多层螺旋CT诊断双侧肾上腺转移瘤价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描对双侧肾上腺转移瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析43例双侧肾上腺转移瘤患者的多层螺旋CT影像资料。结果多层螺旋CT诊断双侧肾上腺转移瘤40例,2例误诊为双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例误诊为双侧肾上腺结核;CT平扫发现双侧肾上腺病灶86个,双侧瘤体大小不等,与肾上腺长轴一致;4个病灶瘤侧可见残存肾上腺结构;平扫呈实性密度40个,CT值25～55 Hu,呈囊实性密度46个,CT值10～35Hu。增强扫描32个病灶呈轻中度均匀强化,36个病灶呈不均匀逐渐强化,18个病灶呈厚环状强化,囊变、坏死区强化不明显。结论多层螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描对双侧肾上腺转移瘤有诊断价值。     

肾上腺少见肿瘤CT表现

目的 回顾性总结肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT表现特征,以提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析16例经手术和病理证实的肾上腺少见肿瘤,观察其CT表现特征.结果 16例中,肾上腺节细胞神经瘤3例,均匀较低密度,轻度强化;肾上腺血管瘤及肾上腺神经鞘瘤各2例,密度混杂,增强扫描肾上腺血管瘤不均匀明显强化,肾上腺神经鞘瘤呈轻至中度强化;肾上腺淋巴瘤4例,单侧或双侧较均匀密度软组织肿块,增强扫描具有延迟强化特点,肿瘤较大者周围血管可被包埋;肾上腺皮质癌5例,单侧密度不均匀软组织肿块,增强扫描见肿瘤血管影及邻近脏器受侵犯、下腔静脉癌栓、腹膜后淋巴结转移等恶性征象.结论 肾上腺少见肿瘤各具有一定的CT表现特点及诊断价值.     

Addison''''s病的CT诊断

Addison′s病即原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症,由双侧肾上腺皮质破坏所致,其原因主要为自体免疫所致的特发性肾上腺皮质萎缩及肾上腺结核。本文通过11例Addison′s病的报告,总结了本病的CT表现,强调肾上腺由双侧增大向小的钙化的腺体演变的过程,提出CT可在Addison′s病早期显示出病变,故对早期诊断、早期治疗以使肾上腺功能恢复具有重要意义。     

多层螺旋CT诊断双侧肾上腺肿瘤价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT诊断双侧肾上腺肿瘤的价值。方法:回顾性分析16例经穿刺活检或手术病理确诊为双侧肾上腺肿瘤患者的多层螺旋CT影像资料。结果:转移瘤CT表现为不均匀强化肿块或结节;腺瘤CT表现为形态规则、边界清楚、较均匀低密度结节,薄层扫描可见近脂肪样密度,增强扫描为轻、中度均匀强化;淋巴瘤CT表现为不均质强化肿块,合并有腹主动脉周围淋巴结肿大;皮质腺癌CT表现为边缘不规则,伴有坏死的不均匀强化肿块;嗜铬细胞瘤表现为边界清晰、密度不均肿块,增强后可见明显强化;髓样脂肪瘤表现为边缘光整、密度低而不均匀,内有较多脂肪密度区,增强后可见轻度强化;肾上腺囊肿CT表现为无强化边界清晰的囊状水样密度病灶。结论:双侧肾上腺肿瘤的多层螺旋CT表现具有一定特异性,有助于正确诊断。     

内分泌疾病的影像诊断肾上腺疾病的CT诊断

本文提出CT检查的注意事项,描述了正常肾上腺的CT解剖。讨论了功能性肾上腺肿瘤的病理和临床,并概括介绍肾上腺疾病的CT表现:肾上腺增生、良性瘤和恶性瘤。CT可以定位病变是双侧多发或异位。无功能性肾上腺疾病,可能是恶性、良性或非肿瘤性,如囊肿或结核。而且是多种癌的转移部位,尤其是肺癌。最后指出易误诊为肾上腺肿块的结构和病变。     

CT检查对无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的诊断价值分析

目的：探讨无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的CT诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾分析21例无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现。结果：21例中,皮质腺瘤9例,皮质腺癌2例,转移瘤6例,髓样脂肪瘤2例,囊肿2例。17例为单侧肾上腺肿瘤;4例为双侧,均为转移瘤。各种无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的密度、大小、形态、CT值等方面有相对不同的CT表现特点。结论：部分无功能性肾上腺肿瘤有特征性CT表现;结合临床表现及肿瘤的CT征象,多数无功能性肾上腺肿瘤均能作出准确的定性诊断。     

多发性内分泌腺瘤ⅡA型的CT表现

目的 探讨多发性内分泌腺瘤ⅡA型(MEN-ⅡA)的CT表现，提高对该病的认识和诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析经临床手术病理证实的6例病人CT资料，6例均行CT平扫及增强扫描。结果 甲状腺髓样癌：颈部CT平扫表现为甲状腺一叶或双叶密度均匀或不均匀、边界不清的肿块，增强后不均匀强化，淋巴结边缘明显强化，中央呈低密度；嗜铬细胞瘤：双侧肾上腺CT平扫表现为单侧或双侧肾上腺有完整包膜的密度均匀或不均匀的肿块，增强后呈不均匀强化。结论 CT对本病的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值，对评价肿瘤与周围结构的关系和制定手术方案十分重要。     

肾上腺增生的CT诊断

目的：评价CT扫描在肾上腺增生疾病诊断中的作用。方法：回顾性分析了30例经手术病理证实的肾上腺增生疾病的CT影像资料，重点分析其大小及强化情况。结果：肾上腺增生30例，CT表现主要为体积增大，其中髓质增生18例，肾上腺皮质增生12例，两者在大小的CT表现无差别；肾上腺髓质增生18例，增强扫描后1例为轻度强化，6例为中度强化，11例为明显强化；肾上腺皮质增生中增生5例，增强扫描后均为中度强化，7例为明显强化，其中4例为先天性肾上腺皮质增生。结论：CT扫描在肾上腺增生疾病的诊断具有很高的价值。但对于肾上腺髓质增生与皮质增生的鉴别，CT没有明显的特异性。     

原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤的CT表现特征,提高对本病的认识。方法：回顾分析8例经手术和病理证实的原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤的CT表现特征。请2位高年资医师对CT图像进行分析,包括肿瘤特点、范围及强化特征。结果：本组8例肾上腺淋巴瘤3例为单侧,5例为双侧。病理均为B细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中6例为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,2例为滤泡性淋巴瘤。CT表现为病灶呈圆形、椭圆形及三角形肿块。肿瘤直径4.5～10.8cm,平均为6.5cm。病灶平扫密度均匀,未见钙化和坏死,CT值较肾实质略低,增强后病灶动脉期轻度强化,门脉期中度强化;其中1例伴出血,病灶平扫即表现为高密度。结论：原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤的CT表现具有一定的特征性。     

肾上腺结核致Addison病26例临床分析

目的总结肾上腺结核致Addison病的临床特征。方法回顾性分析26例肾上腺结核致Addison病患者的临床资料。结果 26例肾上腺结核均经CT引导下穿刺活检组织病理证实;临床主要表现为皮肤色素沉着26例,疲乏无力25例,纳差、恶心23例;实验室检查示促肾上腺皮质激素升高26例,电解质紊乱(低钠、高钾)7例,血沉增快9例,T淋巴细胞斑点试验阳性10例;CT示双侧肾上腺增大26例;经纠正低血容量、电解质紊乱等对症治疗,抗结核治疗联合糖皮质激素替代治疗,均好转出院。结论肾上腺结核致Addison病临床表现多样,实验室结果和影像学表现缺乏特异性,确诊需依据病理检查,经积极治疗患者预后良好。     

Adrenal and pseudoadrenal masses: CT and US findings

Computed tomography (CT) is currently the imaging modality of choice for assessing the morphology of the adrenal glands in adult patients. Much useful information can be gained using CT in disease processes which primarily involve one or both of the adrenal glands, such as adenomas, as well as in entities which secondarily affect the adrenals, such as pituitary or metastatic disease. The size and configuration of the glands can be readily determined, and masses may be detected. We discuss CT of normal and abnormal adrenal glands with sonographic (US) and pathological correlation, when available. Entities which may mimic adrenal abnormalities are emphasized. Relative advantages of US over CT in the pediatric patient are discussed.     

Imaging of tumours of the adrenal gland

For differentiation of benign and malignant adrenal lesions, sensitivities and specificities of 85-100% can be reached by unenhanced computed tomography (CT)-methods, chemical shift techniques in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), delayed enhanced CT-techniques, and by evaluation of wash-out curves in contrast enhanced CT or MRI. An increasing number of adrenal lesions that are detected on imaging studies for indications unrelated to the adrenals can be immediately characterized by delayed series nowadays. According to excellent results of CT and MRI in characterization of adrenal masses, the indications for fine needle aspiration biopsy have already regressed as well as complications associated with this invasive technique.     

肺癌肾上腺转移癌的超声诊断价值及限度

目的：探讨超声显像对肺癌肾上腺转移癌的诊断价值及限度。方法：对65例肺癌肾上腺转移癌患者的超声图像进行回顾性分析并与CT结果相对照,对所得数据进行统计学处理。结果：超声对肾上腺转移癌的检出率为89.2%（58/65）,与CT结果比较,两者无显著性差异（χ^2=3.33,P〉0.05）。结论：超声在对肺癌肾上腺转移癌的诊断中具有重要作用,可作为临床诊断肾上腺转移的首选检查项目。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT表现

目的 分析肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT表现,提高CT诊断的准确性。方法 本文报道螺旋CT检出的7例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤并分析其CT征象,包括男性1例,女6例,年龄30-76岁,平均56岁。其中5例肿瘤起源于右侧肾上腺,1例起源于左侧肾上腺,另外1例为双恻性髓样脂肪瘤。结果 CT检查显示所有病例均起源于肾上腺并检出瘤体内脂肪成分,所有瘤体均位于肾上腺内外侧肢夹角的后方。肿瘤中6个以脂肪成分为主,2个以软组织成分为主：3个肿瘤中见点状钙化;2个以软组织成分为主的肿瘤可见完整的包膜,而6个以脂肪成分为主的肿瘤根据CT图象未能显示肿瘤包膜。在3例患者的对侧正常肾上腺周围可见大量脂肪。结论 螺旋CT薄层扫描可提供肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤详细解剖细节,有较高的诊断正确性。     

Delineation of adrenal in controls and nontumorous adrenal disorders by real-time ultrasonic-scanner

In 90 control subjects, 90% of the right adrenal and 38% of the left were delineated by sector US scanner. A longitudinal scan from an intercostal space in the mid-axillary line and a right-anterior-transverse scan from the intercostal space were useful in displaying the right adrenal, and an anterior-transverse scan from the epigastrium was also useful in showing the left adrenal. The latter was not as clear as the right. Moreover, a transverse scan from the left flank did not fully display the whole image of the left adrenal. The sizes of both adrenal images were somewhat smaller than those made by computerized tomography (CT), as shown in our previous study. Although the left adrenal in one case of congenital adrenogenital syndrome and those in three cases of Cushing's disease could not be delineated, all of the enlarged right adrenals in these cases were demonstrated by ultrasonic scanning (US). These results suggest the clinical usefulness of US for the detection of affected, nontumorous right adrenals.     

急性肾上腺血肿的螺旋CT诊断价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT对急性肾上腺血肿的诊断价值,方法回顾性分析8例经CT检查、随访观察证实的外伤性肾上腺血肿,1例经手术证实非外伤性血肿的CT表现特点.9例病人中男6例,女3例.急性期8例均有CT平扫,1例有平扫加增强扫描;亚急性期8例有平扫加增强扫描.结果 单侧肾上腺血肿8例（右侧6例,左侧2例）,双侧1例.急性期肾上腺血肿的主要CT表现为肾上腺区类网形、卵圆形、类三角形高密度影,肾上腺周围脂肪出血9例,肾周脂肪囊出血2例,肾前筋膜增厚3例,伴随其他脏器损伤7例.CT追踪观察,8例外伤性肾上腺血肿伤后8～9d血肿密度盯开始缓慢均匀减低,大小无变化,肾上腺周围出血逐渐吸收;1例18d后复查血肿密度均匀减低.略有缩小,肾上腺周围出血基本吸收;增强血肿均无强化,8例肾上腺呈条状强化,内外支受压.结论 肾上腺血肿的CT表现有一定的特征性,动态随访可为诊断与鉴别诊断提供可靠依据.     

Ultrasound findings in the adreno-genital syndrome (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

The adreno-genital syndrome (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) is caused by deficiency of an enzyme (usually C-21 hydroxylase) necessary for adrenal production of cortisol, which results in excessive accumulation of androgenic precursors. It is the most common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism. There have been a few sporadic reports of ultrasonic demonstration of enlarged adrenals in the adreno-genital syndrome. To determine whether ultrasonography could be used to establish or exclude the diagnosis, ultrasonic examinations were performed on eight newborn infants with ambiguous genitalia who were subsequently proven to have the adreno-genital syndrome. The adrenals were found to be enlarged in three patients, at the upper limit of normal in three patients, and in two infants the adrenals were well within normal limits in size. The uterus was identified in seven of the eight patients, but was not seen for technical reasons in one. It is concluded that ultrasound is useful in the evaluation of infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia to establish the presence of a uterus and to demonstrate enlargement of the adrenals, but it should be cautioned that finding adrenals of normal size does not exclude the diagnosis. Key words ultrasound, adreno-genital syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia.     

肾上腺区肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的CT诊断与鉴别

目的 探讨肾上腺区不同来源的肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的CT特征,提高诊断准确率和鉴别诊断能力。 方法 回顾性分析158例经手术、病理或临床追踪证实的肾上腺区肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的CT资料,总结肾上腺区肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的来源、形态、大小、密度、边缘及强化特点等特征,对相关特征进行分析。 结果 其中130例为肾上腺来源,分别为肾上腺皮质腺瘤52例、髓样脂肪瘤6例、嗜铬细胞瘤14例、囊肿3例、节细胞神经瘤3例、转移瘤36例、皮脂癌8例、结核3例、畸胎瘤5例;28例为非肾上腺来源,分别为腹膜后脂肪肉瘤8例、胃憩室3例、胰腺假性囊肿5例、肝囊性转移瘤5例、囊性肾癌7例。 结论 螺旋CT对肾上腺区肿瘤与肿瘤样病变的定位及定性较准确,CT表现均有一定的特征性,对临床诊治有很大帮助。       

Primary aldosteronism: computerized tomography in preoperative evaluation

We reviewed the value of computerized tomography (CT) in the preoperative evaluation of 34 patients with primary aldosteronism. All 34 patients entered a standard protocol including saline suppression testing, abdominal CT scanning, and adrenal venous sampling. Surgical pathologic findings, biochemical determinations, and clinical response to adrenalectomy were the criteria used to evaluate 68 adrenals in 34 patients. Of 36 diseased glands 17 were correctly identified by CT (48%). Of the 32 normal glands, 29 were identified correctly by CT (91%). Thus, CT is not sensitive (0.48), but very specific (0.91) in Conn's syndrome. Our patients were divided into two groups: group 1 were those scanned between 1977 and 1980, group 2 were those scanned from 1981 to 1983 with a high-resolution GE-8800 scanner. CT results in group 2 showed no significant improvement in specificity (0.92), but improvement in sensitivity (0.58) over group 1 (specificity 0.90, sensitivity 0.42). Furthermore, CT is less sensitive in patients with smaller tumors than in those with larger tumors.     

Irradiation therapy with131I-6β-Iodocholesterol of metapyralone induced adrenal hyperplasia in rats

Marked weight reduction of rat adrenals was observed after 131I-6beta-Iodocholesterol administration whether or not the animals were treated with metapyralone. Damage or even histologic changes of the adrenals have not been found. Though the radiation dose is high with the applied dose of 131-i-6-beta-Iodocholesterol and might limit or even prevent its application in the treatment of human adrenal disease, the influence of endogenous irradiation on rat adrenals is obvious and justifies further investigations.