血清淀粉酶、减轻胰腺水肿及组织学炎症评分，并显著降低胰腺组织中TNF-αmRNA的表达。结论TNF-α可能在ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生发展中起着重要作用．预防性使用沙利度胺能有效减轻ERCP术后胰腺炎的严重程度。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。