汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白G1、G2基因的DNA免疫

目的　将编码汉坦病毒浙 37(Z37)株包膜糖蛋白G1、G2的真核表达质粒免疫小鼠 ,观察其能否诱导体液免疫应答。方法　重组质粒 pcDNA3.1 G1、pcDNA3.1 G2以不同方式免疫BALB/C小鼠 ,用免疫荧光测定 (IFA)法检测血特异性抗体 ,用半微量直接免疫酶斑减少中和试验检测血中和抗体。经肌内注射途径免疫 15只BALB/C小鼠 ,3组小鼠分别注射 10 0 μgpcDNA3.1、pcDNA3.1 G1、pcDNA3.1 G2 ;每只小鼠免疫 3次 ,初次免疫后 4周 ,加强 2次 ,间隔 3周。经基因枪免疫 9只BALB/C小鼠 ,3组小鼠分别注射 1.5 μgpcDNA3.1、pcDNA3.1 G1、pcDNA3.1 G2 ;每只小鼠免疫 2次 ,初次免疫后 4周 ,加强 1次。结果　 1.经肌内注射免疫时 ,产生特异性抗体的小鼠个数分别是 :pcDNA3.1 G1组为 5只中 3只 ,pcDNA3.1 G2组为 5只中 2只 ;荧光抗体滴度 1∶2 0～ 1∶80 ;产生中和抗体的小鼠个数分别是 :pcDNA3.1 G1组为 5只中 1只 ,pcDNA3.1 G2组为 5只中 2只 ;中和抗体滴度 1∶10～ 1∶2 0。 2 .经基因枪免疫时 ,实验组小鼠都产生了特异性抗体和中和抗体。荧光抗体滴度 1∶2 0～ 1∶32 0 ,中和抗体滴度≥ 1∶10。结论　重组质粒 pcDNA3.1 G1、pcDNA3.1 G2能诱导小鼠产生有效的体液免疫应答     

HBcAg核酸疫苗与白细胞介素表达质粒联合接种小鼠的免疫应答观察

目的观察HBcAg核酸疫苗与鼠白细胞介素12(IL12)和白细胞介素18(IL18)表达质粒联合免疫小鼠所诱导的特异性免疫应答。方法小鼠随机分为载体质粒组、HBcAg核酸疫苗组(核酸疫苗组)、HBcAg核酸疫苗 IL12组(C IL12组)、HBcAg核酸疫苗 IL18组(C IL18组)和HBcAg核酸疫苗 IL12/IL18组(C IL12/IL18组)。载体质粒、HBcAg核酸疫苗、IL12及IL18表达质粒经肌内注射法免疫各组小鼠。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测小鼠血清HBcAg特异性抗体、IgG亚类(IgG1,IgG2a)以及小鼠脾淋巴细胞培养上清液干扰素(IFN)γ含量。采用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测免疫小鼠特异杀伤性T淋巴细胞(CTL)活性。结果除对照质粒组外,核酸疫苗免疫的各组小鼠均能检出血清抗HBc,C IL12组、C IL18组和C IL12/IL18组的抗HBc终点滴度与C组相比均明显增高(P<0.05)。各组小鼠抗HBcIgG亚类均以IgG2a占优。核酸疫苗免疫组除C IL12 IL18组外,小鼠脾细胞培养上清液IFNγ水平均显著高于对照质粒组(P<0.01)。C IL18组和C IL12/IL18组小鼠脾细胞HBcAg特异性CTL活性强于其他各组。结论IL12和(或)IL18表达质粒与HBcAg核酸疫苗联合免疫,具有增强HBcAg核酸疫苗所激发的免疫应答特别是细胞免疫应答的作用。     

乙型肝炎病毒囊膜中蛋白与白细胞介素18联合基因免疫的实验研究

构建ＨＢＶ囊膜中蛋白核酸疫苗表达载体并免疫小鼠 ,观察白细胞介素 18对基因免疫的辅助作用。构建质粒ｐＶＲ10 12 Ｍ、ｐｃＤＮＡ3.1 ＩＬ 18,肌注法免疫 2 5只Ｂａｌｂ/ｃ小鼠 ,3组小鼠分别注射 10 0 μｇｐＶＲ10 12 ,ｐＶＲ10 12 Ｍ ,ｐＶＲ10 12 Ｍ ,ｐＶＲ10 12 Ｍ和ｐｃＤＮＡ3.1 ＩＬ 18质粒 ,每 2周 1次 ,共 3次。每次免疫 2周后眼眶采血 ,检测血清抗 ＨＢｓ ,第 3次免疫后 2周应用乳酸脱氢酶检测法验证特异性细胞杀伤率。结果表明 ,经注射上述质粒后 ,可观察到注射ｐＶＲ10 12 Ｍ组的小鼠随免疫次数的增加 ,抗 ＨＢｓ阳性…     

IL-18重组体联合HBV S基因核酸疫苗免疫小鼠的实验

目的：研究IL－18重组体对HBV S基因核酸疫苗诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫反应的影响，以探求HBV核酸疫苗免疫预防和治疗的新策略。方法：将pcDNA3-S单独或联合pcDNA3-18免疫Balb/c小鼠，检测特异性体液免疫和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）反应，并作HBsAg特异性淋巴细胞增殖试验和特异性细胞因子诱导试验。结果：与pcDNA3-S免疫组比较，pcDNA3-18和pcDNA3-S联合免疫组小鼠的抗－HBs水平略高，但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。特异性CTL活性显著升高（P＜0．05）。免疫小鼠的脾细胞体外经特异性抗原HBsAg刺激后，联合免疫组脾细胞上清液中IFN－γ水平显著升高（P＜0．05），IL－4水平差异无显著性（P＞0．05），联合免疫组特异性HBsAg作用后脾细胞的刺激指数（SI）高于pcDNA3-S免疫组，但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：IL－18重组体联合HBV S基因核酸疫苗免疫小鼠，可促进机体诱导特异性TH1细胞和CTL细胞反应，增强机体的特异性细胞免疫功能，IL－18是具有较好应用前景的免疫佐剂。     

结核分支杆菌Ag85B DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫作用的研究

目的 研究pcDNA3-Ag85B质粒DNA疫苗的免疫原性及其诱生细胞免疫应答的作用。方法 将结核分支杆菌Ag85B基因插入载体pcDNA3中,制备pcDNA3-Ag85B DNA疫苗。分别以生理盐水、pcDNA3及pcDNA3-Ag85B免疫BALB／c小鼠,检测小鼠抗Ag85B抗体水平（ELISA）和体外循异抗原刺激诱导的免疫小鼠脾细胞IL－2、IL－4、IL－10、IFN－γ表达水平。结果 pcDNA3-Ag85B诱生的抗Ag85B效介明显高于生理盐水组和pcDNA3组;pcDNA3-Ag85B免疫小鼠脾细胞在Ag85B抗原刺激下,IL－2和IFN－γ mRNA转录水平明显高于对照组,而IL－4和IL－10 mRNA转录水平在3组中无明显变化。结论 pcDNA3-Ag85B质粒DNA疫苗不仅能增强体液免疫,亦可诱导Th1型细胞免疫。     

细胞因子表达质粒对恶性疟原虫顶端膜抗原1DNA免疫的调节作用

目的　探讨细胞因子表达质粒对小鼠DNA免疫的促进和调节作用。　方法　构建编码恶性疟原虫顶端膜抗原1(AMA1)完整胞外域的DNA免疫质粒VR1020/E,构建编码小鼠细胞因子(GMCSF)、白细胞介素(IL)如IL4和IL12的真核表达质粒pcDNA3/GMCSF、pcDNA3.1( ) /IL4和pIL12以及双顺反子质粒pGM CSF/pTPA E,分组免疫小鼠,ELISA检测血清中特异性IgG及其亚类的水平,取小鼠脾细胞进行体外增殖。　结果　 3种细胞因子质粒均有效增强了小鼠针对VR10 20/E的免疫应答,抗体水平增加7至10倍,其中pcDNA3/GMCSF质粒和pIL12质粒分别显著促进了小鼠的IgG1和IgG2a应答,小鼠脾细胞的体外增殖水平亦有明显提高。　结论　利用编码GM CSF、IL4和IL12的表达质粒作为佐剂可有效增强小鼠针对AMA1DNA的免疫应答,并对免疫应答的类型产生调节作用。     

柯萨奇病毒B3的VP1 DNA疫苗与蛋白或重组腺病毒疫苗不同组合免疫方式的免疫效果观察

目的 观察柯萨奇病毒B3 (Coxsackievirus B3, CVB3)衣壳蛋白VP1 DNA疫苗初免后VP1蛋白或重组腺病毒rAd/VP1加强的prime-boost策略的免疫效果。方法 用CVB3 VP1的真核表达质粒pcDNA3/VP1初次免疫小鼠后,分别用VP1蛋白或重组腺病毒rAd/VP1加强免疫2次。检测免疫小鼠血清特异性IgG抗体、中和抗体滴度以及脾脏细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic lymphocytes,CTLs)杀伤活性;致死量CVB3攻击后,检测小鼠血中病毒滴度并观察动物的存活情况。结果 pcDNA3/VP1 +VP1蛋白组小鼠血清IgG抗体、中和抗体滴度以及动物生存率明显高于pcDNA3/VP1 + rAd/VP1组和pcDNA3/VP1质粒组（P<0.05）; pcDNA3/VP1 + rAd/VP1组和pcDNA3/VP1 +VP1蛋白组小鼠脾脏CTLs杀伤活性明显高于pcDNA3/VP1 质粒组（P<0.05）。结论 质粒pcDNA3/VP1初次免疫后,VP1蛋白或重组腺病毒rAd/VP1加强的prime-boost策略有较好的免疫效果,两者比较pcDNA3/VP1 +VP1蛋白prime- boost免疫策略的效果更为明显。     

恶性疟原虫FCC-1/HN株不同期基因重组质粒混合接种小鼠后的免疫反应

寻找有效的抗恶性疟原虫混合基因疫苗 ,探讨其在宿主体内的免疫反应。将恶性疟原虫重组质粒 pc DNA 3-EBA175 / HRP 经骨骼肌途径单独注射或与有性期阶段的重组质粒 pc DNA3- Pfs2 5混合注射免疫 Balb/ c小鼠。对小鼠的骨骼肌进行预处理 ,即于注射前 7d在左后肢股四头肌注射 0 .5 %盐酸布比卡因 5 0μl,注射深度为 2 m m。观察免疫后不同时间点小鼠血清 Ig G抗体滴度、脾淋巴细胞增殖反应、CD4+ / CD8+ T细胞亚群比率和 NK细胞杀伤活性的变化。结果显示 ,pc DNA3- EBA 175 / HRP 单独肌肉注射或与 pc DNA3- Pfs2 5混合肌肉注射免疫小鼠 ,均可见血清 Ig G抗体滴度增高、经恶性疟原虫抗原刺激后的特异性 T淋巴细胞增殖反应增强、CD4+ / CD8+ T细胞比率下降以及 NK细胞杀伤活性增强 ;加强免疫注射机体的免疫反应能增强。提示肌肉注射 DNA疫苗为一有效的免疫途径 ,采用编码恶性疟原虫两个基因的重组质粒单独免疫或与编码不同阶段基因的重组质粒混合免疫小鼠 ,均能诱导明显的体液免疫反应、细胞免疫和 NK细胞杀伤活性     

以pcD-IL-2为基因佐剂的含日本血吸虫SjFABPc基因真核表达重组质粒裸DNA免疫小鼠的研究

目的　在小鼠模型中评价含日本血吸虫脂肪酸结合蛋白分子基因的真核表达质粒pcD -SjFABPc与含IL - 2基因佐剂的质粒构建体 pCD -IL - 2经肌注、皮内途径导入机体后所诱生的免疫反应。 方法　碱裂解法大量制备重组质粒 pcD-SjFABPc、pCD -IL - 2重组质粒及空质粒 pcDNA3,经肌肉及皮内注射免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,每只鼠注射 10 0 μg ,两周后同量加强免疫一次。分别于末次免疫后的第 2 0d、5 0d及 65d用MTT法检测脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖与NK细胞活性 ,并用双夹心ELISA测定血清细胞因子IL - 2、IFN -γ及IL - 10含量 ;ELISA法测定免疫鼠血清IgG抗体。 结果　NK细胞杀伤活性及脾淋巴细胞增殖测定 ,加佐剂组 ( pcD -SjFABPc联合 pCD -IL - 2组 )较不加佐剂组 ( pcD -SjFABPc组 )NK细胞杀伤及脾淋巴细胞增殖活性皆增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。两途径三次检测IL - 2及IFN -γ值均明显高于NS对照组和空质粒组 ,且加佐剂组的明显高于不加佐剂组的 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;不同途径各组IL - 10值与NS及空质粒对照组的比较则无显著性差别 (P >0 .0 5 )。注射质粒后 2 0d和 5 0d ,未测出抗体 ;免疫后 65d检测 ,pcD -SjFABPc和pcD -SjFABPc联合 pcD -IL - 2免疫组的OD值明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而该两组OD490 值之间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5     

丙型肝炎病毒包膜基因对核心基因DNA疫苗免疫应答强度的影响

目的 研究丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)包膜基因E1E2对核心基因C DNA疫苗诱生的免疫应答作用。方法 将包含HCV C或CE1E2基因片段插入真核表达载体pcDNA3中,构建重组质粒pHCV-C或pHCV-CE1E2,分别免疫Balb/c小鼠,每间隔2wk加强免疫1次,同时剪尾取血。ELISA法检测免疫小鼠血清中HCV C特异性抗体的水平。以pHCV-C转染并表达HCcAg的BLAB/c小鼠骨髓瘤Sp4/0细胞为靶细胞,采用~(51)Cr释放试验检测特异性CTL的杀伤作用。结果 两个实验组20只小鼠均产生抗HCV C特异性抗体,当效/靶细胞比例为100:1时,CTL的杀伤率均明显高于对照组(p<0.01);而pHCV-CE1E2与pHCV-C组之间,无论是抗HCV C抗体的滴度还是CTL的杀伤率均无显著性差异(p>0.05)。结论 E1E2基因的加入,并没有增加HCV C基因DNA疫苗诱导的抗HCcAg特异性抗体的滴度和CTL的杀伤作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.